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Endoluminal treatments such as endoscopic gastroplasty have been gaining ground in obesity treatment. A 52-year-old woman gained weight 5 months after endoscopic gastroplasty. Thus, it was decided to resuture the greater curvature of the stomach 8 months after the initial procedure by reducing the gastric pouch even further. The patient lost 16% of her total body weight with this procedure. Endoscopic gastroplasty, which can be reperformed in patients who regain weight, reach a plateau, or do not achieve the initial planned weight loss, is an effective and safe first-line obesity treatment.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Obesity is a pandemic affecting approximately 700 million adults worldwide, with an additional 2 billion overweight. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is a minimally invasive endoscopic bariatric therapy that involves remodeling of the greater curvature in an effort to reduce gastric capacity and delay gastric emptying. A variety of ESG suture patterns has been reported. This study is the first to use a uniform "U" stitch pattern across all centers to simplify technical aspects of the procedure and limit cost. This also uniquely assessed outcomes in all body mass index (BMI) categories and changes in metabolic rate, lean body mass, and adipose tissue composition. METHODS: This is a multicenter analysis of prospectively collected data from 7 centers including patients with overweight and obesity who underwent ESG. Primary outcomes included absolute weight loss, percent total body weight loss (%TWL), change in BMI, and percent excess weight loss (%EWL) at 6 and 12 months in overweight and obese classes I, II, and III. Secondary outcomes included adipose tissue, lean body mass reduction, and metabolic rate analyzed by bioimpedance. Additionally, immediate or delayed adverse events (AEs) were analyzed. Clinical success was defined as achieving ≥25% EWL at 1 year with ≤5% serious AE (SAE) rate following the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE)/American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) threshold. RESULTS: A total of 193 patients underwent ESG during the study period. All groups had >10% TWL and >25% EWL at 6 months of follow-up. On average, %TWL was 14.25% ± 5.26% and 15.06% ± 5.22% and the %EWL 56.15% ± 22.93% and 59.41% ± 25.69% at 6 months and 1 year of follow-up, respectively. %TWL was 8.91% ± .3%, 13.92% ± 5.76%, 16.22% ± 7.69%, and 19.01% ± .95% and %EWL 56.21% ± 2.0%, 62.03% ± 27.63%, 54.13% ± 23.46%, and 46.78% ± 2.43% for overweight and obesity classes I, II, and III, respectively, at 1 year. Male sex, age <41 years, and higher BMI were predictors of achieving a TWL ≥10% at 1-year follow-up. There was a significant reduction in adipose tissue from baseline. SAEs occurred in 1.03%, including 2 perigastric collections needing surgery. CONCLUSIONS: ESG appears to be feasible, safe, and effective in the treatment of patients with overweight and obesity according to ASGE/ASMBS thresholds.

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Background and study aims Obesity is a serious disease, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Intragastric balloons (IGBs) have been in use since the 1980s. After the insertion of an IGB, complications such as migration of the device and even severe gastric perforation can occur, requiring laparoscopic surgery. Here, we report three cases of gastric perforation after IGB insertion. In all three cases, the perforation was successfully repaired through an exclusively endoscopic approach.

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BACKGROUND: Weight regain occurs in about 20% of patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Studies have reported that in most cases this regain is associated with dilatation of the gastrojejunal anastomosis. To correct this dilatation, one of the methods used is the application of argon plasma coagulation (APC). CASE: The authors report the case of a 39-year-old woman submitted to RYGB who had weight regain. In the endoscopic evaluation, the patient presented with dilatation of the gastrojejunal anastomosis, for which treatment with APC and an adjusted diet was proposed. After 3 sessions of APC, the patient presented with a reduction of the anastomosis diameter, weight loss, and increased satiety to food, with an increased gastric emptying time evidenced by scintigraphy. CONCLUSION: APC proved to be a safe and efficacious method.

INTRODUÇÃO: O reganho de peso após bypass gástrico em Y de Roux (RYGB) ocorre em cerca de 20% dos doentes. Estudos relatam que na maioria dos casos este reganho está associado a dilatação da anastomose gastrojejunal. Para corrigir esta dilatação um dos métodos utilizados é a apli-cação de árgon plasma (APC). CASO: Os autores relatam o caso de uma mulher de 39 anos de idade, submetida a RYGB, que apresentou reganho de peso. Na avaliação en-doscópica a doente apresentava dilatação da anastomose gastrojejunal sendo proposta a realização de APC e dieta ajustada. Após 3 sessões de APC, a doente apresentou redução do diâmetro da anastomose associada a perda de peso, aumento da saciedade alimentar e aumento do tempo de esvaziamento gástrico documentado em cintigrafia. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com APC mostrou ser um méto-do seguro e eficaz.

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ABSTRACT Introduction : Obesity is related with higher incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Antireflux surgery has inadequate results when associated with obesity, due to migration and/or subsequent disruption of antireflux wrap. Gastric bypass, meanwhile, provides good control of gastroesophageal reflux. Objective: To evaluate the technical difficulty in performing gastric bypass in patients previously submitted to antireflux surgery, and its effectiveness in controlling gastroesophageal reflux. Methods: Literature review was conducted between July to October 2016 in Medline database, using the following search strategy: ("Gastric bypass" OR "Roux-en-Y") AND ("Fundoplication" OR "Nissen ') AND ("Reoperation" OR "Reoperative" OR "Revisional" OR "Revision" OR "Complications"). Results: Were initially classified 102 articles; from them at the end only six were selected by exclusion criteria. A total of 121 patients were included, 68 women. The mean preoperative body mass index was 37.17 kg/m² and age of 52.60 years. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication was the main prior antireflux surgery (70.58%). The most common findings on esophagogastroduodenoscopy were esophagitis (n=7) and Barrett's esophagus (n=6); the most common early complication was gastric perforation (n=7), and most common late complication was stricture of gastrojejunostomy (n=9). Laparoscopic gastric bypass was performed in 99 patients, with an average time of 331 min. Most patients had complete remission of symptoms and efficient excess weight loss. Conclusion: Although technically more difficult, with higher incidence of complications, gastric bypass is a safe and effective option for controlling gastroesophageal reflux in obese patients previously submitted to antireflux surgery, with the added benefit of excess weight loss.

RESUMO Introdução: Obesidade está relacionada à maior incidência de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Cirurgia antirrefluxo apresenta resultados inadequados quando associada à obesidade, devido à migração e/ou ruptura posterior da válvula antirrefluxo. Bypass gástrico enquanto isso determina bom controle de refluxo gastroesofágico. Objetivo: Avaliar a dificuldade técnica na realização de bypass gástrico em pacientes previamente submetidos à cirurgia antirrefluxo, e sua eficácia no controle do refluxo gastroesofágico. Método: Revisão de literatura foi realizada entre os meses de julho a outubro de 2016, na base de dados Medline, com a seguinte estratégia de busca: ("Gastric Bypass" OR "Roux-en-Y") AND ("Fundoplication" OR "Nissen") AND ("Reoperation" OR "Reoperative" OR "Revisional" OR "Revision" OR "Complications"). Resultados: Foram inicialmente classificados 102 artigos selecionando-se, por critérios de exclusão, apenas seis ao final. Foram incluídos 121 pacientes, sendo 68 mulheres. A média de índice de massa corporal pré-operatório foi 37,17 kg/m² e idade de 52,60 anos. Fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica foi a principal operação antirrefluxo prévia (70,58%). Os achados mais comuns na endoscopia digestiva alta foram esofagite (n=7) e esôfago de Barrett (n=6); a complicação precoce mais comum foi perfuração gástrica (n=7), e tardia, estenose de anastomose gastrojejunal (n=9). Bypass laparoscópico foi realizado em 99 pacientes, com tempo médio de 331 min. A grande maioria dos pacientes apresentou completa remissão dos sintomas e perda eficiente do excesso de peso. Conclusão: Apesar de tecnicamente mais difícil, com maior incidência de complicações, o bypass gástrico é opção segura e efetiva no controle do refluxo gastroesofágico em pacientes obesos previamente submetidos à operação antirrefluxo, com a vantagem adicional da perda do excesso de peso.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Between 10 and 20% of all patients undergoing bariatric surgery procedures regain weight secondary to a gastrojejunostomy enlargement. The aim of this study was to validate the interobserver agreement while measuring gastric outlet diameters using a new standard guidewire. METHODS: We selected thirty-five videos of consecutive endoscopic procedures on patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure. All videos were evaluated by four raters: two expert endoscopists and two trainees. We excluded videos having a slipped Fobi ring or a strictured gastric outlet. Anastomosis diameter was measured using a novel device with standardized markings on a guidewire (Hydra jagwire, Boston Scientific, Natick. MA) as well as the current gold standard defined as a calibrated endoscopic measuring instrument (Olympus America, Center Valley, PA). RESULTS: We obtained 272 measurements of the gastric outlet. Overall agreement measured through intra-class correlation coefficients for the gold standard was 0.84 (p < 0.01) and 0.83 (p < 0.01) for the new guidewire. Agreement among experts was 0.699 (p < 0.01), while among trainees it was 0.822 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The new guidewire demonstrated a high degree of observer reliability, also presenting similar results between expert endoscopists and trainees.

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INTRODUCTION: Obesity is related with higher incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Antireflux surgery has inadequate results when associated with obesity, due to migration and/or subsequent disruption of antireflux wrap. Gastric bypass, meanwhile, provides good control of gastroesophageal reflux. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technical difficulty in performing gastric bypass in patients previously submitted to antireflux surgery, and its effectiveness in controlling gastroesophageal reflux. METHODS: Literature review was conducted between July to October 2016 in Medline database, using the following search strategy: ("Gastric bypass" OR "Roux-en-Y") AND ("Fundoplication" OR "Nissen ') AND ("Reoperation" OR "Reoperative" OR "Revisional" OR "Revision" OR "Complications"). RESULTS: Were initially classified 102 articles; from them at the end only six were selected by exclusion criteria. A total of 121 patients were included, 68 women. The mean preoperative body mass index was 37.17 kg/m² and age of 52.60 years. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication was the main prior antireflux surgery (70.58%). The most common findings on esophagogastroduodenoscopy were esophagitis (n=7) and Barrett's esophagus (n=6); the most common early complication was gastric perforation (n=7), and most common late complication was stricture of gastrojejunostomy (n=9). Laparoscopic gastric bypass was performed in 99 patients, with an average time of 331 min. Most patients had complete remission of symptoms and efficient excess weight loss. CONCLUSION: Although technically more difficult, with higher incidence of complications, gastric bypass is a safe and effective option for controlling gastroesophageal reflux in obese patients previously submitted to antireflux surgery, with the added benefit of excess weight loss.

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ABSTRACT Background A multitude of endoscopic findings post-gastric bypass procedures have been previously reported in the literature, but to our knowledge, no present rules exist that could guide clinicians regarding which findings should be actively sought, once an initial finding is identified. Objective To identify co-occurrence patterns among endoscopic findings of patients having undergone past gastric bypass procedure. Methods Our registry involves all consecutive patients undergoing an upper endoscopic evaluation after a gastric bypass procedure. We collected information on the presence of the endoscopic findings in post-gastric bypass surgery patients. Co-occurrence evaluation involved the use of intersection, cluster and item factor analyses. Results A total of 396 endoscopic evaluations were made on 339 patients. Most patients were female (81.1%), with an average BMI of 31.88±6.7 at the time of endoscopy. Esophagitis was the most common isolated finding (35.3%). Endoscopic findings clustered around two groups, (1) the ring-related complications involving ring displacement, ring slips and gastric pouch, while (2) stenosis-related findings involved dilation and stenosis (P<0.01). Conclusion While most endoscopic findings after gastric bypass endoscopic procedures are isolated, ring and stenosis-related clusters should be used as a set of rules by clinicians, as it might enhance their probability of finding co-occurring conditions.

RESUMO Contexto Uma grande quantidade de achados endoscópicos após procedimentos de bypass pós-gástricos foram previamente relatados na literatura, mas, que seja de nosso conhecimento, não existem regras atuais que poderiam orientar os médicos sobre quais achados devem procurar uma vez que um achado inicial é identificado. Objetivo Identificar padrões de co-ocorrência entre os achados endoscópicos de pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de bypass gástrico no passado. Métodos O nosso registo envolve pacientes consecutivos submetidos a uma avaliação endoscópica alta após um procedimento de bypass gástrico. Foram colhidas informações sobre a presença de achados endoscópicos após cirúrgica de bypass gástrico à Y de Roux com ou sem anel. Avaliação de co-ocorrência envolveu o uso de cruzamento, agrupamento e fator de produto de análise. Resultados Um total de 396 avaliações endoscópicas foram realizadas em 339 pacientes. A maioria dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino (81,1%), com IMC médio de 31,88±6,7 no momento da endoscopia. Esofagite foi o achado isolado mais comum (35,3%). Achados endoscópicos agrupados em torno de dois grupos, as complicações relacionadas ao anel envolveram deslocamento anel, deslizamentos anel e bolsa gástrica e relacionadas a estenoses envolveram dilatação e estenose (P<0,01). Conclusão Enquanto a maioria dos achados endoscópicos após procedimentos de bypass gástrico são isolados, agrupamento relacionado a anel e estenose poderiam ser usados como um conjunto de regras para médicos, uma vez que pode melhorar a sua probabilidade de ser encontrando em condições co-ocorrentes.

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Background: Less invasive and complex procedures have been developed to treat obesity. The successful use of Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty using OverStitch(r) (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, Texas, USA) has been reported in the literature. Aim: Present technical details of the procedure and its surgical/ endoscopic preliminary outcome. Method: The device was used to perform plications along the greater curvature of the stomach, creating a tubulization similar to a sleeve gastrectomy. Result: A male patient with a BMI of 35.17 kg/m2 underwent the procedure, with successful achievement of four plications, and preservation of gastric fundus. The procedure was successfully performed in 50 minutes, time without bleeding or other complications. The patient presented mild abdominal pain and good acceptance of liquid diet. Conclusions: The endoscopic gastroplasty procedure was safe, with acceptable technical viability, short in duration and without early complications.

Racional: Procedimentos menos invasivos e complexos têm sido desenvolvidos para o tratamento da obesidade. A gastroplastia vertical endoscópica com uso de OverStitch(r) (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, TX, EUA) já foi relatada com sucesso na literatura. Objetivo: Apresentar detalhes técnicos do procedimento e seu resultado cirúrgico/endoscópico preliminar. Método: O equipamento foi utilizado para realizar plicaturas ao longo da grande curvatura gástrica, objetivando tubulização do estômago semelhante a gastrectomia vertical. Resultado: O método foi aplicado em paciente com IMC 35,17 kg/m2, sendo realizadas quatro plicaturas, preservando o fundo gástrico. O procedimento foi realizado com sucesso em 50 min, sem sangramento ou outras complicações. O paciente evoluiu com dor abdominal leve, e teve boa aceitação de dieta líquida. Conclusão: A realização da gastroplastia endoscópica foi segura, com viabilidade técnica aceitável e reprodutível, com curto tempo de procedimento, sem complicações precoces.