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In the present study, we show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect palatine tonsils, adenoids, and secretions in children without symptoms of COVID-19, with no history of recent upper airway infection. We studied 48 children undergoing tonsillectomy due to snoring/OSA or recurrent tonsillitis between October 2020 and September 2021. Nasal cytobrushes, nasal washes, and tonsillar tissue fragments obtained at surgery were tested by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, and neutralization assay. We detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in at least one specimen tested in 27% of patients. IHC revealed the presence of the viral nucleoprotein in epithelial surface and in lymphoid cells in both extrafollicular and follicular regions, in adenoids and palatine tonsils. Also, IHC for the SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein NSP-16 indicated the presence of viral replication in 53.8% of the SARS-CoV-2-infected tissues. Flow cytometry showed that CD20+ B lymphocytes were the most infected phenotypes, followed by CD4+ lymphocytes and CD123 dendritic cells, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and CD14+ macrophages. Additionally, IF indicated that infected tonsillar tissues had increased expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. NGS sequencing demonstrated the presence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants in tonsils from different tissues. SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection was not restricted to tonsils but was also detected in nasal cells from the olfactory region. Palatine tonsils and adenoids are sites of prolonged RNA presence by SARS-CoV-2 in children, even without COVID-19 symptoms. IMPORTANCE This study shows that SRS-CoV-2 of different lineages can infect tonsils and adenoids in one quarter of children undergoing tonsillectomy. These findings bring advancement to the area of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, by showing that tonsils may be sites of prolonged infection, even without evidence of recent COVID-19 symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 infection of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells may interfere with the mounting of immune responses in these secondary lymphoid organs. Moreover, the shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in respiratory secretions from silently infected children raises concern about possible diagnostic confusion in the presence of symptoms of acute respiratory infections caused by other etiologies.

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a hyperinflammatory state and lymphocytopenia, a hallmark that appears as both signature and prognosis of disease severity outcome. Although cytokine storm and a sustained inflammatory state are commonly associated with immune cell depletion, it is still unclear whether direct SARS-CoV-2 infection of immune cells could also play a role in this scenario by harboring viral replication. We found that monocytes, as well as both B and T lymphocytes, were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, accumulating double-stranded RNA consistent with viral RNA replication and ultimately leading to expressive T cell apoptosis. In addition, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 was frequently detected in monocytes and B lymphocytes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The rates of SARS-CoV-2-infected monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from COVID-19 patients increased over time from symptom onset, with SARS-CoV-2-positive monocytes, B cells, and CD4+ T lymphocytes also detected in postmortem lung tissue. These results indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection of blood-circulating leukocytes in COVID-19 patients might have important implications for disease pathogenesis and progression, immune dysfunction, and virus spread within the host.

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A growing body of work has demonstrated the importance of ongoing oscillatory neural activity in sensory processing and the generation of sensorimotor behaviors. It has been shown, for several different brain areas, that sensory-evoked neural oscillations are generated from the modulation by sensory inputs of inherent self-sustained neural activity (SSA). This letter contributes to that strand of research by introducing a methodology to investigate how much of the sensory-evoked oscillatory activity is generated by SSA and how much is generated by sensory inputs within the context of sensorimotor behavior in a computational model. We develop an abstract model consisting of a network of three Kuramoto oscillators controlling the behavior of a simulated agent performing a categorical perception task. The effects of sensory inputs and SSAs on sensory-evoked oscillations are quantified by the cross product of velocity vectors in the phase space of the network under different conditions (disconnected without input, connected without input, and connected with input). We found that while the agent is carrying out the task, sensory-evoked activity is predominantly generated by SSA (93.10%) with much less influence from sensory inputs (6.90%). Furthermore, the influence of sensory inputs can be reduced by 10.4% (from 6.90% to 6.18%) with a decay in the agent's performance of only 2%. A dynamical analysis shows how sensory-evoked oscillations are generated from a dynamic coupling between the level of sensitivity of the network and the intensity of the input signals. This work may suggest interesting directions for neurophysiological experiments investigating how self-sustained neural activity influences sensory input processing, and ultimately affects behavior.

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OBJECTIVE: to characterize surgical hospitalizations, length of stay, cost and mortality, according to the legal nature (public and private) of the hospital institution linked to the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). Method: a descriptive study, of the survey type, with retrospective data collection (2008 to 2017) and a quantitative approach. The dependent variables surgical hospitalizations in Brazil, costs, length of stay and mortality and the independent variables regime/legal nature (public and private) were obtained from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System. The Mann-Whitney test was used for analysis. RESULTS: the average number of hospitalizations through the Unified Health System was 4,214,083 hospitalizations/year, 53.5% occurred in private hired hospitals and 46.5% in public hospitals (p=0.001). The financial transfer was greater for the private sector (60.6%) against 39.4% for the public (p=0.001). The average stay was 4.5 days in the public hospital and 3.1 days in its private counterpart (p<0.001). Mortality was higher in the public (1.8%) than in the private hospital (1.4%) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: there was predominance of surgical hospitalizations through the Unified Health System in private hospitals with greater financial transfer to this sector, to the detriment of the public. The diverse evidence produced contributes to the debate and actions to avoid budgetary asphyxiation in the public sector in favor of the private sector.

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Introdução: Atualmente, o conceito de lipoaspiração de alta definição (LAD ou Lipo HD), tem aceitação cada vez maior. Porém, percebemos a busca de pacientes por resultados com marcação não tão vigorosa, especialmente na região abdominal, o que temos chamado de lipoaspiração de média definição ou Lipo MD. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma série de casos clínicos realizados pela técnica de Lipo MD, utilizando método convencional de lipoaspiração. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo onde os pacientes foram submetidos à lipoaspiração para obter a definição abdominal, sob as linhas alba, semilunar e interseções tendíneas. Utilizamos no curativo, tubos de silicone cilíndricos e maleáveis. Resultados: Foram inclusos 107 casos, dos quais 85 completaram o seguimento de 6 meses. Após 6 meses, os resultados foram considerados bons por todos os pacientes e equipe médica. Discussão: O conceito de Lipo HD é recente e vem recebendo aceitação crescente. A busca por resultados mais naturais e suaves, levou ao desenvolvimento do termo lipoaspiração de média ou moderada definição (Lipo MD). Acreditamos que todo cirurgião plástico pode realizar este acabamento adicional de definição abdominal, com seu método de preferência de lipoaspiração, seja de baixa energia (seringa, aspirador e vibrolipoaspirador), ou alta energia (laserlipoaspiração ou lipoultrassônica), podendo utilizar tubos de silicone para maior aderência da pele à aponeurose e melhor definir os sulcos formados. Conclusão: Foi descrito técnica de lipoaspiração abdominal de média definição (Lipo MD), utilizando método convencional de lipoaspiração, nas linhas alba e semilunar, bem como das interseções tendíneas do músculo reto abdominal.

Introduction: Currently, the concept of high-definition liposuction (HDL or HD Lipo) is increasingly accepted. However, we noticed patients' search for results with not-sovigorous marking, especially in the abdominal region, what we have called medium-definition liposuction or MD Lipo. This study aims to present a series of clinical cases performed by the MD Lipo technique, using the conventional liposuction method. Methods: Retrospective study where patients underwent liposuction to obtain abdominal definition under the linea alba, semilunaris and tendinous intersections. We use cylindrical and malleable silicone tubes in the dressing. Results: One hundred and seven cases were included, of which 85 completed the 6-month follow-up. After 6 months, the results were considered good by all patients and medical staff. Discussion: The concept of HD Lipo is recent and has been receiving increasing acceptance. The search for more natural and smooth results led to developing the term medium or moderate definition liposuction (MD Lipo). We believe that every plastic surgeon can perform this additional abdominal definition finish with his preferred method of liposuction, either low energy (syringe, liposuction device and vibroliposuction device) or high energy (laser liposuction or ultrasonic liposuction). We can use silicone tubes to better adherence of the skin to aponeurosis and better define the grooves formed. Conclusion: The technique of medium definition abdominal liposuction (MD Lipo) has been described, using the conventional method of liposuction, in the alba and semilunaris lines and the tendinous intersections of the rectus abdominis muscle.

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RESUMO O conflito fundamental da saúde em sociedades capitalistas - direito social versus mercadoria - também se expressa no interior do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Este trabalho analisou a relação público-privado na oferta de serviços ambulatoriais especializados pelo SUS no estado do Paraná, no período de 1995 a 2015, em comparação com a realidade nacional. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, com procedimentos selecionados, a partir da coleta de dados no Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais (SIA), por meio da plataforma do Datasus Tabnet On-line nos anos de 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 e 2015. Os resultados demonstram que a atenção ambulatorial especializada, secundária e terciária, sofreu ampliação nas duas décadas, acompanhando a expansão do SUS. O percentual de participação privada é, em geral, minoritária nos serviços de média complexidade e majoritária nos de alta complexidade, sendo que, no Paraná, o grau de privatização é consideravelmente maior que no âmbito nacional. Assim, diferentemente do preconizado constitucionalmente, em vários serviços e áreas do SUS, o público é que assume o papel de complementar ao privado. Discutem-se os possíveis impactos da privatização interna do SUS sobre seus limites em se constituir como sistema universal, integral e igualitário.

ABSTRACT The fundamental conflict of health in capitalist societies – social right versus commodity – is also expressed within the Unified Health System (SUS). This research analyzed the public-private relationship in the provision of specialized outpatient services by the SUS in the state of Paraná, from 1995 to 2015, in comparison with the national reality. A descriptive study was carried out, with selected procedures, with data collected in the Outpatient Information System (SIA) through the Datasus Tabnet On-line platform in the years 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015. The results demonstrate that specialized outpatient care, secondary and tertiary, has expanded over the past two decades, following the expansion of SUS. The percentage of private participation is, in general, minority in the medium complexity services and majority in the high complexity services, and in Paraná the degree of privatization is considerably higher than at the national scope. Thus, differently from what is constitutionally recommended, in various services and areas of the SUS, it is the public that assumes the role of complementing the private. The possible impacts of the internal privatization of SUS on its limits on constituting itself as a universal, comprehensive and equal system are discussed.

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Objective: to characterize surgical hospitalizations, length of stay, cost and mortality, according to the legal nature (public and private) of the hospital institution linked to the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). Method: a descriptive study, of the survey type, with retrospective data collection (2008 to 2017) and a quantitative approach. The dependent variables surgical hospitalizations in Brazil, costs, length of stay and mortality and the independent variables regime/legal nature (public and private) were obtained from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System. The Mann-Whitney test was used for analysis. Results: the average number of hospitalizations through the Unified Health System was 4,214,083 hospitalizations/year, 53.5% occurred in private hired hospitals and 46.5% in public hospitals (p=0.001). The financial transfer was greater for the private sector (60.6%) against 39.4% for the public (p=0.001). The average stay was 4.5 days in the public hospital and 3.1 days in its private counterpart (p<0.001). Mortality was higher in the public (1.8%) than in the private hospital (1.4%) (p<0.001). Conclusion: there was predominance of surgical hospitalizations through the Unified Health System in private hospitals with greater financial transfer to this sector, to the detriment of the public. The diverse evidence produced contributes to the debate and actions to avoid budgetary asphyxiation in the public sector in favor of the private sector.

Objetivo: caracterizar as internações cirúrgicas, permanência, custo e mortalidade, conforme a natureza jurídica (público e privado) da instituição hospitalar ligada ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo levantamento, com coleta de dados retrospectiva (2008 a 2017) e abordagem quantitativa. As variáveis dependentes internações cirúrgicas ocorridas no Brasil, custos, permanência e mortalidade e as variáveis independentes regime/natureza jurídica (público e privado) foram obtidas do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi empregado para análise. Resultados: a média das internações pelo Sistema Único de Saúde foi de 4.214.083 internações/ ano, 53,5% ocorridas nos hospitais privados contratados e 46,5% em hospitais públicos (p=0,001). O repasse financeiro foi maior para o setor privado (60,6%) contra 39,4% para os públicos (p=0,001). A média de permanência foi de 4,5 dias no público e 3,1 dias no privado (p<0,001). A mortalidade foi maior no público (1,8%) do que no privado (1,4%) (p<0,001). Conclusão: houve predomínio das internações cirúrgicas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde nos hospitais privados com repasse financeiro maior para este setor em detrimento do público. As evidências produzidas contribuem para o debate e ações para evitar o asfixiamento orçamentário do setor público em privilégio do privado.

Objetivo: caracterizar los ingresos quirúrgicos, la estancia, el costo y la mortalidad, según la naturaleza jurídica (público y privado) del hospital vinculado al Sistema Único de Salud. Método: se trata de estudio descriptivo, tipo encuesta, con recolección de datos retrospectiva (2008 a 2017) y enfoque cuantitativo. Las variables dependientes ingresos quirúrgicos en Brasil, costos, estancia y mortalidad y las variables independientes régimen/naturaleza jurídica (público y privado) se obtuvieron del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud. Para el análisis se utilizó la prueba de MannWhitney. Resultados: el promedio de hospitalizaciones a través del Sistema Único de Salud fue de 4.214.083 hospitalizaciones/ año, 53,5% ocurrieron en hospitales privados contratados y 46,5% en hospitales públicos (p=0,001). La transferencia financiera fue mayor para el sector privado (60,6%) y del 39,4% para el público (p=0,001). La estancia media fue de 4,5 días en el público y 3,1 días en el privado (p<0,001). La mortalidad fue mayor en los hospitales públicos (1,8%) que en los privados (1,4%) (p<0,001). Conclusión: hubo un predominio de los ingresos quirúrgicos a través del Sistema Único de Salud en los hospitales privados con mayor transferencia económica a este sector en detrimento de la población. La evidencia producida contribuye al debate y las acciones para evitar la asfixia presupuestaria del sector público que privilegia al sector privado.

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BACKGROUND: New regenerative treatments have emerged with the use of multipotent mesenchymal cells, with special interest in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). In recent years, studies that have sought to identify possible quantitative or qualitative differences in ADSCs derived from different donor subcutaneous adipose tissue have shown divergent results making the determination of a preferential donor area still considered inconclusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The number of ADSCs present in the adipose tissue collected by liposuction was quantified between five different body areas from 17 women, by means of the CFU-F assay and to investigate possible qualitative differences in the ADSCs from these different areas by analyzing: cell surface markers, cell kinetics, action of the supernatant produced by ADSCs from different body areas on fibroblast migration and, finally, differences in the secretome present in the supernatant produced by these cells. RESULTS: The highest mean concentration of CFU-Fs was the dorsum (23.20 ± 26.13), and the lowest was the thighs (6.87 ± 5.04). No qualitative differences were observed in the expression of the cell surface markers or in cell kinetics. Supernatants produced by the ADSCs derived from the abdomen and the thighs demonstrated an increased rate of migration of fibroblasts in vitro similarly. No differences were observed in the secretome between the ADSCs groups. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that the region of the dorsal upper back presented a greater number of ADSCs than the thighs. No qualitative differences were observed between the ADSCs of the five areas analyzed. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

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During zika and dengue viruse (ZIKV and DENV) outbreaks, the majority of the infected individuals remain clinically asymptomatic. Such asymptomatic individuals may occasionally acquire both arboviruses, donate blood, and contaminate haemoderivatives. The aim of this study was to characterize a ZIKV/DENV-4 coinfection in asymptomatic blood donor who donated blood during a large mixed ZIKV/DENV outbreak in the Säo Paulo State, Brazil. On the basis of post-donation information, one blood donor sample was found positive for ZIKV and DENV RNA. The DENV molecular serotyping was performed by molecular testing. The sample was also titrated on VERO E6 cells in order to define the presence of infectious arboviruses. The real-time PCR testing of the blood donor sample demonstrated very high viral load for both ZIKV and DENV. Further, molecular serotyping of DENV showed that the presence of DENV-4. The viral titration in cell culture indicated a titre of 2.75x10[6] PFU/ml which was concordant with the presence of infectious viruses in the blood donation. This is an interesting report for the simultaneous presence of infectious ZIKV and DENV-4 in asymptomatic blood sample. Special attention must be paid during mixed arboviral outbreaks for the possibility of transfusion-transmission of multiple arboviral agents.

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Introdução: A cirurgia de mama, especialmente as associadas aos implantes de silicone, teve uma crescente popularização, tornando-se a cirurgia plástica mais realizada no mundo. Junto com esta proliferação, observa-se um aumento da preocupação com a segurança dos implantes mamários de silicone, pelas intercorrências relacionadas. Objetivo: Revisar métodos existentes para minimizar as complicações relacionadas com implante mamário de silicone, bem como as tecnologias existentes e tendências tecnológicas para implantes mamários de silicone. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão de artigos científicos relacionados com novas tecnologias e tendências para redução das complicações relacionadas com implantes mamários de silicone, bem como as patentes e fabricantes de implante de silicone mamário. Resultados: Identificamos inicialmente 78 referências, sendo reduzido para 40 para publicação, todos com linhas de pesquisas que buscam melhores resultados e redução das complicações relacionadas com implantes de silicone, seja esta cirurgia com objetivo estético ou reconstrutivo. Conclusão: A busca por um implante mamário que reduza as possíveis e frequentes complicações, principalmente a formação do biofilme, processos infecciosos e resposta imune, é o foco da maioria das pesquisas encontradas. Com o mesmo objetivo, porém surgindo mais recentemente como alternativas, existem as pesquisas para o uso de matriz dérmica acelular e a lipoenxertia, com boas expectativas.

Introduction: Breast surgery with silicone implants is gaining popularity and has become the most performed plastic surgery worldwide. However, there is increasing concern about the safety of silicone breast implants due to associated complications. Objective: To review existing technologies, technological trends, and existing methods to minimize complications related to silicone breast implants. Methods: We conducted a literature review of articles describing new technologies and trends to reduce complications related to silicone breast implants, along with information on patents and manufacturers of silicone breast implants. Results: We initially identified 78 articles, out of which 40 were shortlisted for publication . All articles had a common aim of obtaining better results and reducing complications related to silicone implants, either in aesthetic or reconstructive surgeries. Conclusion: The search for a breast implant that reduces possible and frequent complications, especially biofilm formation, infectious processes, and abnormal immune response, was the focus of most articles studied. Acellular dermal matrix and fat grafting have been reported in the literature as promising alternatives.

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