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BACKGROUND: The aim of this case-control study was to explore the association by gender between the HTR2C gene variants and suicidal behavior in a Mexican population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 183 suicide attempters and 208 healthy volunteers were included in this study. We genotyped five polymorphisms of HTR2C (rs547536, rs2192372, rs4272555, rs6318, and rs2428707), then measured the association by genotype, allele, and haplotype. RESULTS: In the female group, we found an association between two polymorphisms of the HTR2C (rs4272555 and rs2428707) and suicide attempts. The C allele of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4272555 was associated with a decreased risk of suicide attempt (P=0.01, odds ratio =0.26, 95% confidence interval: 0.09-0.79), whereas the G allele of the SNP rs2428707 was associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt (P=0.01, odds ratio =3.68, 95% confidence interval: 1.24-10.90). No significant association was observed between the other polymorphisms studied (rs547536, rs2192372, rs6318) or haplotypes with suicide attempts. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a possible risk factor of the HTR2C gene in the pathology of suicidal behavior in Mexican population. More studies are necessary to confirm this association.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to observe potential drug-drug interactions in the medication of Mexican schizophrenic patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective and cross-sectional study that was carried out in a psychiatric clinic. Only the prescriptions of patients with schizophrenia whose diagnoses were based on the DSM-IV instrument were included in this study. The Drug Interactions Checker software ( http://www.drugs.com/drug_interactions.html ) was used in this study to analyse potential drug-drug interactions. RESULTS: In total, 86 of 126 patients were at risk of potential drug-drug interactions. Haloperidol and biperiden was the most common drug pair of 232 pairs evaluated. In our study, 13.8% of drug-drug interaction showed a major level of severity, whereas in 83.2%, the interaction was moderate. Finally, central nervous system (CNS) depression and anticholinergic effect were the main possible effects of drug-drug interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed a high number of patients with schizophrenia receiving two or more drugs. The potential drug-drug interactions observed in the Mexican population are consistent with the concomitant use of antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants prescribed in schizophrenia that could cause central nervous system (CNS) depression and anticholinergic effect. Drug-drug interaction must be considered when the patient with schizophrenia is medicated.
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Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Incompatibilidade de Medicamentos , Interações Medicamentosas , Antagonistas Muscarínicos/uso terapêutico , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Biperideno/efeitos adversos , Biperideno/uso terapêutico , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Haloperidol/efeitos adversos , Haloperidol/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antagonistas Muscarínicos/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Esquizofrenia/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Using the method of psychological autopsy, we identified differences by gender in socio-demographic aspects, signs and symptoms, and suicide characteristics in a population of the state of Tabasco. Mexico. METHODS: Between the years 2007-2014, 182 psychological autopsies were documented by the Secretary of Health of the State of Tabasco, Mexico. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographic aspects and suicide characteristics. RESULTS: The sample was mainly formed by males (78%). 84% of the sample used hanging as suicide method. However, in comparison with the male group, females were older on the average (p = 0.002); they were mostly housewives (37.5%) and had more years of schooling (p = 0.004). Other significant differences predominantly present in the male group were: the use of alcohol at the time of suicide (52.1%), job retirement, and increases in apathy (50.7%) and aggressiveness (36.6%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that there are differences by gender between subjects with completed suicide. Factors such as alcohol consumption, job retirement, aggressiveness and isolation/social apathy certainly render men more vulnerable to suicide in the Mexican population.
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Suicídio/psicologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Agressão/psicologia , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Apatia , Asfixia/mortalidade , Escolaridade , Emprego/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Psiquiatria Legal , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Lesões do Pescoço/mortalidade , Ocupações/estatística & dados numéricos , Aposentadoria/estatística & dados numéricos , Distribuição por Sexo , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Suicidal behavior is a worldwide health problem. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is a rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonergic neurotransmission. TPH-1 and TPH-2 genes encode for TPH isoforms and have been implicated as candidate genes for suicidal behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the genetic variants of the TPH-1 (rs21102 and 1607395) and TPH-2 (rs4290270, rs7305115 and rs1007023) genes and suicidal behavior in a Mexican population. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study including 200 cases with suicide attempt and 263 controls. Patients were evaluated by a trained psychiatrist or clinical psychologists. Five polymorphisms were genotyped and assessed for allele, genotype and haplotype association with suicide attempt. RESULTS: The rs7305115 polymorphism of the TPH-2 gene was associated with suicidal behavior in a Mexican population in genotype (χ(2)=6.02, df=2, p=0.04) and allele (OR=1.39, 95%IC=1.06-1.81, p=0.01) frequencies. The THP-2 haplotypes GTA (χ(2)=5.68, p=0.01) and ATT (χ(2)=5.0, p=0.02) were associated with risk for suicide attempt. CONCLUSION: Our results provide evidence for an association between the rs7305115 polymorphism of the TPH-2 gene and suicidal behavior in a Mexican population. However, more studies are necessary to replicate these results using larger samples.
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Tentativa de Suicídio , Triptofano Hidroxilase/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Alelos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Genótipo , Haplótipos/genética , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of Val66Met brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism with bipolar disorder in (i) a meta-analysis and (ii) a case-control study in a Mexican population. We also investigated the possible association of this polymorphism with clinical features. METHODS: We performed a keyword search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases. A total of 22 studies that have investigated the association of Val66Met (rs6265) with bipolar disorder were selected for inclusion and combined with random effects meta-analysis, using allelic, additive, dominant, and recessive models. Finally, the single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6265) Val66Met in the BDNF gene was genotyped and compared between 139 patients with bipolar disorder and 141 healthy volunteers in a Mexican population. RESULTS: The pooled results from the meta-analysis (9,349 cases and 7,437 controls) did not show a significant association in any of the models. The same results were obtained in our case-control study when analyzing the distribution of the genotypic frequencies of the Val66Met polymorphism in patients with bipolar disorder. However, when we analyzed the association between rs6265 and lifetime history of suicidal behavior, we found an association between genotype Val-Val and suicide attempt (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Although the present study has some limitations, the results indicate a lack of association between the Val66Met polymorphism and bipolar disorder. However, in our case-control study in a Mexican population, the Val66Met polymorphism was associated with suicidal behavior in patients with bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, it is important to consider potential interactions of the BDNF gene, the environment, and different inheritance patterns, when carrying out future genetic studies with larger samples.
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Transtorno Bipolar/genética , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/genética , Dipeptídeos/genética , Suicídio/psicologia , Adulto , Transtorno Bipolar/epidemiologia , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Suicidal behavior is a leading cause of injury and death worldwide. Several studies have provided a possible relationship between genetic factors and suicidal behavior. Also, these studies have shown evidence for altered serotonergic neural transmission in the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior. In addition, genes pertaining to the serotonergic system have been proposed as candidates to establish biological correlates between suicidal behavior and the serotonergic system. The most studied genes are SCL6A4, HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR1A, HTR1B, TPH-1, and TPH-2. To get a comprehensive understanding of the association with suicidal behavior we will conduct genotype assays studies in a Mexican population. METHODS/DESIGN: We will conduct a case-control study. The population sample will comprise adolescent and adult patients admitted for attempted of suicide and diagnosed by a psychiatrist. A peripheral blood sample will be taken from all the subjects (cases and controls). Genomic DNA from the leukocytes blood sample will be extracted. The genotypes of interest are distributed in the following genes: SCL6A4, HTR2A, HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2C, TPH-2 and TPH-1. All the samples will be analyzed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) end-point method. We will evaluate the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test will be used to compare genotype and allele frequencies between control and case groups. The Quanto 1.2 software will measure the sample size of the association. For all the association analyses the level of significance will be set at p = 0.05 and the confidence interval at 95%. DISCUSSION: Suicidal behavior has been increase in Mexico, principally in young population. Our study will demonstrate the association between serotoninergic genes and suicide behavior in Mexican population.
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Predisposição Genética para Doença , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos/fisiologia , Ideação Suicida , Transmissão Sináptica/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Alelos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de Serotonina/genética , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/genética , Triptofano Hidroxilase/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inactivates the catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine. On the other hand, some studies have reported that the enzymatic activity of COMT is partly genetically determined. With regard to the COMT gene, the most studied polymorphism is the functional variant Val108/158Met (rs4680), which results in substantial three- to four-fold variations in enzyme activity. To date, the rs4680 polymorphism of COMT has been associated with a number of disorders. In addition, this polymorphism has been found to have important differences in frequency according to the studied population. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Val108/158Met of the COMT gene in the Mexican population. Accordingly, we recruited 431 healthy volunteers. Our sample consisted of 111 healthy individuals from Mexico City and 320 individuals from the state of Tabasco, Mexico. We observed that Met was the most common allele, ranging from 57% (Tabasco) to 85% (Mexico City). In addition, we analyzed the frequency of Val108/158Met polymorphism of Caucasian (54% Met allele), Asian (29% Met allele) and African (34% Met allele) populations separately and also in comparison with Mexican (63% Met allele) population. In conclusion, the distribution of the Val108/158Met polymorphism distinguishes the Mexican population studied from other populations, but it is necessary to increase the size of the sample to get more conclusive results.
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Catecol O-Metiltransferase/genética , Hispânico ou Latino/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , México/etnologiaRESUMO
The gene coding for catecol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), participant in the metabolism of catecholamines, has long been implicated as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. We determined the relation of the COMT Val108/158Met polymorphism with schizophrenia or its symptomatology (negative, disorganized and psychotic dimension). We conducted a case-control study comprising 186 patients with schizophrenia and 247 controls. The diagnosis of schizophrenia was established using the DSM-IV criteria for this illness. The clinical symptomatology was assessed through the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms. No significant differences were found in the distribution of alleles (χ2 = 0.01, df = 1, p = 0.90) or genotypes (χ2 = 1.66, df = 2, p = 0.43) between schizophrenic patients and the control group. Multivariate analysis showed that the COMT Val108/158Met polymorphism has no influence in the clinical symptomatology of schizophrenia. Our results showed no association between COMT Val108/158Met and schizophrenia or evidence for an association between COMT and the clinical symptomatology of this illness. This suggests that the COMT gene may not contribute to the risk for schizophrenia among the Mexican population.
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Catecol O-Metiltransferase/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Esquizofrenia/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Esquizofrenia/enzimologia , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is treated with antidepressants, but only between 50% and 70% of the patients respond to the initial treatment. Several authors suggested different factors that could predict antidepressant response, including clinical, psychophysiological, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and genetic variables. However, these different predictors present poor prognostic sensitivity and specificity by themselves. The aim of our work is to study the possible role of clinical variables, neuropsychological performance, and the 5HTTLPR, rs25531, and val108/58Met COMT polymorphisms in the prediction of the response to fluoxetine after 4weeks of treatment in a sample of patient with MDD. METHODS: 64 patients with MDD were genotyped according to the above-mentioned polymorphisms, and were clinically and neuropsychologically assessed before a 4-week fluoxetine treatment. Fluoxetine response was assessed by using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. We carried out a binary logistic regression model for the potential predictive variables. RESULTS: Out of the clinical variables studied, only the number of anxiety disorders comorbid with MDD have predicted a poor response to the treatment. A combination of a good performance in variables of attention and low performance in planning could predict a good response to fluoxetine in patients with MDD. None of the genetic variables studied had predictive value in our model. LIMITATIONS: The possible placebo effect has not been controlled. Our study is focused on response prediction but not in remission prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Our work suggests that the combination of the number of comorbid anxiety disorders, an attentional variable, and two planning variables makes it possible to correctly classify 82% of the depressed patients who responded to the treatment with fluoxetine, and 74% of the patients who did not respond to that treatment.
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Alelos , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/uso terapêutico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/genética , Fluoxetina/uso terapêutico , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Adulto , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/efeitos adversos , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos de Ansiedade/genética , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Atenção/efeitos dos fármacos , Comorbidade , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Feminino , Fluoxetina/efeitos adversos , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inventário de Personalidade , PrognósticoRESUMO
Variable merozoite surface antigens of Babesia bovis are exposed glycoproteins having a role in erythrocyte invasion. Members of this gene family include msa-1 and msa-2 (msa-2c, msa-2a(1), msa-2a(2) and msa-2b). To determine the sequence variation among B. bovis Mexican isolates using msa-2b as a genetic marker, PCR amplicons corresponding to msa-2b were cloned and plasmids carrying the corresponding inserts were purified and sequenced. Comparative analysis of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed distinct degrees of variability and identity among the coding gene sequences obtained from 16 geographically different Mexican B. bovis isolates and a reference strain. Clustal-W multiple alignments of the MSA-2b deduced amino acid sequences performed with the 17 B. bovis Mexican isolates, revealed the identification of three genotypes with a distinct set each of amino acid residues present at the variable region: Genotype I represented by the MO7 strain (in vitro culture-derived from the Mexico isolate) as well as RAD, Chiapas-1, Tabasco and Veracruz-3 isolates; Genotype II, represented by the Jalisco, Mexico and Veracruz-2 isolates; and Genotype III comprising the sequences from most of the isolates studied, Tamaulipas-1, Chiapas-2, Guerrero-1, Nayarit, Quintana Roo, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas-2, Yucatan and Guerrero-2. Moreover, these three genotypes could be discriminated against each other by using a PCR-RFLP approach. The results suggest that occurrence of indels within the variable region of msa-2b sequences can be useful markers for identifying a particular genotype present in field populations of B. bovis isolated from infected cattle in Mexico.