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Resumen Introducción: El clima social en el ámbito académico es la percepción que tienen los individuos de los distintos aspectos del ambiente en el que se desarrollan. Contar con un clima social positivo facilita el rendimiento del alumnado y su satisfacción personal. Objetivo: Analizar la relación del sexo, la edad o el centro universitario con la percepción del clima social en el aula en estudiantes del 2º curso del Grado en Enfermería de las Facultades de Burgos, Soria y Valladolid, España. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, cuya población de estudio fueron todos los estudiantes matriculados en el 2º curso del Grado en Enfermería en las Facultades de Burgos, Soria y Valladolid durante el periodo académico 2017/2018; se estudia la posible relación entre el clima social en el aula y los factores sociodemográficos mediante análisis bivariado. Resultados: Aceptaron participar 172 estudiantes. Se observó que tener más edad se relacionaba con una mayor motivación para asistir a clase (p=0.009), con un sentimiento de orgullo ante la universidad (p=0.001), con una mayor colaboración entre compañeros (p=0. 038) o con un mayor conocimiento de las normas de la universidad (p=0.001). Conclusiones: El clima social en los centros analizados se sitúa en un nivel intermedio, es irrelevante el sexo y el centro universitario. El alumnado de mayor edad se presenta más motivado por el estudio, más colaborador y más identificado con el centro.

Abstract Introduction: Academic social climate is the perception which individuals have regarding the diverse aspects of the environment in which they are academically developing. Having a positive social climate facilitates the performance and personal satisfaction among students. Objective: To analyze the relationships between sex, age, and university with the perception of classroom social climate among students of the 2nd Grade of Nursing in the Universities of Burgos, Soria, and Valladolid, Spain. Methods: This is a descriptive and correlational study. The population was constituted by all the students enrolled at the 2nd Grade of Nursing in the Universities of Burgos, Soria, and Valladolid during the 2017/2018 academic period. Using bi-variate analysis, the possible associations between classroom social climate and sociodemographic factors were studied. Results: A total of 172 students agreed to participate. It was observed that being older was associated to having a higher motivation to attend classes (p=0.009), a higher feeling of pride towards the university (p=0.001), a greater collaboration among colleagues (p=0.038), or a better knowledge of the university norms (p=0.001). Conclusions: Perceived social climate in these universities turn out to be fair. Sex and the specific university center were not particularly associated to the students' social climate perception. The older students tended to be more motivated and collaborative, and more identified with the university.

Resumo Introdução: O clima social no âmbito acadêmico é a percepção que têm os indivíduos dos distintos aspectos do ambiente no qual se desenvolvem. Contar com um clima social positivo facilita o rendimento do alunado e sua satisfação pessoal. Objetivo: Analisar a relação do sexo, a idade ou o centro universitário com a percepção do clima social na aula em estudantes do 2º curso de Grau em Enfermagem das Faculdades de Burgos, Soria e Valladolid, Espanha. Métodos: Estudo descritivo correlacional, cuja população de estudo, foram todos os estudantes matriculados no 2º curso de Grau em Enfermagem nas Faculdades de Burgos, Soria e Valladolid durante o período acadêmico 2017/2018; estuda-se a possível relação entre o clima social na aula e os fatores sociodemográficos mediante análise bivariada. Resultados: Aceitaram participar 172 estudantes. Observou-se que ter mais idade relacionava-se com uma maior motivação para assistir à aula (p=0.009), com um sentimento de orgulho ante a universidade (p=0.001), com uma maior colaboração entre companheiros (p=0. 038) ou com um maior conhecimento das normas da universidade (p=0.001). Conclusões: O clima social nos centros analisados situa-se em um nível intermediário, é irrelevante o sexo e o centro universitário. O alunado de maior idade apresenta-se mais motivado pelo estudo, mais colaborador e mais identificado com o centro.

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A body of evidence supports a relevant role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Magnetic resonance data reveal that the cerebral atrophy extends to regions that are functionally and anatomically connected with the hippocampus, especially the temporal cortex. We previously reported an increased expression of BDNF messenger for the exon VI in the hippocampus of temporal lobe epilepsy patients compared to an autopsy control group. Altered levels of this particular transcript were also associated with pre-surgical use of certain psychotropic. We extended here our analysis of transcripts I, II, IV, and VI to the temporal cortex since this cerebral region holds intrinsic communication with the hippocampus and is structurally affected in patients with TLE. We also assayed the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding (CREB) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) genes as there is experimental evidence of changes in their expression associated with BDNF and epilepsy. TLE and pre-surgical pharmacological treatment were considered as the primary clinical independent variables. Transcripts BDNF I and BDNF VI increased in the temporal cortex of patients with pharmacoresistant TLE. The expression of CREB and GR expression follow the same direction. Pre-surgical use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, carbamazepine (CBZ) and valproate (VPA), was associated with the differential expression of specific BDNF transcripts and CREB and GR genes. These changes could have functional implication in the plasticity mechanisms related to temporal lobe epilepsy.

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BACKGROUND: Vasa praevia is a rare pregnancy complication with a high fetal mortality when not diagnosed in the prenatal period. CLINICAL CASES: two cases of vasa praevia diagnosed during the second trimester ultrasound cervical measurement. CONCLUSIONS: We propose carry out further investigation about cost effectiveness of double vaginal screening (cervical length measurement and vasa praevia) during the second trimester morphology ultrasound. This implementation could allow to reduce the high mortality associated to this obstetric complication.

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A putative role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in epilepsy has emerged from in vitro and animal models, but few studies have analyzed human samples. We assessed the BDNF expression of transcripts with exons I (BDNFI), II (BDNFII), IV (BDNFIV) and VI (BDNFVI) and methylation levels of promoters 4 and 6 in the hippocampi of patients with pharmaco-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) (n=24). Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and pre-surgical pharmacological treatment were considered as clinical independent variables. A statistical significant increase for the BDNFVI (p<0.05) was observed in TLE patients compared to the autopsy control group (n=8). BDNFVI was also increased in anxiety/depression TLE (N=4) when compared to autopsies or to the remaining group of patients (p<0.05). In contrast, the use of the antiepileptic drug Topiramate (TPM) (N=3) was associated to a decrease in BDNFVI expression (p<0.05) when compared to the remaining group of patients. Methylation levels at the BDNF promoters 4 and 6 were similar between TLE and autopsies and in relation to the use of either Sertraline (SRT) or TPM. These results suggest an up-regulated expression of a specific BDNF transcript in patients with TLE, an effect that seems to be dependent on the use of specific drugs.

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Cryopreservation injuries involve nuclear DNA damage. A protocol for cryopreserving and isolating adipocyte nuclei is proposed. Adipose tissue samples were directly analyzed (NoCRYO-0h), or stored at -196°C for 7 days without 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (CRYO-WO-DMSO) or with DMSO (CRYO-W-DMSO). To determine the effect of DMSO on cryopreservation treatment, adipose tissue samples were stored at 4°C for 24 h with 10% DMSO (NoCRYO-W-DMSO-24h) and without (NoCRYO-WO-DMSO-24h). Samples were processed in isolation buffer, and nuclear integrity was measured by flow cytometry. The coefficient of variation, forward scatter, side scatter, and number of nuclei analyzed were evaluated. Pea (Pisum sativum) was used to measure the amount of DNA. All groups contained similar amounts of DNA to previously reported values and a satisfactory number of nuclei were analyzed. CRYO-W-DMSO presented a higher coefficient of variation (3.19 ± 0.09) compared to NoCRYO-0h (1.85 ± 0.09) and CRYO-WO-DMSO (2.02 ± 0.02). The coefficient of variation was increased in NoCRYO-W-DMSO-24h (3.80 ± 0.01) compared to NoCRYO-WO-DMSO-24h (2.46 ± 0.03). These results relate DMSO presence to DNA damage independently of the cryopreservation process. CRYO-W-DMSO showed increased side scatter (93.46 ± 5.03) compared to NoCRYO-0h (41.13 ± 3.19) and CRYO-WO-DMSO (48.01 ± 2.28), indicating that cryopreservation with DMSO caused chromatin condensation and/or nuclear fragmentation. CRYO-W-DMSO and CRYO-WO-DMSO presented lower forward scatter (186.33 ± 9.33 and 196.89 ± 26.86, respectively) compared to NoCRYO-0h (322.80 ± 3.36), indicating that cryopreservation reduced nuclei size. Thus, a simple method for cryopreservation and isolation of adipocyte nuclei causing less damage to DNA integrity was proposed.

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Swimming exercises by weaning pups inhibited hypothalamic obesity onset and recovered sympathoadrenal axis activity, but this was not observed when exercise training was applied to young adult mice. However, the mechanisms producing this improved metabolism are still not fully understood. Low-intensity swimming training started at an early age and was undertaken to observe glycemic control in hypothalamic-obese mice produced by neonatal treatment with monosodium l-glutamate (MSG). Whereas MSG and control mice swam for 15 min/day, 3 days a week, from the weaning stage up to 90 days old, sedentary MSG and normal mice did not exercise at all. After 14 h of fasting, animals were killed at 90 days of age. Perigonadal fat accumulation was measured to estimate obesity. Fasting blood glucose and insulin concentrations were also measured. Fresh isolated pancreatic islets were used to test glucose-induced insulin release and total catecholamine from the adrenal glands was measured. Mice were also submitted to intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. MSG-obese mice showed fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance. Severe reduction of adrenal catecholamines content has also been reported. Besides, the inhibition of fat tissue accretion, exercise caused normalization of insulin blood levels and glycemic control. The pancreatic islets of obese mice, with impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion, were recovered after swimming exercises. Adrenal catecholamine content was increased by swimming. Results show that attenuation of MSG-hypothalamic obesity onset is caused, at least in part, by modulation of sympathoadrenal axis activity imposed by early exercise, which may be associated with subsequent glucose metabolism improvement.

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Previously we have reported that maternal malnutrition during lactation programmes body weight and thyroid function in the adult offspring. In the present study we evaluated the effect of maternal protein restriction during lactation upon body composition and hormones related to glucose homeostasis in adult rats. During lactation, Wistar lactating rats and their pups were divided into two experimental groups: control (fed a normal diet; 23% protein) and protein-restricted (PR; fed a diet containing 8% protein). At weaning, offspring received a normal diet until they were 180 d old. Body weight (BW) and food intake were monitored. Serum, adrenal glands, visceral fat mass (VFM) and carcasses were collected. PR rats showed lower BW (-13%; P < 0.05), VFM (-33%; P < 0.05), total body fat (-33%; P < 0.05), serum glucose (-7%; P < 0.05), serum insulin (-26%, P < 0.05), homeostasis model assessment index (-20%), but higher total adrenal catecholamine content (+90%; P < 0.05) and serum corticosterone concentration (+51%; P < 0.05). No change was observed in food intake, protein mass or total body water. The lower BW of PR rats is due to a reduction of white fat tissue, probably caused by an increase in lipolysis or impairment of lipogenesis; both effects could be related to higher catecholaminergic status, as well as to hypoinsulinaemia. To conclude, changes in key hormones which control intermediary metabolism are programmed by maternal protein restriction during lactation, resulting in BW alterations in adult rats.

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Epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between stressful events (nutritional, hormonal or environmental) in early life and development of adult diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular failure. It is known that gestation and lactation are crucial periods for healthy growth in mammals and that the sympathoadrenal system is markedly influenced by environmental conditions during these periods. We previously demonstrated that neonatal hyperleptinaemia in rats programmes higher body weight, higher food intake and hypothalamic leptin resistance in adulthood. Using this model of programming, we investigated adrenal medullary function and effects on cardiovascular parameters in male rats in adulthood. Leptin treatment during the first 10 days of lactation (8 microg 100 g(-1) day(-1), s.c.) resulted in lower body weight (6.5%, P < 0.05), hyperleptinaemia (10-fold, P < 0.05) and higher catecholamine content in adrenal glands (18.5%, P < 0.05) on the last day of treatment. In adulthood (150 days), the rats presented higher body weight (5%, P < 0.05), adrenal catecholamine content (3-fold, P < 0.05), tyrosine hydroxylase expression (35%, P < 0.05) and basal and caffeine-stimulated catecholamine release (53% and 100%, respectively, P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were also higher in adult rats (7% and 6%, respectively, P < 0.05). Our results show that hyperleptinaemia in early life increases adrenal medullary function in adulthood and that this may alter cardiovascular parameters. Thus, we suggest that imprinting factors which increase leptin and catecholamine levels during the neonatal period could be involved in development of adult chronic diseases.

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Information on the association between exposure to beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the incidence of breast cancer is inconclusive. However, exposure to such compounds is a public health concern in Mexico and is subject to recent regulation. Serum levels of beta-HCH, HCB and PCBs were analysed in 95 histologically confirmed breast cancer cases and 95 hospital controls, 20-79 years of age, from Mexico City, enrolled between March 1994 and April 1996. After adjusting for established risk factors, there was no evidence of a relationship between beta-HCH, HCB and PCBs and breast cancer risk (OR for beta-HCH tertile 3 versus tertile 1: 1.05 95% CI 0.46-2.40; OR for HCB tertile 3 versus tertile 1: 0.46 95% CI 0.20-1.07; OR for PCBs 1.31 95% CI 0.33-5.21 for the high category of exposure). This study lends no support to the case for a role for beta-HCH, HCB or PCBs in breast cancer aetiology.

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 releases vesicles containing proteases and Apx toxins into the culture medium. Vesicles were concentrated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed by electron microscopy and electrophoresis; their size ranged from 20 to 200 nm. A polyclonal antiserum raised against a purified high molecular mass secreted protease of serotype 1 recognized this protease on the surface of the vesicles by immunogold electron microscopy. Higher molecular mass polypeptides from vesicle extracts were recognized by the antiserum by Western immunoblot, indicating that the protease could form oligomers. However, these oligomers were not active against gelatin until secreted. Additionally, Apx toxins were also present in vesicles, and were recognized by Western immunoblot by an anti-serotype 1 toxins polyclonal serum. A. pleuropneumoniae antigens in vesicles were recognized by convalescent-phase pig sera from animals infected with serotype 1 or 5. The release of vesicles containing virulence factors could be a tissue damage mechanism in swine pleuropneumonia.

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