RESUMO
Knowledge of plant responses to environmental heterogeneity during ontogeny is important to elucidate the changes that occur to promote resource capture in tropical forests. We tested the hypothesis that expression changes in leaf metamer traits of Brazilian rosewood (Dalbergia nigra), from seedlings to emergent canopy trees, occur as new microclimate environments are achieved. We also tested the hypothesis that increased light heterogeneity in the understorey leads to higher plasticity in leaf traits of seedlings and saplings than in sun-exposed metamers of emergent trees subject to stressful conditions. We compared leaf metamer traits of 53 individuals including seedlings, saplings and emergent trees. We also evaluated the light heterogeneity in vertical strata and the variations in leaf traits within individuals (among metamers of the same individual). These were associated with height of the individuals. Compared to understorey plants, emergent trees presented larger metamers, with lower specific leaf area (SLA), lower investment in leaf area per total dry mass of metamer (LARm ), lower specific petiole length (SPL) and lower specific internode length (SIL). Higher phenotypic variation within individuals was observed in seedlings, which decreased as the trees grew taller. The results suggest the integration of ontogenetic changes in leaf traits under new microclimate conditions as the plants reach different vertical strata in the forest. Additionally, our results support the hypothesis that increased light heterogeneity in the understorey shaped higher phenotypic variation within individuals in juveniles and that stressful conditions in sun-exposed leaf metamers of emergent trees led to increased phenotypic stability.
Assuntos
Folhas de Planta , Árvores , Florestas , Plântula , MadeiraRESUMO
The process of cocoa fermentation is a very important step for the generation or aromatic compounds, which are attributable to the metabolism of the microorganisms involved. There are some reports about this process and the identification of microorganisms; however, there are no reports identifying the yeasts involved in a Mexican cocoa fermentation process using molecular biology techniques, including restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The aim of this study was to identify the main yeast species associated with Mexican cocoa fermentations employing culture-dependent and -independent techniques achieving two samplings with a 1 year time difference at the same site. Isolation of the microorganisms was performed in situ. Molecular identification of yeast isolates was achieved by RFLP analysis and rDNA sequencing. Total DNA from the microorganisms on the cocoa beans was utilized for the DGGE analysis. Bands from the DGGE gels were excised and sequenced. Nineteen isolated yeasts were identified (al specie level), three of which had never before been associated with cocoa fermentations worldwide. The detected predominant yeast varied from one technique to another. Hanseniaspora sp. resulted dominant in DGGE however Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the principal isolated species. In conclusion, the culture-dependent and -independent techniques complement each other showing differences in the main yeasts involved in spontaneous cocoa fermentation, probably due to the physiological states of the viable but non culturable yeasts. Furthermore important differences between the species detected in the two samplings were detected.
Assuntos
Cacau/microbiologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Micológica/métodos , Leveduras/classificação , Leveduras/isolamento & purificação , DNA Fúngico/análise , DNA Ribossômico/análise , Fermentação , Microbiologia de Alimentos , México , Especificidade da Espécie , Leveduras/genéticaRESUMO
El descubrimiento de nuevas enfermedades infecciosas, de sus agentes etiológicos y de su fisiopatogenia es noticia frecuente en la prensa médica y agencias noticiosas, de igual forma otras enfermedades que tuvieron determinados niveles de control se muestran con incidencias cada vez más altas y se convirtieron en importantes problemas de salud para millones de personas en el mundo. Las enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes se han convertido en un punto de atención de clínicos, epidemiológos, microbiólogos, sociólogos, administradores de salud y de políticos de muchos países;sin embargo, muchos de los factores condicionantes de esta nueva y compleja situación se miran de soslayo. La pobreza es un flagelo que azota a más de 4 000 millones de personas en nuestro planeta y se convierte en un factor primordial para el modo y estilo de vida que determinan la salud individual y colectiva. El presente trabajo trata de ofrecer una sucinta información sobre condicones de vida y exposición de riesgo de esas personas a factores ambientales adversos y la relación que se establece con las enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes
Assuntos
Humanos , Surtos de Doenças , PobrezaRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el Consejo Popular Los Maceos del municipio Santiago, utilizando como criterios de selección y unidad de análisis y observación, las familias disfuncionales estratificadas por consultorios (90 familias) con mujeres de 20 a 59 años de edad que fueron victimas de violencia intrafamiliar en un período que comprendió el año anterior a la fecha de ejecución de la investigación y durante la ejecución de la misma.Se les realizó una entrevista a profundidad previo consentimiento, procediéndose a su caracterización sociodemográfica; se indagó componentes relacionados con el hecho violento.Se exploró la ruta critica así como el nivel de respuesta obtenido por los sectores de salud, jurídico y legal y organizaciones comunitarias.Constituyeron también unidad de análisis integrantes de estos sectores con el objetivo de determinar el conocimento y manejo del problema. Se evaluó la percepción de la comunidad acerca de este fenómeno. Se constató un 80 por ciento de violencia contra la mujer entre las familias evaluadasy una tasa especifica de 12.37 por 1000. El tipo de violencia más frecuente fue psicológica, y que estuvo presente en el 100 por ciento de los casos, seguida de la física(66,66 por ciento), siendo la sexual la menos frecuente (4,6 por ciento); el grupo etáreo más afectado fue el de 30 a 39 años y las amas de casa resultaron ser las victimas en el 70,8 por ciento; el maltrato fue más frecuente en las parejas estables, las familias ampliadas y con nivel económico bajo, siendo el cónyugue el comisor principal. Los episodios de violencia fueron múltiples en el 67 por ciento de los casos. La ruta crítica pocas veces llega al sector jurídico legal. El personal de salud encuestado refiere no estar preparado para intervenir en este problema.La comunidad identifica la violencia problema familiar pero no se siente preparada para su enfrentamiento
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Violência Doméstica/prevenção & controle , Violência Doméstica/psicologia , Violência Doméstica/tendênciasRESUMO
The following parameters, RNA and protein content, gland weight and nuclear size were studied in pineal glands of adult male vizcachas, maintained in captivity under permanent light (Lot I) and darkness (Lot II). The same determinations were performed in pineals of vizcachas shot at night in their normal habitat (Lot III, Control lot). A significant rise of gland weight and RNA content was observed in Lot I (with respect to the Control lot), while nuclear size and protein content were unchanged. The only significative differences between Lots I and II were also found in the pineal weight and RNA content. These results indicate that exposure of vizcachas to permanent light for 10 days does not produce inhibition of the parameters under study as occurs in other species. Apparently, the light acts as a stressor in these nocturnal mammals.
Assuntos
Luz , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/análise , Glândula Pineal/efeitos da radiação , RNA/análise , Animais , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Glândula Pineal/análise , Glândula Pineal/anatomia & histologia , Roedores , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The following parameters, RNA and protein content, gland weight and nuclear size were studied in pineal glands of adult male vizcachas, maintained in captivity under permanent light (Lot I) and darkness (Lot II). The same determinations were performed in pineals of vizcachas shot at night in their normal habitat (Lot III, Control lot). A significant rise of gland weight and RNA content was observed in Lot I (with respect to the Control lot), while nuclear size and protein content were unchanged. The only significative differences between Lots I and II were also found in the pineal weight and RNA content. These results indicate that exposure of vizcachas to permanent light for 10 days does not produce inhibition of the parameters under study as occurs in other species. Apparently, the light acts as a stressor in these nocturnal mammals.
RESUMO
En el articulo se destaca la importancia que otorga la ERIS al intercambio continuo con instituciones docentes y de servicio del sector al cual sirve y que ha mantenido a atraves de los anos mediante visitas, encuestas, investigaciones y seminarios a fin de obtener lineamientos de orientacion para su programa de ingenieria sanitaria.Se describe la experiencia de la ERIS al introducir modificaciones en su programa de ensenanza, como consequencia del analisis de los resultados de una investigacion efectuada en el terreno, a solicitud de los organismos de agua y saneamiento del Istmo Centroamericano. Se presentan los antecedentes del caso, se describe la planificacion y la programacion del trabajo de investigacion, la metodologia empleada y los resultados obtenidos