RESUMO
Ethnic differences exist in the United States in the interrelated problems of diabetes (DM), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and leg amputations. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factor associations for subclinical PAD in a population sample of Mexican Americans using the ankle brachial (ABI) index. The ABI-High (higher of the two ankle pressures/highest brachial pressure) and ABI-Low (lower of the two ankle pressures/highest brachial pressure) were calculated to define PAD. Toe brachial index (TBI) was also calculated. 746 participants were included with an age of 53.4 ± 0.9 years, 28.3 % had diabetes mellitus (DM), 12.6 % were smokers, and 51.2 % had hypertension (HTN). Using ABI-High ≤ 0.9, the prevalence of PAD was 2.7 %. This rose to 12.7 % when an ABI-Low ≤ 0.9 was used; 4.0 % of the population had an ABI-High > 1.4. The prevalence of TBI < 0.7 was 3.9 %. DM was a significant risk factor for ABI-High ≤ 0.9 and ABI-High > 1.4, and TBI < 0.7. Increased age, HTN, smoking was associated with ABI-High ≤ 0.9, while being male was associated with ABI-High > 1.4. Increased age, smoking, and lower education were all associated with abnormal TBI. Despite relatively younger mean age than other studied Hispanic cohorts, the present population has a high burden of ABI abnormalities. DM was a consistent risk factor for PAD. These abnormalities indicate an important underlying substrate of vascular and metabolic disease that may predispose this population to the development of symptomatic PAD and incident amputations.
RESUMO
Fundamento: la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad constituye la causa principal de hospitalización entre los ancianos. Su letalidad es elevada. En la actualidad existen diversos scores de riesgo y pronóstico, así como diferentes Guías Prácticas Clínicas.Objetivo: elaborar una propuesta para el abordaje de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el anciano, aplicable tanto en la Atención Primaria de Salud, como en la hospitalización.Métodos: se realizó la búsqueda de información mediante términos de indexación sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, en especial en el adulto mayor o anciano, así como guías existentes nacionales y de diferentes países, sociedades y consensos regionales a través de Clinical Evidence, The Cochrane Library, PUBMED, Google Académico, MEDLINE, LIS, Scielo, Medscape, LILACS, Latindex, HINARI, MEDIGRAPHIC-NEWS y otros. Se asumieron aquellas publicaciones que reunían las evidencias de mayor calidad de acuerdo con los criterios de Grading of Recommendations of Assessment Development and Evaluations. Resultados: se elaboró una propuesta de abordaje práctico en cualquier nivel de atención de nuestro sistema de salud y teniendo en cuenta el cuadro básico de medicamentos actual. Se consideró la epidemiología, factores de riesgo, estratificación del riesgo, tratamiento y letalidad. Conclusiones: la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad constituye un problema actual y un reto futuro. Esta propuesta puede ser utilizada por los profesionales que participan en la asistencia de esta afección en cualquier nivel de atención. Su aplicación pudiera mejorar la atención médica, disminuir la letalidad, los costos y mejorar la calidad de vida.
Background: community-acquired pneumonia is the leading cause of hospitalization among older adults. It has a high fatality rate. At present, there are several risk and prognosis scores and different clinical practice guidelines available. Objective: to develop a proposal for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults, applicable in both primary care, and the hospital setting. Methods: a search on community-acquired pneumonia, especially in older adults or the elderly, was conducted using index terms and existing guidelines from different countries, companies and regional consensus included in Clinical Evidence, The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, LIS, Scielo, Medscape, LILACS, Latindex, HINARI, MEDIGRAPHIC-NEWS and others. The publications providing high-quality evidence in accordance with the criteria of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach were selected. Results: a proposal for practical management of community-acquired pneumonia at any level of care in our health system was developed considering the list of medications currently available in the country. Epidemiology, risk factors, risk stratification, treatment, and fatality rate were considered. Conclusions: community-acquired pneumonia is a current problem and future challenge. This proposal can be used by professionals treating this condition at any level of care. Its application could improve care and quality of life and reduce the fatality rate and costs.
RESUMO
A sociedade complexa, em sua diversidade cultural, e fundada na leitura e escrita. Para apreender como o analfabeto se situa nessa sociedade, a pesquisa acompanhou, durante dois anos, dez adultos analfabetos de condicoes diversas quanto a escolarizacao, atividade, crenca religiosa e sexo residentes em Porto Alegre (RS), atraves do convivio, e da analise de seus depoimentos e historias de vida. Seus valores e atitudes no trabalho, nas relacoes com posse de propriedade, sucessao hereditaria, os direitos de cidadao ou compromissos comerciais, assim como sua visao da escola e sua adesao a crencas religiosas baseadas na palavra escrita da Biblia permitem apreender como, numa vivencia conduzida pela oralidade, podem ser pecorridos os espacos sociais construidos e regidos pela cultura letrada. A visao de mundo do analfabeto decorre de sua convivencia com o mundo da escrita, do qual participa e no qual faz emergirem as incoerencias e conflitos.