RESUMO
Veterinary hospitals house patient populations with diverse infectious statuses, microbiota, and histories of prior antibiotic therapy. Choanal swabs are commonly used for assessing the upper respiratory tract of birds for bacterial disease, with the samples submitted for cytologic testing and/or culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify and quantify bacteria isolated from choanal swabs collected from psittacine patients at a veterinary teaching hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. Data regarding bacterial isolates from choanal swabs were obtained from the medical records of companion psittacines suspected of upper respiratory bacterial disease that presented between November 2015 and December 2022. A total of 47.8% (175 of 366) of the bacterial isolates were from specimens obtained from red-lored Amazons (Amazona autumnalis). Gram-negative bacteria predominated, with 27 different genera identified. Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia were the most frequently isolated genera. A total of 90.4% (331 of 366) of the isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic tested in the sensitivity panel, and a single Klebsiella isolate was resistant to 13 different antibiotics. Gentamicin had a high percentage of efficacy (79.5%; 182 of 229) against the bacterial isolates, whereas isolates tested against sulfonamide-trimethoprim (46.7%, 98 of 210), streptomycin (43.8%; 88 of 201), and clindamycin (12.9%; 15 of 116) had susceptibilities <50%. This is the first study to report common bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from choanal swab samples collected from companion psittacines suspected of upper respiratory disease in Mexico. Clinicians can use the information presented in this study as a guide for therapeutic decision-making when managing upper respiratory bacterial infections in companion psittacine patients.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Doenças das Aves , Hospitais Veterinários , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Psittaciformes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , México , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/classificaçãoRESUMO
A postmortem study was performed on two lovebirds (Agapornis fischeri and Agapornis personatus) that had scabs in the periocular region and on the eyelid, as well as serous blepharitis. Microscopically, the eyelids showed ulcers, necrosis and serocellular crusts, severe hyperplasia of keratinocytes with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger's bodies), bacterial colonies of gram-positive coccoid morphology and PAS-positive septate and 45° branching hyphae. The microbiological study identified the colonies as Staphylococcus spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. Using molecular techniques, avian pox clade C was identified on the eyelid. This is the first report in Mexico of a case of avian pox in parrots associated with clade C Avipoxvirus.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Infecções por Poxviridae/diagnóstico , Agapornis/anatomia & histologia , Agapornis/classificação , Aspergillus fumigatus , Staphylococcus , Avipoxvirus/patogenicidade , MéxicoRESUMO
Domestic swine have been introduced by humans into a wide diversity of environments and have been bred in different production systems. This has resulted in an increased risk for the occurrence and spread of diseases. Although viromes of swine in intensive farms have been described, little is known about the virus communities in backyard production systems around the world. The aim of this study was to describe the viral diversity of 23 healthy domestic swine maintained in rural backyards in Morelos, Mexico, through collection and analysis of nasal and rectal samples. Next-generation sequencing was used to identify viruses that are present in swine. Through homology search and bioinformatic analysis of reads and their assemblies, we found that rural backyard swine have a high degree of viral diversity, different from those reported in intensive production systems or under experimental conditions. There was a higher frequency of bacteriophages and lower diversity of animal viruses than reported previously. In addition, sapoviruses, bocaparvoviruses, and mamastroviruses that had not been reported previously in our country were identified. These findings were correlated with the health status of animals, their social interactions, and the breeding/rearing environment (which differed from intensive systems), providing baseline information about viral communities in backyard swine.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Viroma/genética , Animais , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Fazendas , México , SuínosRESUMO
Mexico is one of the world's major poultry producing countries. Two significant challenges currently facing the poultry industry are the responsible and judicious use of antimicrobials, and the potential occurrence of infectious disease outbreaks. For example, repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H7N3 have occurred in poultry since its first detection in Mexico in 2012. Both of these challenges can be addressed through good husbandry practices and the application of on-farm biosecurity measures. The aims of this study were: (i) to assess the biosecurity measures practiced across different types of poultry farms in Mexico, and (ii) to collect information regarding antimicrobial usage. A cross-sectional study was carried out through on-farm interviews on 43 poultry farms. A multiple correspondence analysis was performed to characterize the farms based on their pattern of biosecurity practices and antimicrobial usage. Three clusters of farms were identified using an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. In each cluster, a specific farm type was predominant. The biosecurity measures that significantly differentiated the visited farms, thus allowing their clusterization, were: the use of personal protective equipment (e.g. face masks, hair caps, and eye protection), the requirement for a hygiene protocol before and after entering the farm, the use of exclusive working clothes by staff and visitors, footbath presence at the barn entrance, and the mortality disposal strategy. The more stringent the biosecurity measures on farms within a cluster, the fewer the farms that used antimicrobials. Farms with more biosecurity breaches used antimicrobials considered critically important for public health. These findings could be helpful to understand how to guide strategies to reinforce compliance with biosecurity practices identified as critical according to the farm type. We conclude by providing certain recommendations to improve on-farm biosecurity measures.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Aves Domésticas , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Galinhas/virologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Fazendas , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N3/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N3/patogenicidade , Influenza Aviária/virologia , México/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologiaRESUMO
Congregation of different migratory and resident bird species on aquatic ecosystems during winter migration increases contact rates and enhances influenza A virus (IAV) transmission. However, scarce research has been focused on the resident bird's contribution to the viral ecology at a local scale. The Mexican duck (Anas diazi) is an endemic endangered anatid from Mexico. This resident species shares aquatic habitats with migratory birds in the wetlands of Central Mexico. Therefore, here we describe the phylogenetic analysis of an IAV (A/Mexican duck/EstadodeMexico; Lerma/UIFMVZ377/2016(H5N2)) isolated in this species, during spatiotemporal concurrence with migratory anatids in the winter season. All eight gene sequences were obtained by nextgeneration sequencing. Maximum Likelihood trees were constructed using MEGA-X, with General Time Reversible + Invariant (GTR+I), Subtree Pruning and Regrafting (SPR) heuristic method, and 1000 bootstrap replicates. Similarities with six different IAV subtypes were observed through a BLAST search: H6N5, H7N7, H5N2, H4N6, H9N2, and H11N9, detected in wild ducks during 2015 in the Pacific, Central and Mississippi flyways stop sites across the United States of America and Canada. The molecular identification of this reassortant H5N2 IAV highlights the importance of resident species as a reservoir host and its potential participation in the maintenance and transmission of IAV in wetlands surrounded by rural areas.
Assuntos
Patos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N2/genética , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Filogenia , Animais , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This case reports an outbreak of psittacine beak and feather disease in imported budgerigars (Melopsittacusundulatus) in a breeding site in Mexico. Feather abnormalities occurred in 3-month-old budgerigars and the percentage of affected birds was 40 of 100 birds (40%). The disease begins with varying degrees of bare skin on the back, the ventral region of the body, and the thoracic and pelvic regions without clinical signs or mortality offspring. Thirty-tree budgerigars were referred to the laboratory for diagnostics work-up. The hemogram showed different stages of inflammation in all studied birds, where 66% had relative erythrocytosis, leukocytosis due to heterophilia and monocytosis associated with chronic inflammation. The biochemical analysis showed mainly hypoproteinemia and hypouricemia in 5/8 and 4/9 birds, respectively. The absence of feathers with some tiny calamus of the pectoral region was the most significant feature and no other significant pathologic changes were observed. Histopathologic findings were apoptosis and a moderate amount of spherical intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusion bodies in clusters in some epithelial cells of feather follicles (12/14 sections examined) and bursa of Fabricius (8/10 sections examined). End-point PCR of bursa of Fabricius, genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, confirmed circovirus identification of the psittacine beak and feather disease virus species and belonging to the group 2 previously found in budgerigars. This is the first description of the psittacine beak and feather disease in budgerigars in Mexico showing the need of monitoring health status of companion and free-ranging endemic and endangered psittacine birds in Mexico in order to collaborate with the trade regulation of these bird species.
Assuntos
Animais , Circovirus , Infecções por Circoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/sangue , Melopsittacus/virologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/veterinária , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This case reports an outbreak of psittacine beak and feather disease in imported budgerigars (Melopsittacusundulatus) in a breeding site in Mexico. Feather abnormalities occurred in 3-month-old budgerigars and the percentage of affected birds was 40 of 100 birds (40%). The disease begins with varying degrees of bare skin on the back, the ventral region of the body, and the thoracic and pelvic regions without clinical signs or mortality offspring. Thirty-tree budgerigars were referred to the laboratory for diagnostics work-up. The hemogram showed different stages of inflammation in all studied birds, where 66% had relative erythrocytosis, leukocytosis due to heterophilia and monocytosis associated with chronic inflammation. The biochemical analysis showed mainly hypoproteinemia and hypouricemia in 5/8 and 4/9 birds, respectively. The absence of feathers with some tiny calamus of the pectoral region was the most significant feature and no other significant pathologic changes were observed. Histopathologic findings were apoptosis and a moderate amount of spherical intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusion bodies in clusters in some epithelial cells of feather follicles (12/14 sections examined) and bursa of Fabricius (8/10 sections examined). End-point PCR of bursa of Fabricius, genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, confirmed circovirus identification of the psittacine beak and feather disease virus species and belonging to the group 2 previously found in budgerigars. This is the first description of the psittacine beak and feather disease in budgerigars in Mexico showing the need of monitoring health status of companion and free-ranging endemic and endangered psittacine birds in Mexico in order to collaborate with the trade regulation of these bird species.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Melopsittacus/virologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/sangue , Infecções por Circoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/epidemiologia , Circovirus , Infecções por Circoviridae/veterinária , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Chlamydiaceae infections in poultry are mainly due to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia gallinacea. While C. psittaci has long been known to affect birds and to have zoonotic potential, C. gallinacea is a newly described species that has been found to be widespread in chickens. As no data were available regarding the presence of Chlamydiaceae in Mexican poultry, a cross-sectional survey to detect the presence of Chlamydiaceae on commercial and backyard farms was carried out in eight federal states of Mexico with a high poultry density. Individual cloacal swabs were collected on 14 large-scale commercial poultry farms with controlled environment houses, 23 large-scale commercial poultry farms with open-sided houses, and 16 backyard farms. Samples were tested using a specific Chlamydiaceae real-time PCR technique. Chlamydial species were subsequently identified by a species-specific real-time PCR method. Information on potential risk factors was collected through a questionnaire. Logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with Chlamydiaceae-positive results at the farm level on commercial farms. For backyard farms, a mixed-effect logistic regression model was used to consider information collected either at the animal or at the farm level. Overall, 7.1 % (n = 1/14) of controlled environment commercial farms, 26.1 % (n = 6/23) of open-sided commercial farms, and 75.0 % (n = 12/16) of backyard farms were Chlamydiaceae-positive. Apparent prevalence increased inversely to the level of confinement (controlled environment vs open-sided poultry houses vs backyards). Chlamydia gallinacea was the only chlamydial species detected. On commercial farms, egg-laying hen flocks had 6.7 times higher odds of being Chlamydiaceae-infected than broilers flocks (OR = 6.7, 95 % CI: 1.1-44.3, p = 0.04). On backyard farms, two variables were significantly associated with Chlamydiaceae infection: the lack of antibiotic use (OR = 8.4, 95 % CI: 1.84-38.49, p = 0.006), and an impaired health status (OR=8.8, 95 % CI: 1.9-38.9, p = 0.004). Further studies should be carried out to investigate the impact of C. gallinacea infection on egg quality and production performance in egg-laying hen flocks.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Galinhas , Infecções por Chlamydiaceae/veterinária , Chlamydiaceae/isolamento & purificação , Perus , Animais , Infecções por Chlamydiaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydiaceae/microbiologia , Coturnix , Estudos Transversais , Patos , Fazendas , Galliformes , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) causes economic losses in Mexican rainbow trout industry. In this study, virulence and genetic fingerprints of Mexican IPNV isolates was investigated for the first time. Two Mexican IPNV isolates were analyzed in rainbow trout fry and the Sp strain was included as high virulence. One of the Mexican IPNV isolate was obtained from diseased fish and the other from fish without clinical signs. The infection was performed using a standardized immersion. Clinical signs were observed at 4 days post infection in fry group infected with strain Sp, two days earlier than in trout infected with IPNV isolates Mexican. Severe lesions were found in 100% of the individuals of Sp group, but only in 25% of each isolated Mexican group. Results suggest that Mexican IPNV isolates are pathogenic, but less virulent than strain Sp. The amino acid motif residues of both Mexican isolates, corresponded to a subclinical disease. Nevertheless, the accumulated motility observed in the field, suggest that other factors play a role in the virulence of the disease.
Assuntos
Infecções por Birnaviridae/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Vírus da Necrose Pancreática Infecciosa/patogenicidade , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Animais , Infecções por Birnaviridae/virologia , Vírus da Necrose Pancreática Infecciosa/genética , Vírus da Necrose Pancreática Infecciosa/isolamento & purificação , México , Oncorhynchus mykiss , VirulênciaRESUMO
Wild waterfowl and their habitats are the main reservoirs of influenza A virus (IAV) mainly during the breeding season and prior to migration. This study describes the molecular characterization of an IAV isolated from 240 water samples of a small wetland during non-breeding season of migratory wild ducks in the State of Mexico, Mexico. The results showed that the virus belongs to the H4N2 subtype and each of its eight segments of the viral genome has similarity to IAV isolated from ducks in North America. This study suggests that IAV can be isolated from small wetland during non-breeding season of migrating waterfowl.