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Introducción: El término Enfermería de Práctica Avanzada tiene sus orígenes en la misma historia del desarrollo de la enfermería moderna, existe evidencia de que aumenta a nivel internacional, pero persiste la incertidumbre sobre la claridad del rol y la necesidad de progresar de manera coordinada. En la literatura revisada no se encuentra claridad acerca de la Enfermería de Práctica Avanzada para la educación y el desarrollo profesional de las enfermeras especialistas para considerarlas de práctica avanzada a pesar del conocimiento teórico y práctico que poseen. Objetivo: Identificar cómo se aborda desde la literatura científica, la Enfermería de Práctica Avanzada en la educación de posgrado para enfermeras especialistas. Métodos: Se realizó metarrevisión conocida como revisión paraguas o revisión de revisiones entre enero y abril de 2022. Búsqueda en bases de datos: BVS, SciELO y PubMed, con las palabras clave "enfermería de práctica avanzada" AND "enfermeras especialistas" AND "educación de postgrado en enfermería". Criterios de inclusión: estudios de revisión, disponibles a texto completo, publicados en los idiomas inglés, español o portugués. Criterios de exclusión: textos repetidos, los que solo se puede leer el resumen y aquellos que no se ajustaron al tema de estudio. Conclusiones: Varios de los estudios revisados describen el valor de la Enfermería de Práctica Avanzada para el desarrollo profesional y la mejora en la calidad de los servicios; no obstante, su valía aún no es bien reconocida en todos los contextos y se precisa avanzar en la consolidación de las especialistas para considerarlas de práctica avanzada(AU)

Introduction: The term advanced practice nursing has its origins in the very history of modern nursing development. Evidence shows that it is increasing internationally, but uncertainty persists about the clarity of the role and the need to progress in a coordinated way. In the reviewed literature, there is no clarity about advanced practice nursing for the education and professional development of specialist nurses to consider them of advanced practice, despite the theoretical and practical knowledge that they possess. Objective: To identify how advanced practice nursing is approached from the scientific literature in postgraduate education for specialist nurses. Methods: A meta-review known as umbrella review or review of reviews was conducted between January and April 2022. A search was conducted in the BVS, SciELO and PubMed databases, with the keywords enfermería de práctica avanzada [advanced practice nursing] AND enfermeras especialistas [nurse specialists] AND educación de postgrado en enfermería [postgraduate nursing education]. The following inclusion criteria were considered: review studies; available in full text; and published in English, Spanish or Portuguese. The following exclusion criteria were considered: repeated texts; those for which only the abstract could be read; and those that did not fit the study topic. Conclusions: Several of the reviewed studies describe the value of advanced practice nursing for professional development and the improvement in the quality of services; however, its value is still not well recognized in all contexts and progress is needed towards the consolidation of specialists to be considered of advanced practice(AU)

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Introducción: La hospitalización constituye un proceso complejo para las personas y su familia de cualquier grupo de edad y son ellos los principales protagonistas para identificar aciertos y desaciertos de los servicios. Objetivo: Explorar experiencias de los pacientes en su tránsito por el proceso de hospitalización en el Complejo Científico Ortopédico Internacional "Frank País". Métodos: Estudio cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico realizado en los meses de enero a mayo del año 2021, con ocho pacientes que transitaron por los subprocesos, prequirúrgico, quirúrgico y posquirúrgico, dado que estos son los tres subprocesos clave comprendidos dentro del proceso de hospitalización de la institución. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante el Método Creativo Sensible con la dinámica de mapa hablado; las narrativas fueron procesadas mediante análisis de contenido. Resultados: Emergieron cuatro categorías: dos donde se identifican fallos en los procesos relacionados con el confort y organización de actividades del servicio y dos de satisfacción relacionadas con el confort y el servicio recibido. Conclusión: La exploración de las experiencias de los pacientes en su tránsito por el proceso de hospitalización fue positiva desde varios puntos de vista, dado que permitió identificar fallas de los procesos y actividades del servicio, así como satisfacciones. El confort es un elemento básico a considerar para intervenciones futuras(AU)

Introduction: Hospitalization constitutes a complex process for people and their families of any age group and they are the main leading roles to identify successes and failures of the services. Objective: To explore the experiences of patients in their stay through the hospitalization process at "Frank País" International Orthopedic Scientific Complex. Methods: Qualitative study of a phenomenological type was carried out from January to May 2021, with eight patients who went through the pre-surgical, surgical and post-surgical processes, since these are the three key sub-processes comprised within the hospitalization at the hospital institution. The data were obtained using the Creative Sensitive Method with the dynamics of the spoken map; the narratives were processed through content analysis. Results: Four categories emerged, two where failures were identified in the processes related to comfort and organization of service activities and two of satisfaction related to comfort and the service received. Conclusion: The exploration of the patient's experiences in the stay through the hospitalization process was positive from several points of view, since it allowed identifying failures of the service processes and activities, as well as satisfactions. Comfort is a basic element to consider for future interventions(AU)

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Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes. The inflammation induced by the VEE virus is associated with a high mortality rate in mice. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a pro-inflammatory molecule, is produced in the normal rat brain. There is no information about the role of this molecule in the inflammatory events occurring during VEE and the effect of inflammation on the mortality rate in VEE-virus-infected rats. This study was designed to determine the role of Ang II in VEE and to analyze the effect of inflammation on mortality in infected rats. Two groups of rats were studied: 1) Virus-infected animals and controls (n = 60) were treated with losartan (a blocker of the Ang II-AT1 receptor) or with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-κB) or left untreated and analyzed for morbidity and mortality. 2) Animals treated using the same protocol (n = 30) were sacrificed at day 4 postinfection and analyzed by immunohistochemistry and histopathology and for cytokine production. Increased expression of Ang II, ICAM-1, ED-1 and cytokines (IL-1α, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-10) in infected animals was observed. The main histopathology findings were dilated capillaries and capillaries with endothelial detachment. Losartan and PDTC reduced the expression of IL-1α, MCP-1, and IL-10, and the number of dilated capillaries and capillaries with endothelial detachment. Survival analysis showed that 100% mortality was reached earlier in infected rats treated with losartan (day 14) or PDTC (day 11) than in untreated animals (day 19). These findings suggest that Ang II plays a role in VEE and that brain inflammation is protective against viral infection.

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The variation in hair coat and skin histology traits of Criollo Limonero cattle was analyzed using 213 Criollo Limonero females. Skin biopsies were obtained from slick-haired (N=16) and normal-haired (N=14) animals. Measured traits included hair length (HL), color coat (CC), number of hair follicles per square centimeter (NHF), sweat glands per square centimeter (NSG), sweat glands size (SGS), sebaceous glands per square centimeter (NSBG), blood vessels per square centimeter (NBV), and thickness of epidermis (TE). Hair length differed (P<0.001) between slick- and normal-haired animals (4.9 ± 0.12 vs 10.9 ± 0.20, respectively). Differences (P<0.01) in CC (Bayo = 144/67.6% vs Red = 69/32.4%) and HL (slick-haired = 199/93.4% vs normal-haired = 14/6.5%) were found. Distribution of slick- and normal-haired animals differed (P<0.01) between bayo-coated and red-coated (139/62.2% vs 9/4.2%; respectively). Most (P<0.05) red-coated animals belonged to a single family. No differences (P>0.05) were found between slick-haired and normal-haired animals in NHF (637 ± 164 vs 587 ± 144, respectively), NSG (556 ± 134 vs 481 ± 118, respectively), NSBG (408 ± 87 vs 366 ± 77, respectively), NBV (1628 ± 393 vs 1541 ± 346, respectively), and TE (1.24 ± 0.14 vs 1.32 ± 0.12, respectively). However, SGS was greater (P<0.01) in slick-haired than normal-haired animals. In conclusion, Criollo Limonero cattle are predominantly bayo-coated, slick-haired, with a reduced number of hair follicles relative to Zebu cattle, sweat and sebaceous glands in proportion to hair follicle numbers, and with a high blood flow irrigating the skin. There is a sub-group of red-coated animals with yellow or cream skin, thicker epidermis, and with a higher frequency of normal-haired animals. It appears that the slick hair gene has been favored by natural selection in this breed.

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Se utilizaron la interferometría de luz blanca de barrido (ILBB) y la microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) con el fin de examinar y evaluar la superficie de muestras de aluminio 3003 corroídos en atmósfera de niebla salina. La comparación de estas dos técnicas de evaluación permitió apreciar que mientras la ILBB proporciona información cuantitativa acerca de la profundidad del ataque, la MEB ofrece mayores detalles del deterioro ocurrido en la matriz debido al proceso de corrosión. Adicionalmente, la MEB permitió establecer el rol de las partículas intermetálicas de segunda fase en la formación de micropilas galvánicas intermetálicos/matriz, responsables del ataque por picadura en la aleación comercial de aluminio 3003 en medio ambiente salino.

Scanning white light interferometry (SWLI) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine and evaluate the surface of commercial 3003 aluminum alloy samples, corroded by pitting in a saline fog atmosphere. From the comparison of the two evaluation techniques it was appreciated that while the SWLI provides quantitative information about the depth of the attack, the SEM permits detailed observation of the damage that takes place in the matrix due to the corrosion process. Furthermore, the evaluation by MEB made it possible to establish the role of the second phase intermetallic particles in the formation of galvanic micro cells intermetallics/matrix, responsible for the pitting attack of the commercial aluminum alloy 3003 in saline environment.

Utilizaram-se a interferometria de luz branca de varredura (ILBV) e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com a finalidade de examinar e avaliar a superfície corroída de amostras de alumínio 3003 em atmosfera de neblina salina. A comparação de estas duas técnicas de avaliação permitiu apreciar que enquanto a ILBV proporciona informação quantitativa a respeito da profundidade do ataque, a MEV oferece maiores detalhes do deterioro ocorrido na matriz devido ao processo de corrosão. Adicionalmente, a MEV permitiu estabelecer o papel das partículas intermetálicas de segunda fase na formação de micropilhas galvânicas intermetálicos/matriz, responsáveis do ataque por picada na liga comercial de alumínio 3003 em ambiente salino.