RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of intake of Brazil nut extract (BN) or sodium selenite solution on reproductive parameters of male diabetic animals. METHODS: A total of 48 Wistar rats were distributed into six groups: diabetes (n = 8); diabetes and Brazil nut extract (n = 8); diabetes and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) (n = 8); Brazil nut extract (n = 8); sodium selenite (n = 8) and control (n = 8). A single dose of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) was injected intravenously to the rats to induce diabetes. BN or Na2SeO3 were administered by gavage for 56 days. RESULTS: The diabetes caused critical alterations on body mass gain, reproductive parameters and antioxidant capacity. Treatments with both BN or Na2SeO3 were able to increase significantly the glutathione peroxidase and the daily sperm production, both in diabetic (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) and in healthy animals (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Brazil nut extract and sodium selenite were able to improve some reproductive parameters of diabetic rats. Moreover, we could infer that this effect is probably due to the natural selenium content of the BN.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate if purple carrot extract is able to protect against the noxious activities induced by cadmium exposure in multiple organs of rats. For this purpose, histopathological analysis, genotoxicity and oxidative status were investigated in this setting. A total of twenty Wistar rats weighing 250g on the average, and 8 weeks age were distributed into four groups (n=5), as follows: Control group (non-treated group, CTRL); Cadmium group (Cd) and Purple carrot extract groups at 400mg/L or 800mg/L. Histopathological analysis revealed that liver from animals treated with purple carrot extract improved tissue degeneration induced by cadmium intoxication. Genetic damage was reduced in blood and hepatocytes as depicted by comet and micronucleus assays in animals treated with purple carrot extract. SOD-CuZn and cytocrome C gene expression increased in groups treated with purple carrot extract. Purple carrot extract also reduced the 8OHdG levels in liver cells when compared to cadmium group. Taken together, our results demonstrate that purple carrot extract is able to protect against cadmium intoxication by means of reducing tissue regeneration, genotoxicity and oxidative stress in multiple organs of Wistar rats.
Assuntos
Intoxicação por Cádmio/tratamento farmacológico , Daucus carota/química , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Especificidade de Órgãos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxiguanosina , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Células da Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Intoxicação por Cádmio/metabolismo , Ensaio Cometa , Citocromos c/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Desoxiguanosina/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Testes para Micronúcleos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The aim of this crossover study was to evaluate the effect of a grape concentrate (test drink [TD]) on oxidative stress markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS], catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and glutathione [GSH]). Six triathletes had their physical fitness, body fat composition (%BF) and food intake evaluated. Afterwards, the athletes received two doses of 300 mL of the TD (45.8g of polyphenols/kg) or a placebo drink (PL), at breakfast and after a training session (100 km of cycling, 6 km of running and 1.5 km of swimming). Blood samples (5 ml) were collected after an overnight fasting, immediately after exercise, and one hour after exercise. The triathletes presented the following characteristics (mean and standard-deviation): 43.8±10.2 years old, VO2máx 45±5.15 mL/kg/min, %BF 13.6±4.2 %, training 270.8±87.1 km/week, 3.1±1.88 hours/training/day. There was a significant increase in SOD from the 1st to the 2nd (p=0.027) and 3rd (p=0.02) blood tests, in response to exercise, regardless of the drink consumed. One hour after exercise, the increase in glutathione values was greater when the PL was consumed (27.5%) in relation to the TD intake (1.8%). In both tests, exercise increased TBARS values; however, when PL was consumed, subjects' values were higher (PL=2.5±1.1 nmol/ml vs. BT=1.77±1.3 nmol/ml). When PL was consumed, mean CAT values (BT=34.2±6.9 U/mgHb vs. PL=24.6±12.5 U/mgHb) reduced from the 1st to the 2nd blood test (28.6%). TBARS, CAT and GSH values suggest that the TD presents potential to modulate exercise-induced oxidative stress.
O objetivo deste estudo crossover foi avaliar o efeito de um concentrado de uva (bebida teste - BT) sobre biomarcadores do estresse oxidativo (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico - TBARS, catalase - CAT, superóxido dismutase - SOD e glutationa - GSH). Seis triatletas do sexo masculino foram avaliados quanto à aptidão física, percentual de gordura (%G) e ingestão alimentar. Posteriormente, em duas ocasiões, os atletas receberam duas doses de 300 ml de BT (45,8g de polifenóis/kg) ou bebida placebo (PL) no desjejum e após uma sessão de treinamento (100 km de ciclismo, 6 km de corrida e 1,5 km de natação). Amostras de sangue (5 ml) foram coletadas em jejum, imediatamente após o exercício e 1h após o mesmo. Caracterização da amostra: idade: 43,8±10,2 anos, VO2máx: 45±5,15 ml/kg/min, %G: 13,6±4,2%, volume de treino: 270,8±87,1 km/semana e 3,1±1,88 horas/treino/dia. Houve aumento significativo da atividade de SOD da 1ª para as 2ª (p=0,027) e 3ª coletas (p=0,02) em resposta ao exercício, independente da bebida consumida. Os valores de GSH foram superiores 1 hora após o exercício quando houve consumo do PL (27,5%) em relação ao consumo da BT (1,8%). Ainda, o exercício elevou as concentrações de TBARS, mas no grupo PL os valores médios foram superiores (PL=2,5±1,2 nmol/ml vs. BT=1,77±1,3 nmol/ml). Em relação à atividade da CAT, os valores médios (BT=34,2±6,9 U/mgHb vs. PL=24,6±12,5 U/mgHb) foram menores quando comparadas 1ª e 2ª coletas (28,6%) para os atletas que consumiram PL. Os resultados referentes à concentração de TBARS, atividade de CAT e níveis de GSH sugerem que a BT modulou o estresse oxidativo induzido pelo exercício.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimutagenic and antigenotoxic potential of grape juice concentrate in rodent organs exposed to cadmium chloride intoxication. A total of 15 Wistar rats were distributed into three groups (n = 5), as follows: control group (CTRL; nontreated group), cadmium group (Cd), and cadmium-grape juice group (Cd + GJ). Exposed animals received intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (1.2 mg/kg body weight) diluted in water and, after 15 days, Cd + GJ group received grape juice concentrate for 15 days, by gavage (0.8 mL, 1.18 mg of polyphenols kg(-1) day(-1)). Grape juice concentrate was able to decrease genotoxic effects induced by cadmium in peripheral blood and liver cells as depicted by single cell gel (comet) and micronucleus assays. A decrease for anti-8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) expression in hepatocytes of animals exposed to cadmium and treated with grape juice concentrate was also detected. Higher CuZn-SOD activity was observed in liver cells of the Cd + GJ group. No remarkable differences were seen regarding Mn-SOD activity among groups. Taken together, our results demonstrate that grape juice concentrate was able to exert antimutagenic and antigenotoxic activities in blood and liver cells of rats exposed to cadmium.
Assuntos
Antimutagênicos/farmacologia , Bebidas , Cloreto de Cádmio/toxicidade , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Vitis/química , Animais , Dano ao DNA , Frutas/química , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/patologia , Ratos Wistar , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of long-term grape juice concentrate (GJC) consumption, in two dosages, on the reproductive parameters of cadmium-exposed male rats. The effects of the concentrate on body mass gain, plasma testosterone levels, reproductive organ weights, daily sperm production, sperm morphology, testis histopathological and histomorphometrical parameters, and testicular antioxidant markers were investigated. Wistar rats (n 54) were distributed into six groups: CdCl2; cadmium and grape juice I (1·18 g/kg per d); cadmium and grape juice II (2·36 g/kg per d); grape juice I (1·18 g/kg per d); grape juice II (2·36 g/kg per d); control. A single dose of CdCl2 (1·2 mg/kg body weight (BW)) was injected intraperitoneally and the grape juice was administered orally for 56 d. The results indicated that cadmium changed all reproductive and antioxidant parameters. At dosage I (1·18 g/kg BW), GJC consumption did not show the effects against cadmium-induced damages. In contrast, at dosage II (2·36 g/kg BW), the GJC improved the gonadosomatic index (P= 0·003), serum testosterone levels (P= 0·001), the relative weight of epididymis (P= 0·013) and ventral prostate (P= 0·052), the percentage of normal sperm (P= 0·001), and histopathological and histomorphometrical parameters. In addition, at this dosage, normalisation of the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (P= 0·001) and of testicular levels of glutathione (P= 0·03) were observed. The parameters of the non-exposed rats did not depict significant alterations. In conclusion, the product was able to act as a protector of reproductive function against cadmium-induced damage. Such a property was expressed in a dose-dependent manner as the more effective dose was dosage II. The GJC acted possibly by antioxidant mechanisms.
Assuntos
Bebidas , Intoxicação por Cádmio/fisiopatologia , Frutas , Alimento Funcional , Infertilidade Masculina/prevenção & controle , Substâncias Protetoras/uso terapêutico , Vitis , Animais , Cloreto de Cádmio/antagonistas & inibidores , Cloreto de Cádmio/toxicidade , Epididimo/efeitos dos fármacos , Epididimo/imunologia , Epididimo/patologia , Manipulação de Alimentos , Glutationa/metabolismo , Infertilidade Masculina/etiologia , Infertilidade Masculina/metabolismo , Infertilidade Masculina/patologia , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Próstata/efeitos dos fármacos , Próstata/imunologia , Próstata/patologia , Substâncias Protetoras/administração & dosagem , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/imunologia , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patologia , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease is characterised by an up-regulation of the synthesis and release of a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators leading to excessive tissue injury. Flavonoids are able to inhibit enzymes and/or due to their antioxidant properties regulate the immune response. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the mechanisms of action of phenolic compounds present in grape juice on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. A total of forty-one male Wistar rats were randomised into seven groups: negative control group; TNBS non-treated induced colitis; 2% grape juice control group; 1% grape juice 24 h after TNBS colitis induction; 1% grape juice on day 7 after colitis induction; 2% grape juice 24 h after colitis induction; 2% grape juice on day 7 after colitis induction. The 1% grape juice-treated induced colitis group showed marked clinical improvement when compared with the TNBS-induced colitis group. Rats that received 1% grape juice, on day 7 after colitis induction, presented reduced intensity of macroscopic and histological scores. Statistically significant differences (P,0·05) of TNF-a and inducible NO synthase mRNA expression were detected in the groups treated with grape juice at the 1% dose after inducing experimental colitis when compared with the TNBS group. Grape juice reduced the noxious effects induced by colitis caused by TNBS, especially at the 1% dose.
Assuntos
Bebidas/análise , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Fenóis/farmacologia , Ácido Trinitrobenzenossulfônico/toxicidade , Vitis/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Colite/patologia , Colo/patologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Masculino , Fenóis/química , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to investigate whether subchronic treatment with grape juice concentrate is able to protect the liver from high fat diet injury in rats. The effects of grape juice concentrate treatment on histopathological changes, and immunohistochemistry for p53, p16 and p21 were evaluated. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n = 18) were distributed into three groups: group 1: negative control; group 2: cholesterol at 1% (w/w) in their diet, treated during 5 weeks; and group 3: cholesterol at 1% in their chow during 5 weeks, and grape juice concentrate at 222 mg per day in their drinking-water in the last week only. RESULTS: The results pointed out that treatment with grape juice concentrate did not show remarkable differences regarding liver tissue in the cholesterol-exposed group when compared to group 2. However, grape juice concentrate was able to modulate p16 immunoexpression when compared to high fat diet group. p53 and p21 did not show any significant statistical differences among groups. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results suggest that subchronic grape juice concentrate administration was able to modulate cell cycle control by downregulation of p16 immunoexpression in high fat diet-induced liver steatosis in rats.
Assuntos
Bebidas , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Fígado Gorduroso/tratamento farmacológico , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Vitis , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fígado Gorduroso/etiologia , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Frutas , Imuno-Histoquímica , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de Tempo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
The goal of the present study was to investigate whether subchronic treatment with grape juice concentrate is able to protect liver and peripheral blood cells against cholesterol-induced injury in rats. The effects of the grape juice concentrate treatment on histopathological changes, immunohistochemistry for cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), and basal and oxidative DNA damage induced by H2O2 using a single-cell gel (comet) assay were evaluated. Male Wistar rats (n 18) were divided into three groups: group 1--negative control; group 2--cholesterol at 1 % (w/w) in their diet, treated for 5 weeks; group 3--cholesterol at 1 % in their chow, treated for 5 weeks, and grape juice concentrate at 222 mg/d in their drinking-water in the final week only. The results indicated that the treatment with grape juice concentrate did not show remarkable differences regarding liver tissue in group 3 compared with group 2. However, grape juice concentrate was able to decrease oxidative DNA damage induced by H2O2 in peripheral blood cells, as depicted by the tail moment results. COX-2 expression in the liver did not show statistically significant differences (P>0·05) between groups. Taken together, the present results suggest that the administration of subchronic grape juice concentrate prevents oxidative DNA damage in peripheral blood cells.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Células Sanguíneas/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fitoterapia , Vitis , Animais , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Colesterol na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Ensaio Cometa , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Dieta Aterogênica , Frutas , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Hipercolesterolemia/imunologia , Hipercolesterolemia/patologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Preparações de Plantas/farmacologia , Preparações de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Food handlers play an important role in the prevention of food-bornediseases. The objectives of this study were to assess the socio-educationalprofi le, knowledge and risk perception about food hygiene of food handlersin commercial restaurants. Forty-two commercial restaurants wererandomly selected in the city of Santos / SP. As a tool for data collection,a questionnaire based on Frewer, Shepherd e Sparks (1994) and adaptedto the Brazilian standards by Schattan (2006) was used. It was dividedinto three parts: A - demographic and educational interview; B - 17 multiplechoice questionnaire and C - four questions about risk perception on foodhygiene. As a result, 49 food handlers, aged 17-60 years, both male andfemale, were interviewed. The average age was 36 years and the mostprevalent level of education corresponded to those who had fi nishedelementary school (35%). Amongst the food handlers, 54% received trainingon Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), which had occurred during theprevious year for 27% of them. The average level of knowledge correspondedto 63% correct answers and the average level of risk perception was 6.4cm. The question about the correct procedure for disinfection of vegetablesand legumes received the lower percentage of correct answers (19%),showing also the lowest level of risk perception. This study demonstratedlack of knowledge and low risk perception of food handlers about somefood hygiene issues and the importance of emphasizing the concept of riskperception in the training program.
Los manipuladores de alimentos tienen unaparticipación relevante en la prevención de lastoxiinfecciones alimentares. Los objetivos delpresente estudio fueron evaluar el perfi l socioeducacional, el conocimiento y la percepcióndel riesgo sobre higiene alimentar de losmanipuladores de alimentos de restaurantescomerci a l e s . Fue ron se l e ccionadosaleatoriamente 42 restaurantes comerciales dela ciudad de Santos (São Paulo, Brasil). Lacolecta de datos fue realizada utilizando uncuestionario basado en Frewer, Shepherd eSparks (1994), adaptado a las normas brasileñaspor Schattan (2006) y que se divide en trespartes: A ? datos demográfi cos y de estudios; B- 17 preguntas de opción múltiple; C - cuatropreguntas sobre la percepción del riesgo. Lamuestra consistió en 59 preparadores de ambossexos, con 17 a 60 años de edades y promediode edad de 36 años. Prevalecía el nivel deenseñanza primaria completa (35%). Losresultados mostraron que 54% de los entrevistadoshabía recibido capacitación en Buenas Prácticasde Producción (BPP) y para el 27% de ellos,hacía menos de un año. El nivel promedio deconocimiento fue de 63% de aciertos y el nivelpromedio de percepción del riesgo fue de 6,4 cm.La pregunta sobre el procedimiento correcto dehigienización de verduras crudas obtuvo elpromedio más bajo de aciertos (19%) y también,la menor percepción del riesgo. El presenteestudio demostró falta de conocimiento ypercepción de riesgo en cuestiones de higienealimentaria y la importancia de capacitar a lospreparadores de alimentos sobre estos aspectosasociados a la producción de alimentos.
Os manipuladores de alimentos têm participaçãorelevante na prevenção de toxinfeções alimentares. Os objetivos do presente estudoforam avaliar o perfil socioeducacional, oconhecimento e a percepção de risco sobre higiene alimentar de manipuladores de alimentos em restaurantes comerciais. Para tanto, foramescolhidos aleatoriamente 42 restaurantes comerciais no município de Santos/SP. Comoinstrumento de coleta de dados foi utilizado umquestionário baseado em Frewer, Shepherd e Sparks (1994) e adaptado para as normas brasileiras por Schattan (2006), dividido em três partes: A - dados demográfi cos e educacionais;B - 17 questões de múltipla escolha e C - quatro questões sobre percepção de risco em higiene dealimentos. A amostra compreendeu 59 manipuladores, na faixa etária de 17 a 60 anos, de ambos os sexos. A média de idadedos manipuladores foi de 36 anos e escolaridadeprevalente foi ensino fundamental completo (35%). Os resultados apontaram que, dos entrevistados, 54% receberam treinamento emBoas Práticas de Produção (BPP), sendo que para 27% havia ocorrido há menos de um ano.A média do nível de conhecimento foi de 63%de acertos e a média do nível de percepção de risco foi de 6,4cm. A questão sobre o procedimento correto de higienização de verduras e legumes foi a que obteve menor percentual de acertos(19%), como também mostrou o menor nível de percepção de risco. O presente estudo mostrou baixo conhecimento e percepção de risco sobrequestões relativas à higiene de alimentos e à importância da capacitação de manipuladores quanto à percepção dos riscos associados à produção de alimentos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Higiene dos Alimentos , Risco à Saúde Humana , Manipulação de Alimentos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Restaurantes , Estudos Transversais , Desinfecção das MãosRESUMO
O presente estudo surgiu a partir da necessidade de verificar as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos restaurantes comerciais da Baixada Santista, face à nova Legislação Federal RDC n. 216, criada em 15 de setembro de 2004. os objetivos desta investigação foram avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos restaurantes e levantar o perfil sócio-econômico de seus proprietários. A amostra compreendeu 14 restaurantes do tipo self-service, misto e à la carte nas cidades de Santos (4), Guarujá (3), Itanhaém (3) e Cubatão (4). Para avaliação higiênico-sanitária foi utilizada uma Ficha de Inspeção baseada nas CVS 06/1999 e RDC n°216/2004, contendo 160 itens e dividida em 5 blocos: condições físicas e edificações, higiene ambiental, higiene pessoal, higiene de alimentos e registro e documentação. Para verificar o perfil sócio-econômico dos proprietários foi aplicado um questionário com 17 questões. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem de conformidade geral variou entre 33 por cento e 66 por cento e a adequação por blocos entre 7 por cento e 62 por cento. O Bloco 5, Registros e Documentação, apresentou o mais baixo índice de conformidade (7%). Ele continha 10 itens, sendo que dos 14 restaurantes inspecionados, 4 estavam em conformidade em até 5 itens do bloco e os demais restaurantes (10) não possuíam nenhum dos registros ou documentos assinalados. O resultado do questionário revelou que em todos os 14 restaurantes o responsável técnico (RT) é o próprio proprietário. Eles têm idade média de 48 anos e 64% (9) são do sexo masculino. Nove (64%) proprietários são nascidos do Estado de São Paulo, e dez (71 %) possuem o ensino médio completo. Dez proprietários (71 %) já apresentavam experiência a mais de 3 anos como RT e também já havia trabalhado com alimentos antes; cerca de 71 % (10) não havia recebido qualquer treinamento de Boas Práticas. [...](AU)
The present study emerged from the need to verify the sanitary conditions in commercial restaurants at the Baixada Santista, due to the new legislation; RDC 216/2004, created on September 15,2004. The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the sanitary conditions of the restaurants and to find the social-economic profile of its owners. The sample comprehended 14 restaurants self service, mixed and a la carte in the cities of Santos (4), Guarujá (3), Itanhaém (3) e Cubatão (4). For the evaluation of the sanitary conditions a check-list based on the CVS 06/1999 e RDC nº216/2004 was used. It contained 160 items divided in 5 groups: edification, environmental hygiene, personal hygiene, food hygiene and documentation. For the profile data, a questionnaire with 17 items was applied. The results showed that the general compliance varied between 33 and 66% and the compliance per group between 7 and 62%. The group Documentation showed the lowest compliance index (7%). It contained 10 items: 4 restaurants showed compliance for no more than 5 of those items and the other 10 restaurants had no compliance at allin this group. The results of the questionnaire revealed that in all 14 restaurants the technical responsible (TR)is the owner himself. They are 48 years old average, nine of them are male (64%), and the same number is born inthe State of São Paulo. Ten (71%) have concluded high-school and the same number had more than 3 years experience working in food service. Ten (71%) had no previous food hygiene or good-practices training. It is possibleto conclude that the general compliance rate was low. [...](AU)