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BACKGROUND: Including adequate concentrations of antioxidants in dog diets has been recommended to reduce their vulnerability to the action of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress in dogs has been associated with a wide range of diseases and disorders, as well as with ageing. There are few reports about the influence of diet on dog's antioxidant profile and oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of four types of dry dog food on the oxidative/antioxidant profile of dogs. METHODS: Six Beagle dog males were used. The study included four experimental diets (dry foods A-D). Each dry food was supplied for 5 weeks to all dogs, for a total of 24 weeks, including an adaptation week between one food and another. For each dry dog food, the total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Each week, a blood sample was collected to measure ROS and TAC of plasma. A crossover repeated measures design was used. Mixed models were adjusted, and means were compared using the Tukey test. RESULTS: Food A had the highest values for TPC and TAC. Food C had the lowest levels of ROS, whereas food B had the highest TAC in the blood plasma. The dog had a significant influence on the redox state of its blood plasma, even when the same dog was fed the different dry foods. CONCLUSION: Dry dog food influences the oxidative/antioxidant profile of dog's blood plasma; however, this seems to be unrelated to the antioxidant profile of the food.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Estresse Oxidativo , Masculino , Cães , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Oxirredução , Dieta/veterináriaRESUMO
Resumen: La aloinmunización es una respuesta biológica frente a la exposición de antígenos no propios. La gestación, las transfusiones de hemocomponentes, los trasplantes de órganos sólidos y células hematopoyéticas, así como el consumo de drogas intravenosas exponen a las pacientes al desarrollo de aloanticuerpos antieritrocitarios. El hallazgo de los mismos debe cumplir con las instancias diagnósticas para identificar la probabilidad de estar asociados a enfermedad hemolítica feto neonatal (EHFN) y su oportuna derivación a policlínica de alto riesgo obstétrico (ARO) para su correcto seguimiento. Es fundamental que sean los laboratorios de inmunohematología de los servicios de hemoterapia y medicina transfusional los encargados de los estudios diagnósticos de aloinmunización eritrocitaria(1). En este sentido hemos elaborado esta guía con el objetivo de protocolizar de manera multidisciplinaria el manejo de las embarazadas aloinmunizadas y sus recién nacidos.
Abstract: Alloimmunization is the biological response to exposure to non-HLA antigens. Pregnancy, transfusion of blood components, solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantation, as well as intravenous drug use expose patients to the development of anti-erythrocyte antibodies. When the latter are found, they must match diagnostic criteria to identify the potential association to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) and its timely referral to the high-risk obstetric risk polyclinic for due follow-up. It is of the essence for erythrocyte alloimmunization diagnostic tests to be carried out by the immunohematology laboratories of the Hemotherapy and Transfusional Medicine services. To that end, we have prepared these guidelines with the purpose of providing a multidisciplinary protocol for the handling of maternal alloimmunization and alloimmunization of the newborn.
Resumo: A aloimunização é uma resposta biológica à exposição a antígenos não próprios. A gravidez, as transfusões de hemocomponentes, os transplantes de órgãos sólidos e células hematopoiéticas, bem como o uso de drogas intravenosas expõem os pacientes ao desenvolvimento de anticorpos antieritrocitários. O achado destes deve obedecer a critérios diagnósticos para identificar a doença e a probabilidade de estarem associados a doença hemolítica feto neonatal (DHPN) e seu encaminhamento oportuno para uma unidade de alto risco obstétrico para acompanhamento adequado. É fundamental que os laboratórios de imuno-hematologia dos serviços de Hemoterapia e Medicina Transfusional se encarreguem dos estudos diagnósticos da aloimunização eritrocitária. Elaboramos este guia com o objetivo de estabelecer um protocolo multidisciplinar para o manejo de gestantes aloimunizadas e seus recém-nascidos.
Assuntos
Isoimunização Rh , Eritroblastose Fetal , Complicações na GravidezRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: La anticoncepción hormonal, a través de implantes subdérmicos, es uno de los métodos anticonceptivos reversibles de larga duración más eficaces en la actualidad que está disponible en nuestro país en forma gratuita en el sistema público. OBJETIVO: Reconocer los efectos adversos y los motivos de retiro del Implante Jadelle® en usuarias del Hospital de Clínicas, así como evaluar la información recibida por las usuarias al momento de la colocación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Un total de 160 pacientes participaron en el estudio a través de una encuesta previo consentimiento informado. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva en números absolutos y porcentuales. Resultados: Previo al uso, recibieron información sobre los probables efectos adversos del método el 83% de ellas, y acerca de la efectividad del método el 89 %. En cuanto a efectos adversos los presentaron el 80,6% de las usuarias, siendo la irregularidad de la menstruación la causa más frecuente constituyendo un 61%. CONCLUSIONES: Es alta la frecuencia de pacientes que presentan efectos adversos y que solicitan retiro del implante antes del tiempo a causa de ello, 35% de las usuarias, siendo el principal motivo la irregularidad menstrual en un 43% de los casos. Es recomendable realizar un correcto asesoramiento previo a la colocación e incentivar a las pacientes a concurrir a los controles médicos, luego de la colocación, para brindar asesoramiento y tratamiento si se presentara algún efecto adverso, con el fin de obtener una mejor continuidad de uso del método.
INTRODUCTION: Hormonal contraception, through subdermal implants, is one of the most effective long active reversal contraceptive methods currently available in our country for free in the public system. OBJETIVE: Recognize the adverse effects and the reasons for its withdrawal in users of the Hospital de Clínicas as well as to evaluate the information received by the users at the time of placement. METHODOLOGY: A total of 160 patients participated in the work with prior informed consent through a survey. Descriptive statistics were used in absolute and percentage numbers. They received information on the probable adverse effects of the 83% pre-use method, about the effectiveness of the 89% method. RESULTS: Regarding adverse effects, they were present in 80.6% of the users; the being irregularity of menstruation is the most frequent, constituting 61%. Concluding that the frequency of patients presenting with adverse effects and requesting removal of the implant before the time is high because of it, 35% of the users who requested removal menstrual irregularities were the main reason for 43% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: It is advisable to make a correct advice prior to placement and encourage patients to attend medical controls, after placement, to provide advice and treatment if any adverse effect occurs, in order to give better use in terms of method time.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Anticoncepcionais Femininos/efeitos adversos , Remoção de Dispositivo , Implantes de Medicamento/efeitos adversos , Progesterona/administração & dosagem , Progesterona/efeitos adversos , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Levanogestrel/administração & dosagem , Levanogestrel/efeitos adversos , Anticoncepção/métodos , Anticoncepcionais Femininos/administração & dosagem , MotivaçãoRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In Colombia, the only authorized treatment to cure snakebite envenomation is with the use of antivenom. The antivenom neutralizes the systemic effects properly, but is not very effective at neutralizing local effects, thus several cases have lead to complications. On the other hand, rural communities turn to the use of plants that are easily accessible and available for basic health care. One of these plants is named Piper auritum (PA), which is traditionally highlighted in some indigenous communities of Antioquia and Chocó. AIM OF THE STUDY: The main objective of this work was to characterize the venom's toxicity by determining the Minimum Edema Dose (MED), the Minimum Coagulant Dose-Plasma (MCD-P), the Minimum Hemorrhagic Dose (MHD) and to determine the neutralizing power of the Total Ethanolic Extract (TEE) from leaves of PA on the localized and systemic effects caused by the Bothrops rhombeatus venom. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To begin, the minimum dose that causes edema-forming, coagulant and hemorrhagic activities was determined. The protocols investigated include coagulant and edematic activities caused by the venom of Bothrops rhombeatus which were neutralized by the TEE of PA. RESULTS: The MCD-P was found to be 0.206⯱â¯0.026⯵g, the MED is the same at 0.768⯱â¯0.065⯵g, and the MHD is 3.553⯱â¯0.292⯵g, which are different from the reports for Bothrops asper and Bothrops ayerbei. Next, a phytochemical screening was done to the TEE where mainly triterpenes, steroids, coumarins, saponins, and lignans were identified. Also present were 43,733⯱â¯2106â¯mg AG/g ES of phenols, which are secondary metabolites that are probably responsible for the neutralization of coagulant and edematic activities at rates of 2363.870⯵L and 1787.708⯵L of extract/mg of venom, respectively. As a comparative parameter, the National Institute Health's (NHI) effective dose of the antivenom was used as a comparative parameter. In addition, we determined the toxicity of the TEE of PA on to Artemia salina, being moderately toxic at 6 and 24â¯h, while the essential oil of PA at the same observation hours is in the extremely toxic range. CONCLUSIONS: The results reflect that the extract of P. auritum has an anti-inflammatory effect similar to that of the NIH serum. It could be used as a complement of NIH antivenom, using them together so it contributes to effectively reduce inflammation and the socio-economic impact generated by the permanence of a patient victim of snakebite in health centers. CLASSIFICATIONS: Immunological products and vaccines.
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Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Antivenenos/uso terapêutico , Venenos de Crotalídeos/toxicidade , Piper , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anticoagulantes/química , Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Antivenenos/química , Antivenenos/farmacologia , Artemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Bothrops , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Etanol/química , Hemorragia/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Mordeduras de Serpentes/tratamento farmacológico , Solventes/químicaRESUMO
Nutritional immunology combines two areas of knowledge that did not interact until recently. One of the best examples studied to date is the bovine rumen. The symbiotic relationship between the host and rumen microorganisms can be altered causing a breakdown of immunological tolerance and imbalance of animal homeostasis. Dietary inclusion of supplements rich in non-structural carbohydrates is required for high yielding cows to meet their energy requirements. However, the use of those diets can lead to substantial changes in the rumen ecosystem, reducing the pH and promoting the development of subacute rumen acidosis. This generates lysis of gram-negative bacteria, release of lipopolysaccharides, breaking of immune tolerance, and activation of a cascade of inflammatory mediators with systemic effects that affect milk yield and quality. The gastrointestinal tract is the most important place where lipopolysaccharides are produced and its translocation mechanism from the rumen to peripheral circulation is still controversial. This review proposes a biological model integrating nutritional and immunological aspects of production, absorption, and mechanisms of action of lipopolysaccharides and its effects on milk production and compositional quality.
La inmunología nutricional combina dos áreas del conocimiento que no interactuaban hasta hace algunos años. Uno de los mejores ejemplos estudiados hasta la fecha lo constituye el rumen bovino. La relación simbiótica entre hospedero y microorganismos ruminales puede alterarse provocando una ruptura de la tolerancia inmunológica y un desequilibrio en la homeostasis del animal. Para cubrir los requerimientos energéticos de las vacas de alta producción lechera es necesario incluir en la alimentación suplementos de elevado contenido en carbohidratos no estructurales. Sin embargo, el uso de estas dietas puede provocar cambios sustanciales en el ecosistema ruminal, disminuyendo el pH y promoviendo el desarrollo de acidosis ruminal subaguda. Esto genera la lisis celular de las bacterias gram negativas, la liberación de lipopolisacáridos, la ruptura de la tolerancia inmunológica y la activación de una cascada de mediadores inflamatorios que tienen consecuencias sistémicas y afectan el rendimiento productivo del animal y la calidad composicional de la leche. El tracto gastrointestinal es el lugar más importante donde se producen los lipopolisacáridos, pero el mecanismo de translocación del rumen a la circulación periférica es aún controversial. En esta revisión de literatura se propone un modelo biológico que integra aspectos nutricionales e inmunológicos relacionados con la producción, absorción y mecanismos de acción de los lipopolisacáridos y los efectos sobre la producción y la calidad composicional de la leche.
A imunologia nutricional combina duas áreas de conhecimento que não interagiam até alguns anos atrás. Um dos melhores exemplos estudados até o presente consiste no rúmen bovino. A relação simbiótica entre hospedeiro e microrganismos do rúmen pode ser alterada causando uma quebra da tolerância imune e um desequilíbrio na homeostase do animal. Para satisfazer as necessidades energéticas de vacas de alta produção leiteira é necessário fornecer suplementos alimentares de elevado conteúdo em carboidratos não estruturais. No entanto, o uso dessas dietas pode provocar alterações importantes no ecossistema ruminal, reduzindo o pH e promovendo o desenvolvimento de acidose ruminal subaguda. Isto gera a lise de bactérias gram-negativas, a liberação de lipopolissacarídeos, a quebra da tolerância imune e a activação de uma cascata de mediadores inflamatórios que têm efeitos sistémicos e afetam o desempenho produtivo do animal e a composição do leite. O trato gastrointestinal é o lugar mais importante na produção dos lipopolissacarídeos, mas o mecanismo de translocação do rúmen para a circulação periférica é ainda controversa. Nesta revisão de literatura se propõe um modelo biológico que integra aspectos nutricionais e imunológicos relacionados com a produção, absorção e mecanismos de ação de os lipopolissacarídeos e os efeitos sobre a produção e composição do leite.
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iNOS or NOS2 is a molecule that plays a key role in the immunological control of a broad spectrum of infectious agents. Investigation is hampered by difficulty in estimating in vivo production of nitric oxide (NO), but genetic studies provide a potential means of examining the relation between NO production and disease outcome. To better characterize the host genetic factors determining the susceptibility to TB, we evaluated the influence of two polymorphisms in the NOS2A gene on the risk of developing pulmonary TB in a Northwestern Colombian population, which is a moderately-high endemic area. One hundred and fourteen patients with TB and negative for human immunodeficiency virus, plus 304 healthy controls were examined for NOS2A CCTTT and TAAA polymorphisms. A total of 160 healthy controls mentioned before, underwent tuberculin skin test (TST). Analysis disclosed significant differences between patients and controls with NOS2A CCTTT polymorphism (P=0.0001, Pc=0.001, OR=0.4, and 95%CI=0.3-0.7) independent of TST status. When the NOS2A alleles were stratified into short (8-11) and long (12-16) repeats, significant differences with short repeats were observed between TB patients and all controls (P=0.005, OR=0.63, 95%CI=0.46-0.86). No individual association with NOS2A TAAA was detected. These results indicate that a polymorphism in the NOS2A gene influences the susceptibility to TB and suggest a role for NOS2A in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection.
Assuntos
Predisposição Genética para Doença , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/genética , Tuberculose Pulmonar/genética , Adulto , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Sequências de Repetição em TandemRESUMO
El entendimiento del equilibrio del sistema inmune es, además de una pregunta aún no resuelta, una esperanza para el principio de la terapéutica en enfermedades que le siguen ganando la batalla al ejercicio médico. La respuesta inmune innata permite la diferenciación de lo propio y lo extraño mediante receptores de reconocimiento de patrones moleculares asociados a patógenos que activan las células presentadoras de antígeno cuando se unen con moléculas estructural y químicamente conservadas entre los patógenos. Sin embargo, el sistema inmune se torna tan complejo que estos controles iniciales no son suficientes para un funcionamiento perfecto. La presencia de enfermedades autoinmunes continúa sin una explicación absoluta y la señal de cuándo apagar una respuesta inmune no está completamente entendida hasta ahora. El redescubrimiento de las células T reguladoras satisface no sólo explicaciones del equilibrio inmune sino que también se convierte en un blanco terapéutico muy seductor para el anhelado control de la respuesta inflamatoria, fenómenos infecciosos y autoinmunes. Consecuente con esto, la célula T reguladora explicaría cómo las infecciones que estimulan su proliferación puedan ser protectoras de autoinmunidad independiente de la carga genética o medio ambiente en que se desarrolle el individuo. Las infecciones que, por el contrario, eliminen o inactiven las células T reguladoras, favorecen la presencia de autoinmunidad. Se consultaron únicamente artículos en inglés o español en la bases de datos PubMed hasta la fecha de envío del artículo.
The mechanisms underlying the control of the immune system are still incompletely solved. The treatment of many human diseases is still a medical challenge. The innate immune system recognizes the difference between self and non-self antigens through the binding of pathogen associated molecular patterns to pattern recognition receptors present on the antigen presenting cells. The recent rediscovered regulatory T cells participate in the immune system homeostasis. On the other hand, regulatory T cells may be incriminated in the pathology of both inflammatory and infectious diseases. Thus, these cells would be a suitable target for the treatment of diseases in which they are involved. The participation of regulatory T cells in some infectious diseases could explain why there is an opposite association between some infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and autoimmune diseases. As a corollary, depletion or inactivation of regulatory T cells could facilitate the development of autoimmune phenomena.
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Humanos , Linfócitos T , Autoimunidade/imunologia , Imunidade , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Linfócitos T/fisiologia , Receptores de Interleucina-10 , Sistema ImunitárioRESUMO
Resumen: Los mecanismos epigenéticos, como son las modificaciones del DNA y las histonas, dan como resultado un silenciamiento heredable de los genes, sin cambios en la secuencia codificante. A pesar que el estudio de las enfermedades humanas se ha centrado principalmente en mecanismos genéticos, una alteración en la red de eventos epigenéticos puede causar varias patologías, entre las cuales se encuentran el cáncer, síndromes de inestabilidad cromosómica y enfermedades autoinmunes (EAI). Estudios recientes en epigenética, que incluyen la mutilación del DNA y sus respectivas enzimas reguladoras, podrían contribuir a la comprensión de la fisiopatología de EAI como la artritis reumatoide (AR). En este artículo se revisa la importancia de la metilación del DNA en la AR, en especial la hipometilación. Existe un gran potencial en el desarrollo de ôterapia epigenético y varios inhibidores de las enzimas que controlan estos procesos, especificamente las DNA metiltransferasas y las deacetilasas de histonas, podrían ser una esperanza para el tratamiento de la AR.
Epigenetic mechanisms, which involve DNA and histone modifications, result in the heritable silencing of genes without a change in their coding sequence. The study of human disease has focused on genetic mechanisms, but disruption of the balance of epigenetic networks may lead to several major pathologies, including cancer, syndromes involving chromosomal instabilities, and autoimmune diseases. Recent studies on epigenetics, including DNA methylation and its regulatory enzymes, could contribute to the understanding of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. Herein, we review the DNA methylation and its importance in RA. Several studies have indicated the importance possible of DNA methylation, especially hypomethylation, in the etiology of RA. As a corollary, epigenetic therapy which includes several inhibitors of enzymes controlling epigenetic modifications, specifically DNA methyltransferases and histone...
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Animais , Metilação de DNA , Epigênese Genética , Metilação , ArtriteRESUMO
Los receptores Fc, miembros de la superfamilia de las inmunoglobulinas, participan en fenómenos inflamatorios comoanti-inflamatorios, influyendo sobre la inmunidad innata y adquirida. Factores ambientales y genéticos afectan su expresión. Los receptores Fc participan en el desarrollo de autoinmunidad y otras patologías como cáncer y enfermedades infecciosas. En autoinmunidad cumplen un papel protagónico, ya que controlan una serie de funciones inmunológicas que incluyen reacciones mediadas por complejos inmunes, liberación de citoquinas, lisis celular dependiente de complemento, apoptosis, degranulación de mastocitos, endocitosis y potenciación de la presentación antigénica clase I y clase II. La deficiencia de FcgRIIb está asociada con una susceptibilidad a desarrollar enfermedades autoinmunes. Igualmente, el polimorfismo de los genes para estos receptores se asocia a varias enfermedades autoinmunes. En el presente artículo se revisan las principales funciones de los receptores Fc, su polimorfismo genético y su implicación clínica, en particular en enfermedades autoinmunes.
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Apoptose , Doenças Autoimunes , Autoimunidade , Doenças Transmissíveis , Endocitose , Imunidade Inata , Imunoglobulinas , Neoplasias , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores FcRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the circulating levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to elucidate their association with disease activity and autoimmune response. METHODS: We included 52 patients and 25 healthy controls. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, interferon (IFN) gamma, interleukin (IL)-12p70, IL-10, and IL-4, as well as anti-DNA, -Ro, -La, -RNP, and -Sm antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Disease activity was recorded according to the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and classified as very active (SLEDAI > or = 13), moderately active (SLEDAI: 3-12), or inactive (SLEDAI < or = 2). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 34.2 +/- 12.6 years, and the mean duration of disease was 4.9 +/- 7.6 years. Twelve patients (23%), 20 patients (34.5%), and 20 patients (34.5%) had highly, moderately, and inactive SLE, respectively. Levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 were significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls (P <.03), as well as the IL-12/IL-10, IL-12/IL-4, IFN/IL-10, IFN/IL-4, TNF/IL-10, and TNF/IL-4 ratios (P <.01), suggesting a major participation of Th1 over Th2 cytokines. Nevertheless, a direct correlation between Th1 (IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines was observed in patients (r >.5, P <.01), indicating a mutual Th1-Th2 participation. TNF-alpha levels and the TNF/IL-10 ratio were higher in patients with inactive disease compared with patients with very active disease and controls (P <.04). IL-12 levels and IL-12/IL-4, as well as IL-12/IL-10, ratios were higher in patients with very active disease than in those with inactive SLE and controls (P <.01). IL-10 levels were associated with anti-DNA, anti-Ro, and anti-La response (P <.01). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that TNF-alpha could be a protective factor in SLE patients, whereas IL-12p70 participates in disease activity and IL-10 influences the autoimmune response (autoantibody production).