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Coagulation management in the patient with cirrhosis has undergone a significant transformation since the beginning of this century, with the concept of a rebalancing between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors. The paradigm that patients with cirrhosis have a greater bleeding tendency has changed, as a result of this rebalancing. In addition, it has brought to light the presence of complications related to thrombotic events in this group of patients. These guidelines detail aspects related to pathophysiologic mechanisms that intervene in the maintenance of hemostasis in the patient with cirrhosis, the relevance of portal hypertension, mechanical factors for the development of bleeding, modifications in the hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors, and the changes in the reticuloendothelial system in acute hepatic decompensation and acute-on-chronic liver failure. They address new aspects related to the hemorrhagic complications in patients with cirrhosis, considering the risk for bleeding during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, as well as the usefulness of different tools for diagnosing coagulation and recommendations on the pharmacologic treatment and blood-product transfusion in the context of hemorrhage. These guidelines also update the knowledge regarding hypercoagulability in the patient with cirrhosis, as well as the efficacy and safety of treatment with the different anticoagulation regimens. Lastly, they provide recommendations on coagulation management in the context of acute-on-chronic liver failure, acute liver decompensation, and specific aspects related to the patient undergoing liver transplantation.
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Insuficiência Hepática Crônica Agudizada , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea , Humanos , Insuficiência Hepática Crônica Agudizada/complicações , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/complicações , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/terapia , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/terapia , Coagulação Sanguínea , HemostasiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Adequate drying and proper storage of flexible endoscopes are essential for maintaining quality in their reprocessing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the drying stages, storage, and channel conditions of endoscopes through borescope inspection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The personnel responsible for endoscope reprocessing were interviewed. Storage conditions at 10 endoscopy facilities were inspected and an internal examination of the channels and ports of the stored equipment was carried out, utilizing a borescope. A total of 74 stored endoscope channels were evaluated. RESULTS: Only 10% of the facilities inspected utilized transport cases for storage and only 10% had rooms exclusively used for storage. Sixty percent of the facilities did not perform any shelf-life control. All the channels evaluated were scratched and fluids were present on 69% of them. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscope reprocessing can be improved through the implementation of drying and storage control and validation tools, as well as the use of borescopes and periodic clinical audits.
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Endoscópios , Reutilização de Equipamento , Humanos , Endoscópios/normas , Reutilização de Equipamento/normas , Contaminação de Equipamentos/prevenção & controle , Desinfecção/métodos , Desinfecção/normas , DessecaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a serious long-term complication that has a negative impact on graft and patient survival. The purpose of the present study was to describe the incidence of PTDM in a Mexican cohort and evaluate its association with a previous family history of diabetes (FHD). METHODS: A retrospective single-center cohort study was conducted on patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). The primary outcome was time from LT to PTDM. The diagnosis of PTDM was established using the ADA criteria. A mediation analysis that used adjusted Cox regression models and considered pretransplant prediabetes a mediator was performed, to determine the total effect and direct effect of FHD on PTDM. RESULTS: A total of 152 patients were included, with a median follow-up time of 41 months; 19.2% (nâ¯=â¯29) had pretransplant diabetes. During the follow-up time, 15% of patients developed PTDM (nâ¯=â¯23), with an incidence rate of 4.71 cases/100 person-years. PTDM was significantly higher in patients with FHD, compared with those with no FHD (8.72 cases/100 person-years vs 2.04 cases/100 person-years, respectively; pâ¯=â¯0.001). The adjusted hazard ratio of PTDM for FHD was 4.14 (95% CI 1.60-10.7), pâ¯=â¯0.005) and 3.48 (95% CI 1.35-9.01, pâ¯=â¯0.010), when further controlled for pretransplant prediabetes. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of PTDM was similar to that reported in most international studies. As with type 2 diabetes, family history plays an important role in the development of PTDM, even after accounting for pretransplant prediabetes. Patients with FHD should undergo a stricter metabolic program.
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The first clinical guidelines on hepatic encephalopathy were published in 2009. Almost 14 years since that first publication, numerous advances in the field of diagnosis, treatment, and special condition care have been made. Therefore, as an initiative of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología A.C., we present a current view of those aspects. The manuscript described herein was formulated by 24 experts that participated in six working groups, analyzing, discussing, and summarizing the following topics: Definition of hepatic encephalopathy; recommended classifications; epidemiologic panorama, worldwide and in Mexico; diagnostic tools; conditions that merit a differential diagnosis; treatment; and primary and secondary prophylaxis. Likewise, these guidelines emphasize the management of certain special conditions, such as hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure, as well as specific care in patients with hepatic encephalopathy, such as the use of medications and types of sedation, describing those that are permitted or recommended, and those that are not.
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Encefalopatia Hepática , Lactulose , Rifaximina , Encefalopatia Hepática/diagnóstico , Encefalopatia Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Rifaximina/uso terapêutico , Lactulose/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Resumen Los virus de inmunodeficiencia y leucemia felina representan un problema de gran envergadura para los felinos domésticos debido a la multiplicidad de sintomatologías que manifiestan. El objetivo del presente estudio fue establecer, retrospectivamente, la prevalencia en la presentación de ViLeF y VIF en pacientes de seis clínicas de pequeños animales en Bogotá y Chía, en relación con factores como su edad, raza y género. Se realizó un estudio transversal y retrospectivo, mediante la recopilación de datos de 1.014 historias clínicas de pacientes felinos que ingresaron a seis clínicas de la ciudad de Bogotá y Chía, para determinar la prevalencia de VIF y ViLeF y la asociación de estas con factores como edad, género y raza, entre 2015 y 2019, a través de la prueba OR. La detección de los virus se realizó mediante una prueba rápida basada en inmunocromatografía. La mayor prevalencia para cada enfermedad por año fue: 12,3% para VIF en 2012 y 18% para ViLeF en 2019. Los machos presentaron mayores seroprevalencias para ambas enfermedades durante la mayoría los años evaluados. Factores como raza (criolla: VIF: 1,85; ViLeF: 2,01), género (macho: VIF: 1,53 OR; ViLeF: 1,64) y edad (> 7 años: VIF: 3,82; ViLeF: 3,21) se relacionaron positivamente con la presentación de ambas enfermedades en la población felina evaluada.
Abstract Immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus represent major problems for domestic felines due to the multiplicity of symptoms they manifest. The objective of the present study was to establish, retrospectively, the prevalence in the presentation of FeLV and FIV in patients from six small animal clinics in Bogota and Chia, related to factors such as age, race, and gender. A cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out, collecting data from 1.014 clinical records of feline patients who were admitted to six clinics in the city of Bogota and Chia, to determine the prevalence of FIV and FeLV and their association with factors such as age, gender, and race, between 2015 and 2019 through the OR test. The detection of the viruses was carried out through a rapid test based on immunochromatography. The highest prevalence for each disease per year was 12,3% for FIV in 2012 and 18% for FeLV in 2019. Males presented higher seroprevalences for both diseases during most of the years evaluated. Factors such as race (Creole: FIV: 1,85; FeLV: 2,01), gender (male: FIV: 1.53 OR, FeLV: 1,64), and age (> 7 years: FIV: 3.82; FeLV: 3.21) were positively related to the presentation of both diseases in the feline population evaluated.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Vírus , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Leucemia , Doença Crônica , Doença , Cromatografia de Afinidade , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Vírus da Leucemia Felina , Diagnóstico , Retroviridae , Hospitais VeterináriosRESUMO
PURPOSE: SBRT (stereotactic body radiation therapy) is widely used as a curative treatment in tumoral lesions and has become a fundamental tool for the treatment of spine metastasis. In this study, we present survival and toxicity outcomes of spine SBRT after a 2-year follow-up. METHODS/PATIENTS: Data from spine SBRT treatments performed at our institution between March 2012 and February 2020 was collected. Medical records, including demographic, primary tumor, and treatment characteristics were reviewed. Patient follow-up included clinical evaluation, imaging, and blood tests. Toxicity was recorded according to CTCAE v4.0. RESULTS: We analyzed 73 consecutive spine SBRT treatments in 60 patients. 39.7% of the cases had primary breast cancer and 23.3% had prostate cancer. Most cases (87.7%) were treated with a single SBRT fraction of 16 Gy. Median follow-up was 26.1 months (range 1.7-78.6), and 1- and 2-year overall survival (OS) rates were 96.9% and 84.2%, respectively. Local control (LC) rates at 1- and 2-years were 76.3% and 70.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified histology as a prognostic factor for both OS and LC. Patients who underwent spine SBRT 6 months after the spinal lesion diagnosis had LC at 2 years of 88%, vs 61.7% for those who underwent SBRT before this period. No grade III or higher toxicity was reported. The vertebral compression fracture (VCF) rate was 4.1%. CONCLUSION: Spine SBRT at our institution showed a 2-year LC of 70.6%, without G3 toxicities. Delaying SBRT at least 6 months to administer systemic treatment was related to an improvement in local control.
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Radiocirurgia , Neoplasias da Coluna Vertebral/radioterapia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Radiocirurgia/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias da Coluna Vertebral/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Coluna Vertebral/secundário , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de Tempo , Tempo para o Tratamento , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción El consumo de alcohol en los adolescentes es un problema cada vez más frecuente y va en aumento debido a que el consumo episódico excesivo es una tendencia cada vez más común en esta población. Para el profesional de enfermería de primer nivel de atención, se vuelve necesario implementar herramientas sustentadas en evidencia científica como una alternativa factible que responda a las necesidades actuales. Objetivo Desarrollar una propuesta de aplicación a partir de la Teoría de Situación Específica del Modelo de Intención de Cambio (I-Change) enfocada al cambio de conducta del consumo excesivo de bebidas alcohólicas en adolescentes. Desarrollo Se utilizó la metodología de tres pasos propuesta por Fawcett. Para la revisión de literatura sobre consumo excesivo de bebidas alcohólicas, se emplearon términos en inglés y español, así como los operadores booleanos AND y OR en diversas bases de datos, posteriormente se construyó una estructura conceptual teórico-empírica de la propuesta de la Teoría de Situación Específica para el consumo excesivo de bebidas alcohólicas. Conclusiones La presente propuesta supone una alternativa para lograr el cambio de conducta del consumo excesivo de bebidas alcohólicas a través de un proceso motivacional de tres fases (premotivacional, motivacional y postmotivacional). Implementar esta propuesta, busca dar solución a una problemática que genera una carga importante de salud en una población vulnerable. Los hallazgos derivados de su aplicación pueden aportar evidencia para la labor del profesional de enfermería en el campo de la prevención del consumo de alcohol.
ABSTRACT Introduction Alcohol consumption among adolescents is a growing and frequent problem. Moreover, the episodic but excessive consumption of alcohol is becoming more common among the population. This situation makes it necessary for the nursing professional practicing in primary care to implement strategies and tools based on scientific evidence to address this problem. Objective Based on the Change Intention Model Specific Situation Theory (I-Change), to develop a proposal aimed at changing the behaviors of adolescents who binge drinking. Development The three steps methodology proposed by Fawcett was used. Using both English and Spanish terms, as well as the boolean operators AND and OR, diverse databases, were consulted regarding the literature on binge drinking. The conceptual theoretical- empirical structure of the proposal based on the Specific Situation Theory (binge drinking) was then constituted. Conclusions The present proposal offers an alternative to achieve a behavior change regarding binge drinking through a motivational process of three phases: pre-motivational, motivational, and post-motivational. This proposal can be implemented in order to address the problem of binge drinking among adolescents. The findings derived from this application can further provide evidence to the nursing professionals practicing alcohol consumption prevention.
RESUMO Introdução O consumo de álcool em adolescentes é um problema cada vez mais frequente e está aumentando, pois o consumo episódico excessivo é uma tendência cada vez mais comum nessa população. Para o profissional de enfermagem de atenção básica, torna-se necessária a implementação de ferramentas baseadas em evidências científicas como uma alternativa viável que responda às necessidades atuais. Objetivo Desenvolver uma proposta de aplicação baseada na Teoria da Situação Específica do Modelo de Intenção de Mudança (I-Change) focada na mudança comportamental no consumo excessivo episódico de álcool em adolescentes. Desenvolvimento Foi utilizada a metodologia de três etapas proposta por Fawcett. Para a revisão da literatura sobre o consumo episódico excessivo de álcool, foram utilizados termos em inglês e espanhol, bem como os operadores booleanos AND e OR em diversas bases de dados, posteriormente foi construída uma estrutura conceitual teórico-empírica da Teoria proposta. para o consumo episódico excessivo de álcool. Conclusões A presente proposta supõe uma alternativa para alcançar a mudança de comportamento do consumo episódico excessivo de álcool através de um processo motivacional de três fases (pré-motivacional, motivacional e pós-motivacional). A implementação desta proposta busca responder a um problema que gera uma carga significativa de saúde em uma população vulnerável. Os achados derivados de sua aplicação podem fornecer evidências para a atuação do profissional de enfermagem no campo da prevenção do consumo de álcool.
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Liver transplantation is a lifesaving treatment that improves survival and quality of life. The procedure requires adequate transplant candidate selection carried out by a multidisciplinary team. Psychosocial evaluation is a necessary part of recipient selection and its primary aims are to identify problems and psychosocial needs of the patient and his/her family, to improve transplantation outcomes. Different psychosocial conditions are considered risk factors for morbidity and mortality after transplantation. The presence of those factors per se is not an absolute contraindication, thus adequate evaluation promotes equal access to healthcare, improves results, and optimizes resources. The present review provides an overview of and guidelines for the most important psychosocial issues during the pretransplantation phase.
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The physiology and biochemistry of young Opuntia spp. cladodes relate with their Crassulacean acid metabolism, which extends over the day-night cycle in four phases, is species-dependent and is affected by water availability. This study aimed to assess the interaction among species, time-of-day, and the soil water potential (ΨW) on biochemical and physiological characteristics of cladodes of Opuntia species. Three-week-old cladodes were harvested at 7:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. from plants with or without irrigation for 30 d (-0.17 and -5.72 MPa soil ΨW), from O. albicarpa, O. ficus-indica, O. hyptiacantha, O. megacantha, and O. streptacantha. The experimental design was a factorial 5 x 2 x 2 (species, sampling time and soil ΨW). The experimental unit was one cladode per plant, and six repetitions were evaluated. Total acids, glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, total phenolics, free amino acids, and soluble proteins concentrations were evaluated, as well as acid invertase and neutral invertase activities. The interaction among species x soil ΨW and species x time of the day was significant (P ≤ 0.05) in all variables evaluated. An exception was the species x soil ΨW on starch concentration (P = 0.1827). The biochemical and physiological characteristics of Opuntia cladodes were modified by the time of the day and soil ΨW interaction, but most of the characteristics were positively or inversely affected depending on the species, frequently displaying a descending trend following O. streptacantha, O. hyptiacantha, O. megacantha, O. albicarpa and O. ficus-indica. The total acids, glucose, fructose, starch, soluble proteins, and free amino acids concentrations revealed that domestication significantly modifies C and N metabolism in Opuntia.
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Opuntia , Fenóis , Extratos Vegetais , Solo , ÁguaRESUMO
Acute on chronic liver failure is an increasingly recognized syndrome characterized by acute decompensation of chronic liver disease associated with organ failure and high short-term mortality. ACLF is frequent, affecting between 24 and 40% of patients admitted for complications of cirrhosis. Sepsis, active alcoholism, and relapse of chronic viral hepatitis are the most frequent precipitating factors. However, in up to 40%50% of the cases of ACLF have no identifiable trigger. The stage of severity of Acute on chronic liver failure is very important because it allows us to stratify patients according to their prognosis, evaluate therapeutic response, determine transplant urgency, deciding intensive care unit admission, and also have a basis on which to decide therapeutic futility. (AU)