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El Trauma Raquimedular (TRM) es el resultado del daño18, 19 producido por lesiones traumáticas vertebrales a cualquier nivel y que comprometen a las diferentes estructuras que componen la columna vertebral, particularmente la médula espinal o sus raíces. Su incidencia14, 16 varía entre 11.5 y 53.4 por cada millón de habitantes y la causa más frecuente en nuestro país son las caídas. La región cervical es la más afectada seguida de la unión toracolumbar. Los segmentos torácicos y lumbares se comprometen con menor frecuencia, siendo similar en ambos niveles. Es una patología catastrófica para los pacientes y sus familias, ya que habitualmente los afectados son personas jóvenes en edad productiva17. Conjuntamente con el inmenso problema social, esta patología constituye un gran problema económico15 para los sistemas de salud debido al alto costo que implica su tratamiento tanto en la fase aguda como su posterior rehabilitación. El tratamiento del TRM se debe iniciar desde el momento en que se sospecha una lesión medular. Con el fin de evitar el daño medular secundario, además de la inmovilización precoz1,2,3,4,5,6,9, 20 se han probado distintos protocolos de tratamientos farmacológicos7,8,10,12,13, sin resultados que avalen su uso. Los protocolos basados en los estudios NASCIS21,22,23,24 utilizados en la actualidad emplean metilprednisolona en dosis de 30 mg/kg en bolo infundido en 15 minutos, seguido de una infusión en dosis de 5.4 mg/kg/hora. Dependiendo si el tiempo transcurrido desde la lesión es menor a 3 horas la infusión se mantiene por 23 horas y si la lesión se encuentra entre 3 y 8 horas se mantiene por 47 horas. Del mismo modo se han utilizado TRH26, Gaciclidina, Naloxona22, Tirilizad24, Nimodipino25 y más recientemente se ha propuesto el tratamiento de células madres27,28. Por otra parte una serie de trabajos11 sugieren que la descompresión y estabilización precoz en TRM disminuye el daño medular así como las complicaciones médicas...

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is due to traumatic lesions involving spine, specially spinal cord and its roots. This is a catastrophic neurological disorder for the patients which are usually young people in productive age. The incidente range is from 11.5 to 53.4 per million people. Besides the great social problem it brings another important issue for health systems due to high costs involved. Different pharmacologic protocols have been proposed to avoid a possible further damage, without results supporting their use. Otherwise multiple studies suggest that early spine decompression and stabilization diminish secondary spinal cord damage as well as medical complications and period of hospitalization. Our study retrospectively evaluated a group of patients who received a late decompression and stabilization and one that received an early within the first 72 hours focusing in pre and post surgical stay and associated medical complications. The data were obtained of the Neurosurgical Department of The Rancagua Regional Hospital database and includes 233 patients with spinal cord injury between May 1997 and October 2009. Cervical Spinal Cord Injury is more prevalent and more common in middle age men. Patients who underwent early decompression were hospitalized less time and suffer less medical complications.

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Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 18 años de edad con diagnóstico de tuberculosis primaria multiresistente que fue tratada con esquema primario y de retratamiento sin buenos resultados, con antibiograma sólo sensible a K, con compromiso progresivo del parénquima pulmonar, caverna gigante en el lóbulo superior derecho, que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico complementario en el INT. Luego continuó con tratamiento empírico asociado (K, Et, Z, Cs) durante el cual cursó con psicosis y fibrilación auricular por toxicidad a la asociación Et-Cs. Se trató con piridoxina y se retiró Cs del tratamiento recobrando la conciencia y la capacidad de comunicación. Actualmente (julio 2002), se encuentra en la última fase del tratamiento con baciloscopías y cultivos negativos. La tuberculosis es una enfermedad reemergente causada por el Mycobacterium tuberculosis, aunque otras especies de micobacterias producen también infección pulmonar. Ocupa uno de los primeros lugares entre las infecciones graves en el mundo, especialmente en aquellos cuyos programas de salud no son lo suficientemente rigurosos.La resistencia y multiresistencia son fenómenos que complican las alternativas farmacológicas, debiendo recurrirse a fármacos considerados menores por sus características farmacocinéticas y margen de toxicidad.La aparición en el mundo del síndrome de inmunodefiencia adquirido (SIDA) ha ido cambiando la epidemiología de la tuberculosis, ha hecho más difícil su control y ha terminado con el sueño de erradicarla de la tierra

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Background: In Chile, 40 percent of deaths due to acute myocardial infarction occur in women. Aim: To assess the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in women with acute coronary syndromes. Patients and methods: Thirty four women aged 46 to 55 years old, admitted to the hospital due to an acute coronary syndrome and 102 age matched healthy women were studied. A clinical history was obtained, blood pressure and fasting serum lipids were measured. Results: A history of high blood pressure was present in 65 and 16 percent of patients and healthy controls respectively. Seventy seven percent of patients and 36 percent of controls smoked, 76 percent of patients and 48 percent of controls were postmenopausal, 21 percent of patients an 5 percent of controls were diabetic. In patients and controls respectively serum total cholesterol was 230.1ñ36.2 and 211.2ñ34.8 mg/dl, serum triacylglycerol was 213.4ñ109.4 and 143.2ñ76.9 mg/dl and serum HDL cholesterol was 44.1ñ10.8 and 49.8ñ13.3 mg/dl (p<0.001 or less). In univariate analysis, the risk of acute coronary syndrome increased with high blood pressure (OR: 9.3, CI: 2.5-18.6), menopause (OR: 8.3, CI: 2,2-31:5), smoking (OR: 6.9, CI: 2.5-18.6), diabetes mellitus (OR: 5.0, CI: 1.4-17.5), a high total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (OR: 6.6, CI: 1.8-12.5) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 3.6, CI: 1.5-8.5). Logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension and menopause had the higher predictive values for acute coronary syndrome. Conclusions: In this group of women with acute coronary syndromes, the main coronary risk factors were high blood pressure and menopause

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of upper respiratory tract colonization by Moraxella catarrhalis in children under six years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey was conducted between January and December 1998 in Mexico City, among children aged 2 months to 5 years, selected through cluster sampling. Pharyngeal samples were taken for M. catarrhalis identification. The minimal inhibitory concentration to different antibiotics was obtained and beta-lactamases were determined by the iodometric test. Statistical analysis consisted of frequency distributions, odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and Mantel-Haenszel chi 2. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: After excluding 37 children, the study population was 604 children from Mexico City; M. catarrhalis was present in 130 pharyngeal specimens (22.9%). Most of the strains were positive for beta-lactamase production (75.4%). Eighty percent of the strains was resistant to penicillin and 70% to ampicillin and amoxicillin. None were resistant to cefotaxime, imipenem, meropenem and erythromycin. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of M. catarrhalis upper respiratory tract colonization is similar to that of other respiratory pathogens. These findings warrant future research on the role of M. catarrhalis as an etiologic agent in acute and chronic respiratory infections in Mexico.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the severity of rotavirus diarrhea (RV) and non-rotavirus diarrhea. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between October 1994 and March 1995, a cross-sectional study was performed in 520 infants with acute diarrhea, at seven primary care level centers in five states of Mexico. Diagnosis of RV was done through immunoenzymatic assay or electrophoresis. Central tendency measures were used for data analysis. Results were presented as means and standard deviations, or median and variation. RESULTS: RV was isolated from 264 children; most of them were males aged 6 months to 1 year. Differences in clinical manifestations were statistically significant between the rotavirus-positive group and the rotavirus-negative group, in the following variables: median number of stools/24 hours; frequency of vomiting; temperature > 38 degrees C; dehydration; and clinical severity scoring. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed a poorer prognosis and a higher severity of rotavirus diarrhea, as compared to non-rotavirus diarrhea in infants.

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Se presenta un paciente con lupuis vulgar diseminado facial; se comentan algunos rasgos de esta patología y se plantean diagnósticos diferencxiales por su similitud clínica e histológica con otras entidades. Con respecto al tratamiento se utilizó prednisona a dosis decrecientes manteniendo dosis bajas por cuatro meses, obteniendo buenos resultados

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Se presenta un paciente con lupuis vulgar diseminado facial; se comentan algunos rasgos de esta patología y se plantean diagnósticos diferencxiales por su similitud clínica e histológica con otras entidades. Con respecto al tratamiento se utilizó prednisona a dosis decrecientes manteniendo dosis bajas por cuatro meses, obteniendo buenos resultados(AU)

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BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess the magnitude of the risk of high morbidity (> or = 7 episodes/year) for acute respiratory infections (ARI) in infants attending day care centers (DCC), and to compare the incidence, duration, and severity of ARI in children staying at home (Home). METHODS: Using a cohort design, 282 infants (DCC, 138 and Home, 144) were followed for a year. Age at entry into the study ranged from 43 days to 4 months. During follow-up, social workers interviewed the mothers weekly to register whether the infants had an ARI. Also, infant health conditions and physical growth were updated monthly. RESULTS: ARI incidence was 14 episodes per child/year among DCC infants with a median of 74 sick days, while among children at home, the ARI incidence was 6 episodes, and the median was 40 days. The incidence density ratio for DCC children was 2.33 (95% CI, 2.13-2.54); after adjusting for other covariates, the relative risk increased to 5.27 (95% CI, 3.54-7.83). CONCLUSIONS: Infants attending DCCs will suffer ARI more frequently than children cared for at home. We did not find seasonal variations in the incidence rates among DCC infants. The quality of care provided at these facilities should be analyzed in more depth for proposing measures to decrease ARI incidence.

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Clinical guidelines provide continuing education and help physicians in the clinical decision-making process. Clinical guidelines to manage acute respiratory infections (ARI) were developed comprehensively from a perspective where prevention, diagnosis, treatment and the patient's education were considered. Methodology. The guideline development process was comprised of two stages: 1. The building stage consisted of several steps: definition of the problem, definition of the potential users of the guidelines, and the appropriate level of care; review of updated bibliographies, and validation using the Delphi technique. 2. The start-up stage consisted of evaluating the guidelines applicable to out-patient settings. Twenty family physicians participated, using the guidelines with 115 patients. Agreement between the family physicians' diagnosis and the criteria stated in the guidelines was tested using unweighted kappa. Differences in the use of the guidelines to manage ARI patients were tested by using the X2 test or the exact Fisher test. Results. Development of guidelines considered the patient's age group. Therefore, guidelines to manage patients under five years of age and to manage patients above this age were constructed. The application of the guidelines was increased from 40 to 60%. As a result, inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics and cough syrups decreased. Although the guidelines could be helpful in treating ARI, its efficacy and effectiveness remain to be tested.

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Even though the incidence of pneumonia in developed and developing countries is similar, the mortality is five times higher in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacteremia in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and relative contribution of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). One hundred and one children under five years of age who attended a primary care level clinic with diagnosis of acute LRTI, were enrolled. Diagnosis and management of pneumonia were done according to the WHO guidelines. Two blood cultures were drawn at the time of admission. A nasopharyngeal sample was taken for detection of RSV by indirect immunofluorescence. Blood cultures were positive for pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus) in three patients. The detection for RSV was positive in 24 patients (23.7%). The clinical and radiographic presentations were not significantly different between patients with and without RSV (p > 0.05). RSV is a common cause of LRTI in children younger than five years old. Blood cultures are not commonly positive in outpatients with acute LRTI. The practice of obtaining blood cultures in primary and secondary care clinics is not useful to guide the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

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