RESUMO
The history on the relationship of VPH infection and cervical cancer was examined. Findings were initially reported in Maracaibo(1971), later in Mexico(1973) and thereafter several studies on the ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry of VPH infection and its role on cervical cancer were described. The ultrastructural findings of viral particles of HPV and their proteins, as well as their role in the incorporation of the viral genome to the human cervical cells were also described. Glycoproteins on the surface of cervical cells were reviewed and their importance on HPV infection was related to p16, blood group antigens and early genetic changes in the cell cycle with loss of heterozigocity, all of which, stimulated by the high risk HPV infection lead to cervical cancer.
Assuntos
Alphapapillomavirus/patogenicidade , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/história , Ginecologia/história , Infecções por Papillomavirus/história , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/história , Alphapapillomavirus/isolamento & purificação , Alphapapillomavirus/ultraestrutura , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/ultraestrutura , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virologia , Colposcopia/história , Congressos como Assunto/história , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/fisiologia , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Genes Virais , Glicolipídeos/análise , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica/história , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Proteínas Virais/análise , Proteínas Virais/fisiologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/genética , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
Se examinó la historia de la relación entre la infección con el VPH, las lesiones intraepiteliales y el cáncer del cuello uterino. Inicialmente los hallazgos fueron descritos en Maracaibo (1971), luego en México en 1973 y posteriormente los estudios sobre la ultraestructura e inmunohistoquímica de este virus y su importancia en la génesis del cáncer cervical. Se describió la ultraestructura de los viriones y sus diferentes proteínas señalando el rol de ellas en la incorporación del genoma viral a los queratinocitos del cérvix. La cubierta glicoproteica de los queratinocitos ha sido objeto de estudios y se señaló la importancia de la misma durante la infección con el VPH y su relación con p16, los antígenos de grupos sanguíneos y alteraciones tempranas en diferentes genes, las que conllevan cambios en el ciclo celular con pérdida de la heterocigosis, fenómenos que estimulados por la infección con el VPH de alto riesgo, conducen al cáncer del cuello uterino.
The history on the relationship of VPH infection and cervical cancer was examined. Findings were initially reported in Maracaibo(1971), later in Mexico(1973) and thereafter several studies on the ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry of VPH infection and its role on cervical cancer were described. The ultrastructural findings of viral particles of HPV and their proteins, as well as their role in the incorporation of the viral genome to the human cervical cells were also described. Glycoproteins on the surface of cervical cells were reviewed and their importance on HPV infection was related to p16, blood group antigens and early genetic changes in the cell cycle with loss of heterozigocity, all of which, stimulated by the high risk HPV infection lead to cervical cancer.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica , Proteínas E7 de Papillomavirus , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Neoplasias do Colo do ÚteroRESUMO
Immunohistochemical studies in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma are evaluated in this review. A variety of proteins like p53, bcl2, C-Myc, Ki 67, Cyclines, P16 INK4a, p21, p27, beta-catenin, Wnt and MCM, have been related to the development of cervical neoplasia and human papilloma virus infection. It is described how transcriptional factors of genes induce loss of heterozygosity, numerical chromosome abnormality and inactivation of gene products or the partial loss of some membrane glycoproteins induced by oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV).
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico , Displasia do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos/análise , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/química , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica , Genes Neoplásicos , Genes Virais , Humanos , Mutação , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análise , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/análise , Papillomaviridae/classificação , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Papillomaviridae/patogenicidade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/patologia , Prognóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/química , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/genética , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/química , Displasia do Colo do Útero/genética , Displasia do Colo do Útero/patologiaRESUMO
Se evaluó la expresión de proteínas dependientes de genes en el epitelio cervical, en la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) y en el carcinoma del cuello uterino (CC) a través de diversos estudios de inmunohistoquímica (IHQ). Se examinó la detección de ciertas proteínas como p53, bcl2, C-Myc, Ki 67, Ciclinas, P16 INK4a, p21, p27, b-catenina, Wnt y MCM, en relación con la evolución de la neoplasia intraepitelial, el carcinoma cervical y la infección con el virus del papiloma humano (VPH). Se señaló como la actividad transcripcional de diversos genes provoca alteraciones de la heterocigosis y pérdida de regiones cromosómicas que influyen en la sobrexpresión de proteínas o en la pérdida parcial de la expresión de algunas glicoproteínas en la superficie celular por la activación de genes del VPH.
Immunohistochemical studies in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma are evaluated in this review. A variety of proteíns like p53, bcl2, C-Myc, Ki 67, Cyclines, P16 INK4a, p21, p27, b-catenin, Wnt and MCM, have been related to the development of cervical neoplasia and human papilloma virus infection. It is described how transcriptional factors of genes induce loss of heterozygosity, numerical chromosome abnormality and inactivation of gene products or the partial loss of some membrane glycoproteins induced by oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV).
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Carcinoma/diagnóstico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/patologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Glicoproteínas/análise , Oncologia , Técnicas Histológicas/métodosRESUMO
Expression of blood group antigens in normal, displastic and tumoral uterine cervix from 35 hysterectomised women with carcinoma of the cervix was investigated; the results were correlated with patients' ABH phenotype and secretor status. We used an indirect immunoperoxidase technique and a panel of monoclonal antibodies and lectins directed against different antigenic specificities. Anomalous expression of blood group antigens in premalignant lesions from cervix was found. Partial loos of expression of blood group antigens and some lectins in different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and a total loss of expression in CIN III and in infiltrating carcinoma of the cervix from secretor patients was revealed. The findings herein described confirm the importance of these antigens as tumour markers and they might be useful for the study of cervical carcinogenesis.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos/biossíntese , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/metabolismo , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/patologiaRESUMO
It has been propossed that 50% of lobular carcinomas (LC) may change their phenotype to ductal carcinoma (DC) in 20 years. Since the prognosis and treatment of both breast carcinomas is different, it seems to be important; investigate through immunohistochemistry the loss of E-cadherin expression. E-cadherin expression was investigated in 90 cases with diagnosis or histological appearance of LC or mixed carcinomas (MxC), and in 30 DC selected among 385 cases received during year 2005 to be examined for immunohistochemical diagnosis. In 349 cases a diagnosis of DC was made. In the 90 cases selected to investigate EC the diagnosis of LC and MxC was performed in 36 cases, and among them, the histological diagnosis on 44.4% was modified. In 7 cases the diagnosis of LC was changed to DC, and 10 cases with diagnosis of MxC were considered to be DC. In 8 cases with diagnosis of DC and/or MxC the final diagnosis was that of LC. The histological diagnosis of CL is not always easily made and there are cases of DC with the appearance of LC, and cases of LC and MxC which may simulate to be DC. Diagnostic pitfalls in 44.4% of cases classified as LC and MxC after EC, were noted in our study. This percentage is close to the proposed 50% of cases of LC changing their phenotype to DC. The results with EC herein presented, suggested that diagnostic failures are due to the slight histological differences between both LC and DC. Recent evidences seems to indicate that there is a relationship between loss of EC and Tiroxine kynase receptors of the Epidermal Growth Factor related to migration and invasiveness of tumor cells. Immunohistochemical studies on the expression of EC in breast cancer is emphasized.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Caderinas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/metabolismo , Carcinoma Lobular/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Lobular/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Lobular/patologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
El Hemangioma Hemosiderótico Targetoide (HHT) fue descrito por Santa Cruz y Aronberg en 1988. Clínicamente puede presentar apariencia en "diana" con una pápula central violácea por un área pálida y un anillo equimótico marrón pardusco. Paciente femenina de 66 años, quien consultó con mácula aritemato-violácea de 1 cm de diámetro, de 2 y medio años de evolución en pulpejo de dedo índice. Paciente femenina de 50 años quien presentó mácula eritematosa en pulpejo del dedo índice izquierdo de 1 año de evolución, de 0,5 cm de diámetro. Escolar masculino de 9 años, quien consultó por presentar máculas eritematosa en muslo izquierdo de 1,2 cm de diámetro, de 2 años de evolución. A los 3 pacientes se les realizó dermatoscopia, biopsia y se obtuvo registro fotográfico de la clínica y de la dermatoscopia de los tres pacientes. Dermatoscopia: lagunas rojo azuladas. Histopatología hallazgos compatibles con hemangioma con células "en clavo de minero". En el caso 1 la inmunohistoquímica fue positiva para CD31, CD34; VEGFR-3, Vimentina y Actina. El HHT es un tumor vascular benigno de la dermis superficial y se le considera un subtipo raro de hemangioma; su prevalencia es desconocida y desde su descripción se han reportado más de 150 casos. En nuestros pacientes no se observó el aspecto clínico en "diana". A la histopatología se observaron células endoteliales cuboidales; con aspecto de tachuela, clavos de minero o cabeza de fósforo que revisten los vasos sanguíneos. Es necesario familiarizarse con esta entidad para diagnósticarla y diferenciarla de otras patologías vasculares.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Criança , Hemangioma , Dermatologia , VenezuelaRESUMO
We determined the influence of melatonin (MLT) on the induction of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-1 beta, IL-4, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) on mice infected with the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. Levels of IFN-gamma in the MLT-treated group were significantly increased (P < 0.001) when compared with the control non-infected group from day 1 to 6 post-infection (p.i.), while in infected mice treated with 500 micrograms MLT/kg of bodyweight enhanced levels of IFN-gamma were evident from 4 to 6 days p.i. No differences were detected in the levels of IL-2 between the controls, the infected mice treated with MLT and the infected untreated group, from day 2 p.i. No changes in serum levels of IL-4 were detected. In infected mice treated with MLT, blood levels of IL-1 beta were elevated almost 10-fold from day 1 to day 6 p.i. when compared to the control, the infected and the non-infected MLT-treated mice (P < 0.001). A highly significant rise (P < 0.001) of TNF-alpha was found in infected mice treated with MLT, from day 1 to 6 p.i. when compared to the other groups. A significant rise (P < 0.001) was also evident in the infected non-MLT-treated group and a less pronounced rise in the non-infected mice treated with MLT when compared to controls. The blockade of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha did not inhibit the protective effect of MLT but when IL-1 beta was neutralized, 100% of the infected mice died suggesting that IL-1 beta induced by MLT treatment is a target cytokine to generate an immune response against the viral infection.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/sangue , Melatonina/farmacologia , Animais , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Células Th1/metabolismo , Células Th2/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
El seminoma espermatocítico se observa en adultos con un rango de edad entre los 25-87 años; sin embargo, es más frecuente después de la sexta década y tiene un comportamiento poco agresivo. Se presenta un paciente de 34 años con un tumor en tésticulo derecho, blando, no doloroso. Al corte era sólido con áreas quísticas, midió 4 cm de diámetro, de color blanco grisáceo. Histológicamente el tumor estaba constituido por sábanas de células de tamaño variable separadas por tractos muy finos de tejido conectivo, sin infiltrado inflamatorio. Entre el tumor y el parénquima existía una pseudocápsula de tejido fibrosos, infiltrada por células tomorales. Estas células fueron PAS negativas lo que diferencia estos semidomas espermatocíticos de los clásicos. El estudio ultraestructural mostró células de núcleos esféricos eucromáticos, de contornos regulares, con una gran variabilidad en su tamaño. La ausencia de glicógeno y de infiltrado inflamatorio, así como la variabilidad del tamaño nuclear con la característica disposición de la cromatina, son elementos fundamentales en el diagnóstico de sedinoma espermatocítico