RESUMO
Justificativa e objetivos: A alta prevalência e incidência da fibrilação atrial (FA), bem como sua grande associação com a morbidade dos pacientes, trás a necessidade de melhor conhecimento para um diagnóstico correto e um tratamento eficaz. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever e fornecer um protocolo de atendimento para pacientes acometidos por esta arritmia. Conteúdo: Este estudo versa sobre o estado da arte da fibrilação atrial, sua origem, epidemiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento, através de uma revisão atual da literatura médica e seus conceitos mais relevantes. Conclusão: Feito o diagnóstico e tendo por base a classificação da fibrilação atrial, gravidade dos sintomas, presença de comorbidades, idade e opções farmacológicas disponíveis, o tratamento se faz necessário. E tem como alvos: controle da frequência cardíaca ou reversão do ritmo, prevenção de eventos tromboembólicos e de recorrências da arritmia.
Background and objectives: The high prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF), as well as to being largely associated with an increase in patient's morbidity, bring a need to perform further studies aimed at an increased knowledge about that entity in order to obtain a correct diagnosis and an efficient treatment. Thus, this work brings a wide review on the subject and provides an attending protocol for patients who have that kind of arrhythmia. Contents: This work reviews atrial fibrillation's state of art, your cause, epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment, through medicine literature review and your essential concept. Conclusion: Based on the diagnosis and on the atrial fibrillation classifications, severity of symptoms, presence of co-morbidities, patient's age, and the medications available, treatment is essential, aiming at: controlling the heart rate or rhythm reversion, prevention of thromboembolic episodes, as well as arrhythmia recurrence.
Assuntos
Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilação Atrial/epidemiologia , Fibrilação Atrial/tratamento farmacológico , Frequência Cardíaca , EmboliaAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , AnamneseAssuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , AnamneseRESUMO
Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is a major public health problem. In Brazil it has been estimated that 2,000,000 people are affected by CAP every year. Of those, 780,000 are admitted to hospital, and 30,000 have death as the outcome. This is an open-label, non-comparative study with the purpose of evaluating efficacy, safety, and tolerability levels of IV azithromycin (IVA) and IV ceftriaxone (IVC), followed by oral azithromycin (OA) for the treatment of inpatients with mild to severe CAP. Eighty-six patients (mean age 56.6 +/- 19.8) were administered IVA (500 mg/day) and IVC (1g/day) for 2 to 5 days, followed by AO (500 mg/day) to complete a total of 10 days. At the end of treatment (EOT) and after 30 days (End of Study--EOS) the medication was evaluated clinically, microbiologically and for tolerability levels. Out of the total 86-patient population, 62 (72.1%) completed the study. At the end of treatment, 95.2% (CI95: 88.9% - 100%) reported cure or clinical improvement; at the end of the study, that figure was 88.9% (CI95: 74.1% - 91.7%). Out of the 86 patients enrolled in the study, 15 were microbiologically evaluable for bacteriological response. Of those, 6 reported pathogen eradication at the end of therapy (40%), and 8 reported presumed eradication (53.3%). At end of study evaluation, 9 patients showed pathogen eradication (50%), and 7 showed presumed eradication (38.89%). Therefore, negative cultures were obtained from 93.3% of the patients at EOT, and from 88.9% at the end of the study. One patient (6.67% of patient population) reported presumed microbiological resistance. At study end, 2 patients (11.11%) still reported undetermined culture. Uncontrollable vomiting and worsening pneumonia condition were reported by 2.3% of patients. Discussion and Conclusion Treatment based on the administration of IV azithromycin associated to ceftriaxone and followed by oral azithromycin proved to be efficacious and well-tolerated in the treatment of Brazilian inpatients with CAP.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Azitromicina/administração & dosagem , Ceftriaxona/administração & dosagem , Pneumonia Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Azitromicina/efeitos adversos , Ceftriaxona/efeitos adversos , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Seguimentos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is a major public health problem. In Brazil it has been estimated that 2,000,000 people are affected by CAP every year. Of those, 780,000 are admitted to hospital, and 30,000 have death as the outcome. This is an open-label, non-comparative study with the purpose of evaluating efficacy, safety, and tolerability levels of IV azithromycin (IVA) and IV ceftriaxone (IVC), followed by oral azithromycin (OA) for the treatment of inpatients with mild to severe CAP. Eighty-six patients (mean age 56.6 ± 19.8) were administered IVA (500mg/day) and IVC (1g/day) for 2 to 5 days, followed by AO (500mg/day) to complete a total of 10 days. At the end of treatment (EOT) and after 30 days (End of Study - EOS) the medication was evaluated clinically, microbiologically and for tolerability levels. Out of the total 86-patient population, 62 (72.1 percent) completed the study. At the end of treatment, 95.2 percent (CI95: 88.9 percent - 100 percent) reported cure or clinical improvement; at the end of the study, that figure was 88.9 percent (CI95: 74.1 percent - 91.7 percent). Out of the 86 patients enrolled in the study, 15 were microbiologically evaluable for bacteriological response. Of those, 6 reported pathogen eradication at the end of therapy (40 percent), and 8 reported presumed eradication (53.3 percent). At end of study evaluation, 9 patients showed pathogen eradication (50 percent), and 7 showed presumed eradication (38.89 percent). Therefore, negative cultures were obtained from 93.3 percent of the patients at EOT, and from 88.9 percent at the end of the study. One patient (6.67 percent of patient population) reported presumed microbiological resistance. At study end, 2 patients (11.11 percent) still reported undetermined culture. Uncontrollable vomiting and worsening pneumonia condition were reported by 2.3 percent of patients. Discussion and Conclusion Treatment based on the administration of IV azithromycin...
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Azitromicina/administração & dosagem , Ceftriaxona/administração & dosagem , Pneumonia Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Azitromicina/efeitos adversos , Ceftriaxona/efeitos adversos , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Seguimentos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of patients treated with fibrinolytics for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is subsequently submitted to surgical or percutaneous revascularization procedures during the same hospitalization. However, data comparing these procedures are scarce in the literature. The purpose of this study was to analyze the outcomes of a population with AMI who, during the in-hospital phase, received fibrinolytic therapy followed by coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: The study population included 3532 patients submitted to CABG (N=574) or PCI (N=2958), out of 15,114 patients studied in the InTIME-2 trial. Among patients treated with PCI there were no differences between those who received stents or isolated balloon angioplasty, so that their data were pooled for analysis. RESULTS: CABG and PCI groups were compared regarding all-cause mortality (at 30 days and one year post-AMI) and non-fatal events (reinfarction, need of additional post-discharge revascularization and re-hospitalization for an ischemic event) within 30 days after MI. There was no significant difference in mortality rates between the groups--both unadjusted and adjusted--at 30 days and one year post-MI. The unadjusted 30-day rates of combined fatal and non-fatal events were 10.3% for the CABG group, and 15.3% for the PCI group (odds-ratio 0.64, P=0.0017), but the adjusted odds-ratio for the combined endpoint only achieved borderline significance (P=0.048). CONCLUSION: Mortality rates for CABG and PCI were similar up to one year after AMI, but CABG tends to carry a better event-free survival in the first 30 days.
Assuntos
Angioplastia Coronária com Balão , Ponte de Artéria Coronária , Infarto do Miocárdio/terapia , Terapia Trombolítica , Idoso , Angioplastia Coronária com Balão/mortalidade , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/mortalidade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: There is uncertainty regarding the risk of major complications in patients with left ventricular (LV) infarction complicated by right ventricular (RV) involvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on hospital mortality and morbidity of right ventricular involvement among patients with acute left ventricular myocardial infarction. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cohort study, at Emergency Care Unit of Hospital Central da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. METHODS: 183 patients with acute myocardial infarction participated in this study: 145 with LV infarction alone and 38 with both LV and RV infarction. The presence of complications and hospital death were compared between groups. RESULTS: 21% of the patients studied had LV + RV infarction. In this group, involvement of the dorsal and/or inferior wall was predominant on electrocardiogram (p < 0.0001). The frequencies of Killip class IV upon admission and 24 hours later were greater in the LV + RV group, along with electrical and hemodynamic complications, among others, and death. The probability of complications among the LV + RV patients was 9.7 times greater (odds ratio, OR = 9.7468; 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.8673 to 33.1325; p < 0.0001) and probability of death was 5.1 times greater (OR = 5.13; 95% CI: 2.2795 to 11.5510; p = 0.0001), in relation to patients with LV infarction alone. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with LV infarction with RV involvement present increased risk of early morbidity and mortality.
Assuntos
Mortalidade Hospitalar , Infarto do Miocárdio/mortalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Ventrículos do Coração , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/complicações , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: There is uncertainty regarding the risk of major complications in patients with left ventricular (LV) infarction complicated by right ventricular (RV) involvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on hospital mortality and morbidity of right ventricular involvement among patients with acute left ventricular myocardial infarction. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cohort study, at Emergency Care Unit of Hospital Central da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. METHODS: 183 patients with acute myocardial infarction participated in this study: 145 with LV infarction alone and 38 with both LV and RV infarction. The presence of complications and hospital death were compared between groups. RESULTS: 21 percent of the patients studied had LV + RV infarction. In this group, involvement of the dorsal and/or inferior wall was predominant on electrocardiogram (p < 0.0001). The frequencies of Killip class IV upon admission and 24 hours later were greater in the LV + RV group, along with electrical and hemodynamic complications, among others, and death. The probability of complications among the LV + RV patients was 9.7 times greater (odds ratio, OR = 9.7468; 95 percent confidence interval, CI: 2.8673 to 33.1325; p < 0.0001) and probability of death was 5.1 times greater (OR = 5.13; 95 percent CI: 2.2795 to 11.5510; p = 0.0001), in relation to patients with LV infarction alone. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with LV infarction with RV involvement present increased risk of early morbidity and mortality.
CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O risco das principais complicações em pacientes com infarto do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) associado ao comprometimento do ventrículo direito (VD) ainda é incerto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do envolvimento do ventrículo direito na morbidade e na mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com infarto agudo do ventrículo esquerdo. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo prospectivo de coorte, realizado no Serviço de Emergência do Hospital Central da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 183 pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio: 145 com infarto do VE e 38 com infarto do VE associado ao VD (VE + VD). Foram comparados entre os grupos a presença das complicações e óbitos no período hospitalar. RESULTADOS: 21 por cento dos pacientes estudados apresentavam infarto VE + VD. Predominou o comprometimento da parede dorsal e/ou inferior (ECG) no grupo com VE + VD (p < 0.0001). A freqüência da classe IV de Killip no momento da admissão e 24 h após foi maior no grupo VE + VD, assim como as complicações elétricas, hemodinâmicas, entre outras, e óbitos. A probabilidade de complicações em pacientes com infarto VE + VD foi 9.7 vezes maior (odds ratio, OR = 9.7468; 95 por cento intervalo de confiança, IC 95 por cento 2.8673 a 33.1325; p < 0.0001) e de óbito 5.1 vezes superior (OR = 5.1313; 95 por cento IC 2.2795 a 11.5510; p = 0.0001) em relação aos pacientes com infarto isolado do VE. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com infarto VE com envolvimento do VD apresentam risco aumentado de morbidade e mortalidade precoces.