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Genetic influence on pork quality exists between breeds and within a breed. The variation is caused by a large set of genes, and pork quality traits have a multifactorial background. Research into the genetics of meat quality found causative mutations associated with marked effects on pig meat value. This study aimed to investigate the segregation of meat quality-related SNPs and compare their diversity and genetics in commercial and Creole pigs from different farms in the North-West of Argentina. A screen for SNPs in RYR1, PRKAG3, CAST, and SOX6 candidate genes and the differentiation of their genotypes by PCR-RFLP was conducted. All genes were characterized by a high level of polymorphism and heterozygosity, and populations showed no differences in the genetic structure for the analyzed SNPs. These results highlighted the role of pig genotypes as a source of basic variability potentially affecting processed meat products and fresh meat.

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BACKGROUND: We analyzed the clinical and radiographic evolution of patients with knee unicompartmental osteoarthritis and axis alteration and osteochondral lesions in the femoral condyle, treated with tibial plateau and meniscus allograft and cultured autologous chondrocyte implantation in the femur in two steps. PURPOSE: To analyze the clinical results with the first patients treated with this two-stage technique to avoid knee prosthesis in patients with unicompartmental osteoarthritis. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: Sixteen patients, average age 56 years, were included in a cohort study. We performed an osteotomy with tibia plateau allograft, including the meniscus. In a second surgery, the chondrocyte fibrin scaffold was placed in the femur. Clinical symptoms and function were measured using KSSR and KOOS scores. Wilcoxon's test was performed to compare the results over the 2-year follow-up period. RESULTS: Mean KSSR before surgery was 35.69 (SD: 3.75) points, rising to 67 (SD: 15.42) at 3 months, 95.88 at 12 months (SD: 2.68) and 96.31 at 24 months (SD: 2.24). The KOOS before surgery was 65.14 (SD: 16.34), rising to 72.68 after 3 months (SD: 19.15), 76.68 at 12 months (SD: 18.92) and 64.28 at 24 months (SD: 11.79). Four of 5 patients returned to engaging in the activity that they had stopped practicing. Three patients experienced collapse of the tibia allograft, and they needed later a prosthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous tibia plateau allograft and autologous chondrocyte implantation in the femur, after correction of the angular deformity, were performed, restoring the anatomy of the medial compartment and knee function in 82% of the patients 2 years after the operation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of food allergy is on the rise on a global scale. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of food hypersensitivity (FHS) and probable food allergy (PFA), as well as the foods and factors associated with these occurrences. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1992 adolescents (aged 15-18 years). Each adolescent answered a structured questionnaire. A multivariate analysis was used to identify the association between the variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of FHS was 10.6% (the most commonly associated foods were shrimp, cow's milk and avocado) and the PFA was 7.8% (shrimp, cow's milk and pecan). The prevalences of oral allergy syndrome, food-associated urticaria and systemic reaction were 4.9%, 3.6% and 1.5%, respectively. The following factors were associated with FHS: personal history of asthma (OR 1.63; 95% CI: 1.11-2.41), allergic rhinitis (OR 2.60; 95% CI: 1.75-3.87), atopic dermatitis (OR 2.07; 95% CI: 1.25-3.43), maternal history of asthma (OR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.02-3.16), atopic dermatitis (OR 6.11; 95% CI: 2.45-15.29), and female sex (OR 1.89; 95% CI: 1.38-2.59). PFA was associated with a personal history of asthma (OR 1.65; 95% CI: 1.06-2.56), allergic rhinitis (OR 2.46; 95% CI: 1.56-3.88), atopic dermatitis (OR 2.02; 95% CI: 1.15-3.54), paternal allergic rhinitis (OR 2.52; 95% CI: 1.15-5.51), maternal atopic dermatitis (OR 7.46; 95% CI: 2.93-19.00), and female sex (OR 1.89; 95% CI: 1.31-2.72). CONCLUSION: The adverse reactions associated with foods among late adolescents are a frequent occurrence, and the most commonly associated factor is atopy.

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Summary: Background. Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) is the most common food allergy manifestation amongst adults. However, population studies aimed at estimating its prevalence and associated factors are scarce in Mexi-co. Objectives. To establish the prevalence of OAS in a sample of university students and to describe their clinical characteristics and its associated factors. Methods. From a sample group made up of 25,269 university students, the data corresponding to 1,200 students aged 18 to 25 was analyzed with a cross-sectional approach. A structured questionnaire was used to identify OAS, its symptoms and related foods, and the personal history of atopic diseases. The associations between variables were calculated through logistical regression analysis. Results. The prevalence of OAS was 3.4%, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 2.5 to 4.6. The main oral symptoms reported were lip pruritus, edema and the sensation of pharyngeal oppression. Among the extra-oral complaints were: reddish coloration of the skin, body pruritus, abdominal pain, and abdominal bloating. The foods that were most frequently associated with OAS were fruits (68.5%), vegetables (22.0%) and seafood (19.3%). Through multivariate analyses, allergy to pollen and latex were found to be associated with OAS, OR 3.29; 95%: CI 1.53 to 7.10 and OR 5.53; 95% CI: 1.08 to 28.2, respectively. Conclusions. Notably, the prevalence of OAS varies according to the geographic area. Personal histories of allergy to pollen or latex were the main factors linked to OAS.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between learned helplessness (LH) and self-efficacy (SE) with disease activity, functional capacity, and level of pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to compare LH and SE between patients in remission and patients with active disease. METHOD: This multicentre, cross-sectional study included consecutive patients (aged ≥ 18 years) with RA according to 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) criteria. LH was measured by the Rheumatology Attitude Index (RAI), Spanish version; SE with the Arthritis Self-efficacy Scale (ASES), Spanish version; functional capacity with the Health Assessment Questionnaire, Argentinian version (HAQ-A); and perceived pain by the visual analogue scale (VAS). Disease activity was measured by the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). RESULTS: A total of 115 patients (82% females) with a mean (± sd) age of 58 ± 13 years were included. We found a significantly positive correlation between LH and perceived pain (p < 0.001), HAQ-A score (p < 0.001), and CDAI (p < 0.001) and a significantly negative correlation between SE and perceived pain (p < 0.001), HAQ-A score (p < 0.001), and CDAI (p < 0.001). We found greater levels of SE and lower grades of LH in patients in remission compared to those with active disease (median 76 vs. 58; p < 0.001 and 6 vs. 11; p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: LH and SE correlated significantly with disease activity, functional capacity, and perceived pain. Levels of SE were higher in patients in remission compared to those with active disease as opposed to levels of LH, which were lower in patients in remission compared to those with active disease. These results show that cognitive factors are related to disease activity and their modifications may have importance in the management of RA.

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La investigación es un proceso de construcción cuyo punto de partida es la revisión inicial de la bibliografía sobre un problema planteado. Frente al desarrollo de los aspectos teóricos y metodológicos que son los puntos de interés en el campo de la enfermería a nivel mundial, difícilmente otorgamos atención a un problema vigente en la enfermería mexicana: La calidad y cobertura de las búsquedas bibliográficas que fundamentan los trabajos académicos de estudiantes y profesionales. El material referenciado debe garantizar, en general que se ha cubierto el entorno geográfico y se ha contextualizado con respecto a las investigaciones realizadas en otros países y regiones. La bibliografía es sólo un punto en todo el proceso de investigación y publicación, muchas otras variables entran en juego pero poco o nada se puede aportar, además de lugares comunes para los lectores, si no partimos de una revisión que fundamente la calidad del trabajo realizado.

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In a recent ecological study of the ticks on animal trails within an area of Atlantic rainforest in south-eastern Brazil, Amblyomma aureolatum, A. brasiliense, A. incisum, A. ovale and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi were found questing on the vegetation. Most of the ticks recorded by a small, man-made dam on the forest border were A. dubitatum but a few A. brasiliense and A. cajennense, one A. incisum and one H. juxtakochi were also found. The seasonal activity of the ticks indicated that A. incisum and A. brasiliense had one generation/year. On the animal trails, most tick species and stages quested on the vegetation at a height of 30-40 cm above ground level. The questing larvae and adults of A. incisum tended to be found higher, however, with the greatest numbers recorded 40-50 cm (larvae) or 60-70 cm (adults) above ground level. Most of the adult ticks (81.1%-100%), nymphs (78.6%-100%) and larval clusters (100%) found on a forest trail remained questing at the same location over a 24-h period. Carbon-dioxide traps in the rainforest attracted <50% of the ticks observed questing on the nearby vegetation and, curiously, the CO2 traps set deep in the forest attracted far fewer ticks than similar traps set by the dam. The ecological relationships between the ticks, their hosts and the rainforest environment are discussed.

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Examinaram-se a adesão, a germinação, a penetração e a colonização de larvas e ninfas de Rhipicephalus sanguineus por Metarhizium anisopliae, assim como as lesões infringidas pelo fungo nas respectivas fases do ciclo de vida do ácaro. Realizaram-se infecções experimentais em 11 grupos contendo 250 larvas e 11 grupos contendo 75 ninfas de R. sanguineus, por meio de banho, durante três minutos sob agitação manual, em suspensão contendo 10(8) conídios/ml do fungo. Nos grupos-controles, o banho foi realizado usando o veículo da suspensão. Larvas e ninfas foram processadas para um estudo histopatológico e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura nos seguintes tempos após a infecção: uma e 18 horas, e um, dois, três, quatro, cinco, seis, sete, nove e 11 dias. A germinação dos conídios ocorreu em até 18 horas pós-inoculação, e o fungo penetrou nas larvas e ninfas através do tegumento, dois e três dias após a infecção, respectivamente. Após penetração, o fungo invadiu o corpo das larvas e ninfas, promovendo uma colonização difusa, sem preferência aparente por tecidos específicos. Lesões significativas não foram observadas. A morte das larvas e ninfas ocorreu no terceiro e quarto dias pós-infecção, e a esporulação do patógeno sobre o cadáver foi iniciada no sexto dia pós-infecção.(AU)

The adhesion, germination and colonization of Rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae and nymphs by Metarhizium anisopliae as well as the lesions caused by the fungus were studied. For this purpose, 11 groups of 250 larvae each and 11 groups of 75 nymphs each were bathed during 3 minutes under manual shaking in a 10(8) conidia/ml suspension. Corresponding control groups were bathed only in the suspension vehicle. Ticks were also submitted to both conventional microscopy and scanning eletronmicrocopy analyses at several post-infection periods (1 and 18 hours and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11 days). Conidial germination occurred in less than 18 hours post-inoculation and the fungus penetration through the tegument into the larvae and nymphs in, respectively, two and three days post-infection. Following penetration, the fungus invaded the body of the ticks and colonized it diffusely without a noticeable predilection for tissue, but no apparent lesions were observed. Death of larvae and nymphs occurred on the 3rd and 4th post-infection days and pathogen sporulation over the dead tick began on the 6th post-infection day.(AU)

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Examinaram-se a adesão, a germinação, a penetração e a colonização de larvas e ninfas de Rhipicephalus sanguineus por Metarhizium anisopliae, assim como as lesões infringidas pelo fungo nas respectivas fases do ciclo de vida do ácaro. Realizaram-se infecções experimentais em 11 grupos contendo 250 larvas e 11 grupos contendo 75 ninfas de R. sanguineus, por meio de banho, durante três minutos sob agitação manual, em suspensão contendo 10(8) conídios/ml do fungo. Nos grupos-controles, o banho foi realizado usando o veículo da suspensão. Larvas e ninfas foram processadas para um estudo histopatológico e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura nos seguintes tempos após a infecção: uma e 18 horas, e um, dois, três, quatro, cinco, seis, sete, nove e 11 dias. A germinação dos conídios ocorreu em até 18 horas pós-inoculação, e o fungo penetrou nas larvas e ninfas através do tegumento, dois e três dias após a infecção, respectivamente. Após penetração, o fungo invadiu o corpo das larvas e ninfas, promovendo uma colonização difusa, sem preferência aparente por tecidos específicos. Lesões significativas não foram observadas. A morte das larvas e ninfas ocorreu no terceiro e quarto dias pós-infecção, e a esporulação do patógeno sobre o cadáver foi iniciada no sexto dia pós-infecção.

The adhesion, germination and colonization of Rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae and nymphs by Metarhizium anisopliae as well as the lesions caused by the fungus were studied. For this purpose, 11 groups of 250 larvae each and 11 groups of 75 nymphs each were bathed during 3 minutes under manual shaking in a 10(8) conidia/ml suspension. Corresponding control groups were bathed only in the suspension vehicle. Ticks were also submitted to both conventional microscopy and scanning eletronmicrocopy analyses at several post-infection periods (1 and 18 hours and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11 days). Conidial germination occurred in less than 18 hours post-inoculation and the fungus penetration through the tegument into the larvae and nymphs in, respectively, two and three days post-infection. Following penetration, the fungus invaded the body of the ticks and colonized it diffusely without a noticeable predilection for tissue, but no apparent lesions were observed. Death of larvae and nymphs occurred on the 3rd and 4th post-infection days and pathogen sporulation over the dead tick began on the 6th post-infection day.

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