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INTRODUCTION: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults (20-30%). Light microscopy shows thickening of glomerular basement membrane with appearance of spikes. These histological findings are not evident in early forms, in which case the granular deposition pattern of IgG and/or C3 in the basement membrane by immunofluorescence (IF) constitutes the diagnostic tool that allows to differentiate it from minimal change disease (MCD). Complement system plays a key role in the pathophysiology of MN. C4d is a degradation product and a marker of the complement system activation. C4d labelling by immunohistochemical (HI) technique can help in the differential diagnosis between both glomerulopathies NM and MCD when the material for IF is insufficient and light microscopy is normal. Our objective was to explore the discrimination power of C4d to differentiate between MN and MCD in renal biopsy material. METHODS: Paraffin-embedded samples were recovered from renal biopsies with a diagnosis of MN and MCD performed between 1/1/2008 and 4/1/2019. IH staining was performed by immunoperoxidase technique using a rabbit anti-human C4d polyclonal antibody. RESULTS: In all cases with MN (n = 27, 15 males) with a median age of 63 (range: 18-87) years, C4d deposits were detected. In 21 cases with MCD (12 males) with a median age of 51 (range: 18-87) years, the C4d marking was negative in every samples. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the marking of the renal biopsy with C4d is a useful tool for the differential diagnosis between NM and MCD.

Introducción: La nefropatía membranosa (NM) es la causa más frecuente de síndrome nefrótico primario en adultos (20-30%). En la microscopia óptica se observa engrosamiento de membrana basal glomerular con aparición de espigas. Estos hallazgos histológicos no son evidentes en formas tempranas, en cuyo caso el patrón de depósito granular de IgG y/o C3 en la membrana basal por inmunofluorescencia (IF) permite diferenciarla de enfermedad por cambios mínimos (ECM). El sistema del complemento juega un papel central en la fisiopatología de la NM. C4d es producto de degradación y un marcador de la activación del complemento. La marcación con C4d en muestras de biopsias renales, por técnica de inmunohistoquímica (IH) puede colaborar en el diagnóstico diferencial entre ambas glomerulopatías. Nuestro objetivo fue explorar el poder de discriminación del C4d para diferenciar NM de ECM en material de biopsias renales. Métodos: Se recuperaron muestras en parafina de biopsias renales con diagnóstico de NM y ECM realizados entre 1/1/2008 y 1/4/2019. Se realizaron tinciones de IH por técnica de inmunoperoxidasa con C4d usando un anticuerpo policlonal antihumano de conejo. Resultados: En todos los casos con NM (n = 27, 15 hombres) con mediana de edad de 63 (rango: 18-86) años se detectaron depósitos de C4d. En los 21 casos con ECM (12 hombres) con mediana de edad de 51 (rango: 18-87) años la marcación de C4d fue negativa. Conclusión: Los resultados indican que la marcación de la biopsia renal con C4d es una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico diferencial entre NM y ECM.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common late-onset neurodegenerative disease and the predominant cause of movement problems. PD is characterized by motor control impairment by extensive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). This selective dopaminergic neuronal loss is in part triggered by intracellular protein inclusions called Lewy bodies, which are composed mainly of misfolded alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein. We previously reported insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) as a key protein downregulated in PD patients. Here we demonstrated that IGF2 treatment or IGF2 overexpression reduced the α-syn aggregates and their toxicity by IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) activation in cellular PD models. Also, we observed IGF2 and its interaction with IGF2R enhance the α-syn secretion. To determine the possible IGF2 neuroprotective effect in vivo we used a gene therapy approach in an idiopathic PD model based on α-syn preformed fibrils intracerebral injection. IGF2 gene therapy revealed a significantly preventing of motor impairment in idiopathic PD model. Moreover, IGF2 expression prevents dopaminergic neuronal loss in the SN together with a decrease in α-syn accumulation (phospho-α-syn levels) in the striatum and SN brain region. Furthermore, the IGF2 neuroprotective effect was associated with the prevention of synaptic spines loss in dopaminergic neurons in vivo. The possible mechanism of IGF2 in cell survival effect could be associated with the decrease of the intracellular accumulation of α-syn and the improvement of dopaminergic synaptic function. Our results identify to IGF2 as a relevant factor for the prevention of α-syn toxicity in both in vitro and preclinical PD models.

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Introducción: el síndrome de Hakim Adams, o hidrocefalia normotensiva, es un cuadro progresivo que se caracteriza por presentar alteración de la marcha, trastornos esfinterianos y demencia, y que afecta principalmente a pacientes añosos. Si bien existen publicaciones sobre los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico, estos trabajos suelen evaluar la mejoría sintomática pero no la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo: Conocer el impacto del tratamiento en pacientes con síndrome de Hakim Adams tratados con derivación de LCR. Material y Métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de una serie de 8 pacientes. Se realizó una encuesta para la evaluación preoperatoria y postoperatoria; con un tiempo transcurrido no menor a 6 meses luego del procedimiento. Se utilizó la escala de Barthel para la funcionalidad, y una escala numérica simple para la calidad de vida. Resultados: Previo a la cirugía, 7 casos presentaban alteraciones de la marcha y/o problemas para deambular; 6 casos alteraciones esfinterianas; y 5 casos algún tipo de alteración neurocognitiva. Luego de la cirugía, todos los pacientes refirieron un cambio significativo en la calidad de vida; y también en la funcionalidad, logrando 6 pacientes una independencia absoluta. Conclusión: Aunque nuestra comunicación tiene las debilidades de una serie pequeña de casos analizados en forma retrospectiva, los resultados son concluyentes en cuanto a mejora en la calidad de vida y funcionalidad en el postoperatorio. Creemos que esta modalidad de evaluación puede ayudar a los pacientes y/o familiares de pacientes en el proceso de toma decisiones del tratamiento quirúrgico.

Introduction: the Hakim Adams’ syndrome is a chronic hydrocephalus of the elderly with normal or low CSF pressure that clinically have gait disturbances, urinary incontinence and dementia. Although there are some publications about the surgical results in terms of the relief of symptoms, they don’t usually evaluate the patients’ quality of life. Material and Methods: We are reporting a retrospective study of a series of 8 patients with diagnosis of Hakim Adams’ syndrome that was performed to assess the influence of CSF shunting on their quality of life. A survey was performed to record the preoperative status, with at least 6-months after surgery. Functional results were evaluated with Barthel’s scale; and the quality of life with a simple numeric scale. Results: Before surgery, 7 cases had gait disturbances; 6 cases had urinary incontinence; and 5 cases had neurocognitive impairment. Postoperatively, all patients reported a significative change in their quality of life, and also in the functional scale; 6 cases obtained total independence. Conclusion: Although our communication has the weakness of the small number of cases evaluated in a retrospective manner, the results are conclusive in terms of functionality improvement and quality of life. This kind of assessment may help to our patients and/or patients’ family in the decision making process of shunting procedures.

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BACKGROUND: Current communication technologies can be used in health education. The aim was to assess the process of an online program designed to prevent cancer risk behaviours using an educational website and mobile phones. METHODS: High school students from Spain and Mexico were recruited during 3 academic years (2009-12) to participate in a web-based program supplemented with mobile phone messages (SMS) which aim was to prevent cancer risk behaviours. The program was designed as a randomized trial, with control and experimental group (EG). Recruitment and adherence were analyzed using data of the Web management platform and Google Analytics. RESULTS: 3,855 students started the logging on the program of which 2,001 (51.9%) completed the questionnaire.77.5% were Mexicans, 13 years old (40.6%), with good academic level (68.7%) and with parents (49.6%) and mothers (53.9%) having university degree. 56.4% recorded a phone number to receive SMS. The EG consisted of 1,014 students and the averages of their visits to the website were 31.6 in the first year, 21.8 in the second and 21.9 in the third. Each adolescent of the EG was able to incorporate 1.16 adults (total 1,172) and other 1,076 were recorded spontaneously. Retention rate at the end of follow-up was 41.5% and was higher among those who were best students (OR: 12,5), Mexicans (OR: 4.4), 12 years old (OR: 3.1) and have been incorporated in the first three months of the implementation (OR: 2.8). CONCLUSION: Students' recruitment and retention was scarce, mainly in Spain. However students involved visited the program website with sufficient amount of time to achieve good results.

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Two types of hydrophilic networks with conjugated beta-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) were developed with the aim of engineering useful platforms for the localized release of an antimicrobial 5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanone N4-allyl thiosemicarbazone (TSC) in the eye and its potential application in ophthalmic diseases. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) soft contact lenses (SCLs) displaying ß-CD, namely pHEMA-co-ß-CD, and super-hydrophilic hydrogels (SHHs) of directly cross-linked hydroxypropyl-ß-CD were synthesized and characterized regarding their structure (ATR/FT-IR), drug loading capacity, swelling and in vitro release in artificial lacrimal fluid. Incorporation of TSC to the networks was carried out both during polymerization (DP method) and after synthesis (PP method). The first method led to similar drug loads in all the hydrogels, with minor drug loss during the washing steps to remove unreacted monomers, while the second method evidenced the influence of structural parameters on the loading efficiency (proportion of CD units, mesh size, swelling degree). Both systems provided a controlled TSC release for at least two weeks, TSC concentrations (up to 4000µg/g dry hydrogel) being within an optimal therapeutic window for the antimicrobial ocular treatment. Microbiological tests against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus confirmed the ability of TSC-loaded pHEMA-co-ß-CD network to inhibit bacterial growth.

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Comentario sobre un estudio que contribuye a detectar la presencia de plaguicidas y prevenir el riesgo que pueda suponer el consumo de leche contaminada

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