RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) can only be applied to children under 5 years of age and does not contemplate obesity. The aim of this study was to propose an Extended CIAF (ECIAF) that combines the characterization of malnutrition due to undernutrition and excess weight, and apply it in six Argentine provinces. DESIGN: ECIAF excludes children not in anthropometric failure (group A) and was calculated from a percentage of children included in malnutrition categories B: wasting only; C: wasting and underweight; D: wasting, stunting and underweight; E: stunting and underweight; F: stunting only; Y: underweight only; G: only weight excess; and H: stunting and weight excess. SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chubut, Jujuy, Mendoza and Misiones (Argentina). PARTICIPANTS: 10 879 children of both sexes aged between 3 and 13·99. RESULTS: ECIAF in preschool children (3 to 4·99 years) was 15·1 %. The highest prevalence was registered in Mendoza (16·7 %) and the lowest in Misiones (12·0 %). In school children (5 to 13·99 years) ECIAF was 28·6 %. Mendoza also recorded the highest rate (30·7 %), while Catamarca and Chubut had the lowest values (27·0 %). In the whole sample, about 25 % of the malnutrition was caused by undernutrition and 75 % by excess weight. CONCLUSIONS: The ECIAF summarizes anthropometric failure by both deficiency and excess weight and it highlights that a quarter of the malnutrition in the Argentine population was caused by undernutrition, although there are differences between Provinces (P < 0·05). ECIAF estimates are higher than those of CIAF or under-nutrition.
Assuntos
Estado Nutricional/fisiologia , Adolescente , Antropometria , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
This study investigates the interaction between the effect of epinephrine intracerebroventricular (icv) injection and LH on the progesterone concentration in ovarian vein blood (Po) in vivo, and also, on the release of ovarian progesterone and androstenedione in vitro, in rats on dioestrus day 2. When 2 mg ovine LH were injected in vein (i.v.), Po increased reaching 120+/-12.2 and 151+/-17.5 ng ml(-1) at 22 and 25 min, respectively. Another group of rats was injected intracerebroventricular with 5 microgram epinephrine at time zero, and with 2 mg ovine LH i.v. 3 min later. This time Po decreased during the first 3 min, then increased, reaching 64+/-7.1 ng ml(-1) at 25 min, lower than the Po obtained 22 min after LH i.v. injection only (P<0.01). Moreover, rats were injected i.v. with 2 mg ovine LH at time zero, and 7 min later with epinephrine intracerebroventricular. Po increased during the first 7 min, decreased until the 13th minute and reached 70+/-8.9 ng ml(-1) at 25 min, lower than the Po obtained 25 min after LH i.v. injection only (P<0.01). In other experience, rats with one (either right or left) superior ovarian nerve transected (SON-t), were injected intracerebroventricular with epinephrine. Five minutes later, the ovaries were removed and incubated in vitro with LH. Both ovaries (right or left) in which the SON was intact at time of epinephrine i. c.v. injection, showed a reduction of progesterone and androstenedione released in vitro (P<0.05). These results suggest that, on dioestrus day 2, the central adrenergic stimulus competes with LH in the release of ovarian progesterone. Also, the neural input that arrives at the ovary through the SON would antagonize the ovarian progesterone and androstenedione response to LH.
Assuntos
Androstenodiona/metabolismo , Epinefrina/administração & dosagem , Epinefrina/farmacologia , Hormônio Luteinizante/farmacologia , Ovário/irrigação sanguínea , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Progesterona/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Injeções Intraventriculares , Ovário/inervação , Ovário/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ovinos , Fatores de Tempo , Veias/efeitos dos fármacos , Veias/metabolismoRESUMO
Bilateral castration (TX) or sham surgery--respectively--was performed in two groups of twelve male Holtzman rats, 90 days old. Food was available ad libitum to sham-operated rats, and it was restricted to TX ones. After castration, at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days, a segment of the tails was sectioned. At 150 days all rats were subjected to bone mineral densitometry (BMD), sacrificed and the left femurs excised. With the tail's bones (TB) and the femur we determined ash and the concentration of Ca++, PO4(-3), Mg++ and Na+. In the TB, at 30 days the ash and the concentrations of Ca++ and PO4(-3), decreased (p < 0.05) in the TX rats. At 60 days the ash and all analysed ions were reduced (p < 0.05 and p < 0.025) in the TX rats. The decreases were major forward. The more significative decreases in the TB were: in Ca++ at 90 days (p < 0.005); in the ash at 120 days (p < 0.005); in PO4(-3), Mg++ and Na+ at 150 days (p < 0.005). All ions' concentrations and the ash were statistically equal between the TB and the femurs after 150 days of castration. At the same time, the BMD was significantly less (p < 0.05) in the TX rats. The body weigh of the two group was statistically equal during the 150 days. Our results suggest that in 90 days old castrated male rats, the ash and the concentration of calcium, phosphate, magnesium and sodium in the TB are good indicators of bone mass loss, after 30 and 60 days of castration. Besides, 150 days post castration, the ash and the analysed ions are equal in the femur and in the TB. Moreover, the ions' concentrations were better indicators of the bone mass loss than the BMD.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Magnésio/metabolismo , Orquiectomia , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Sódio/metabolismo , Animais , Peso Corporal , Cálcio/análise , Magnésio/análise , Masculino , Fosfatos/análise , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sódio/análise , Cauda/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The present study investigates the acute consequences of central adrenergic stimulation on the release of steroids from the ovary. The influence of the superior ovarian nerve (SON) and the relationship between the neural effect and peripheral LH levels were also examined. The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 5 microg epinephrine in SON-intact rats on day 1 of dioestrus (D1) increased progesterone levels in ovarian vein blood from 7 to 21 min after injection but the same injection in SON-intact rats on day 2 of dioestrus (D2) decreased progesterone levels in ovarian vein blood from 1 to 25 min. A smaller dose (0.5 microg) of epinephrine injected i.c.v. in SON-intact rats produced a decrease in progesterone levels in ovarian vein blood of shorter duration. In SON-transected (SONt) animals, 0.5 microg epinephrine i.c.v. caused a smaller decrease in progesterone levels compared with SON-intact rats (P<0.05). On the other hand, in SON-intact rats on D2, the i.c. v. injection of 0.5 microg epinephrine did not modify the peripheral LH levels during 25 min, but 5 microg epinephrine injected i.c.v. raised the peripheral LH level from the third minute after injection (P<0.05). Oestradiol levels in the ovarian vein blood did not change after epinephrine i.c.v. injection in rats on D2. To avoid any humoral influence, SONt and SON-intact rats on D2 were injected i.c.v. with 5 microg epinephrine or with vehicle, and 5 min later the ovaries were incubated in vitro with or without LH. Under these conditions, it was demonstrated that the previous injection of epinephrine in SON-intact rats resulted in a diminished release of progesterone from ovaries incubated with or without LH. These results suggest that a central adrenergic stimulus increases progesterone release from the ovary on D1 and decreases it on D2. Also, this neural input would arrive at the ovary through the SON, and would condition the ovarian response to LH on D2. Ovarian progesterone changes could be attributed to signals coming from ganglionar neurons, which are affected by the central adrenergic stimulation.