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This essay is a conceptual framework for testing the causal mechanisms of system degradation by metals in the mangrove ecosystem. The Fundão Dam collapse caused massive damage to the marine environment on the Southern Atlantic and Brazilian coast, reaching various kilometers from its origin, becoming a source of contamination. Along this Brazilian coast are vast mangrove areas with high biodiversity, different geomorphology, and distinct ecological functioning. These mangroves support fisheries' productivity in the Tropical South Atlantic, in connection with Abrolhos Reef. Brazil does not have a protocol to monitor environmental damage in this ecosystem, and we proposed to develop a way to identify the impact and quantify it. Along the estuaries, to assess the damage, the plots were demarked in three regions: the upper, middle, and lower estuary, and in both types of forest: fridge and basin. Samples of sediment and leaves were collected bi-monthly to evaluate metal concentrations, especially iron and manganese, the most abundant metals in Fundão Dam. The monitoring also evaluated the forest structure, dynamics of the crabs' population, and flora productivity. First-year monitoring identifies a high concentration of iron or manganese in the sediment above the NOAAs' recommendation in all the estuaries. The concentration of Fe and Mn in sediment varies seasonally in magnitude, concentration, and types of metals between estuaries, sectors, and forests. The behavior of biological indicators in the presence of metals (type and concentration) differed between fauna and flora species. The monitoring recognized that the tailings mining from Fundão Dam impacted all estuaries by different magnitudes and persistence. These differences are due to geomorphology diversity, climate, and oceanographic influences.

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It is important to consider the nutritional demand among genotypes of the same species to achieve high yields. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the concentration of nutrients in leaves, flowers, grains, and fruit straw in conilon coffee genotypes. The experiment was carried out under a randomized block design, with three replications and the evaluation of nine genotypes. Leaf collections were carried out every three months, from August 2019 to May 2020. Flowers were collected at flowering in July 2019 and fruits in June 2020, upon complete maturation of the genotypes. The materials were dried in an oven and sent for laboratory analysis to determine the nutritional content. Data were subjected to analysis of variance followed by a comparison of means and estimates of genetic parameters and clustering using the hierarchical method (UPGMA). The nutrients found in the highest concentrations in the evaluated plant organs were N and K for macronutrients and Fe for micronutrients. For the leaves, the concentrations of the main nutrients were high in the first and reduced in the last evaluated periods, possibly due to mobilization to the fruits. Considering all the plant tissues evaluated, the order of concentration of macronutrients and micronutrients was N > K > Ca > P = Mg = S and Fe > B > Mn > Cu > Zn, respectively. For a nutritional diagnosis, it is important to take comparisons of the genetic diversity and evaluation periods into consideration.

RESUMO

The objective of this research was to establish soil patterns and foliar standards for clonal crops of cocoa CCN51 and PS1319 in the Atlantic regions within the northern Espírito Santo and southern Bahia States. Samples were collected from September to October 2015, in 45 high productive plots, being 23 plots of clone CCN51 and 22 of clone PS1319. Sufficiency ranges for soil and foliar standards were recommended for cocoa clones CCN51 and PS1319 planted in the Northern Espírito Santo and Southern Bahia states. Differences in the contents of foliar macronutrients K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrients Fe and Mn, were verified between clones CCN51 and PS1319. Differences reported for standards from different geographical regions confirmed that these standards need to be regional and specific for different cocoa clones.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer padrões de solo e padrões foliares para culturas clonais de cacau CCN51 e PS1319 nas regiões do Atlântico no norte do Espírito Santo e no sul da Bahia. As amostras foram coletadas de setembro a outubro de 2015, em 45 parcelas de alta produtividade, sendo 23 parcelas do clone CCN51 e 22 do clone PS1319. As faixas de suficiência para solo e padrões foliares foram sugeridas para os clones de cacau CCN51 e PS1319 plantados no norte do Espírito Santo e no sul da Bahia. Diferenças nos teores dos macronutrientes foliares K, Ca, Mg, S e micronutrientes Fe e Mn foram verificadas entre os clones CCN51 e PS1319. As diferenças relatadas para padrões de diferentes regiões geográficas permitem confirmar que esses padrões precisam ser regionais e específicos para diferentes clones de cacau.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to establish soil patterns and foliar standards for clonal crops of cocoa CCN51 and PS1319 in the Atlantic regions within the northern Espírito Santo and southern Bahia States. Samples were collected from September to October 2015, in 45 high productive plots, being 23 plots of clone CCN51 and 22 of clone PS1319. Sufficiency ranges for soil and foliar standards were recommended for cocoa clones CCN51 and PS1319 planted in the Northern Espírito Santo and Southern Bahia states. Differences in the contents of foliar macronutrients K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrients Fe and Mn, were verified between clones CCN51 and PS1319. Differences reported for standards from different geographical regions confirmed that these standards need to be regional and specific for different cocoa clones.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer padrões de solo e padrões foliares para culturas clonais de cacau CCN51 e PS1319 nas regiões do Atlântico no norte do Espírito Santo e no sul da Bahia. As amostras foram coletadas de setembro a outubro de 2015, em 45 parcelas de alta produtividade, sendo 23 parcelas do clone CCN51 e 22 do clone PS1319. As faixas de suficiência para solo e padrões foliares foram sugeridas para os clones de cacau CCN51 e PS1319 plantados no norte do Espírito Santo e no sul da Bahia. Diferenças nos teores dos macronutrientes foliares K, Ca, Mg, S e micronutrientes Fe e Mn foram verificadas entre os clones CCN51 e PS1319. As diferenças relatadas para padrões de diferentes regiões geográficas permitem confirmar que esses padrões precisam ser regionais e específicos para diferentes clones de cacau.

RESUMO

Spatial sampling designs used to characterize the spatial variability of soil attributes are crucial for soil science studies in order to reduce the sampling effort and increase representativeness. The purpose of this work was to determine the number of samples required for the determination of the Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Na in a conilon coffee plantation, as well as to characterize its variability and spatial distribution using classical statistics and geostatistics parameters. The study was carried out in a conilon coffee plantation, in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The experimental area was 20 x 60 m in a regular grid. Samples were collected at 60 equally spaced points (1.8 x 1 m). All samples were collected at depth of 0-0.20 m in order to evaluate the soil chemical attributes. Using classical statistical parameters, the appropriate number of sampling points for chemical elements was 18. The highest variability was obtained for Cu and the lowest for Fe. The semi-variograms were satisfactorily described by spherical e gaussian models with a strong spatial structure. Knowing the minimum number of samples and the spatial distribution of soil chemical properties can be used to develop sampling strategies that minimize the effort and increase the representativeness.

A determinação da quantidade de subamostras que irão compor a amostra composta resultará na otimização da mão de obra, além de diminuir erros inerentes à recomendação e avaliação da fertilidade do solo. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, estudar a variabilidade espacial dos teores de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e Na em lavoura de café conilon, propor uma metodologia de amostragem de solo que melhor se ajuste às condições do sistema de manejo e determinar o número adequado de amostras para a determinação desses elementos químicos no solo, utilizando métodos da estatística clássica e da geoestatística. O experimento foi conduzido em lavoura de café conilon, no município de São Mateus, ES, plantada no espaçamento 1,8 x 1,0 m. Instalou-se uma malha retangular de 20 x 60 m, com 60 pontos distanciados 5 m entre si. Em cada ponto amostral foram coletadas amostras de solo, na profundidade 0-0,20 m. Os dados foram submetidos à aplicação da estatística descritiva e à análise geoestatística. O número apropriado de subamostras que representam os atributos químicos estudados, utilizando parâmetros da estatística clássica, foi 18. A maior variabilidade foi obtida para Cu e a menor para Fe. Os semivarigramas foram satisfatoriamente descritos pelos modelos esférico e gaussiano com forte estrutura espacial. O conhecimento do número mínimo de subamostras e da distribuição espacial dos atributos químicos do solo pode ser usado para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de amostragem que minimizem os custos do agricultor dentro de um erro conhecido e tolerável.

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Spatial sampling designs used to characterize the spatial variability of soil attributes are crucial for soil science studies in order to reduce the sampling effort and increase representativeness. The purpose of this work was to determine the number of samples required for the determination of the Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Na in a conilon coffee plantation, as well as to characterize its variability and spatial distribution using classical statistics and geostatistics parameters. The study was carried out in a conilon coffee plantation, in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The experimental area was 20 x 60 m in a regular grid. Samples were collected at 60 equally spaced points (1.8 x 1 m). All samples were collected at depth of 0-0.20 m in order to evaluate the soil chemical attributes. Using classical statistical parameters, the appropriate number of sampling points for chemical elements was 18. The highest variability was obtained for Cu and the lowest for Fe. The semi-variograms were satisfactorily described by spherical e gaussian models with a strong spatial structure. Knowing the minimum number of samples and the spatial distribution of soil chemical properties can be used to develop sampling strategies that minimize the effort and increase the representativeness.(AU)

A determinação da quantidade de subamostras que irão compor a amostra composta resultará na otimização da mão de obra, além de diminuir erros inerentes à recomendação e avaliação da fertilidade do solo. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, estudar a variabilidade espacial dos teores de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e Na em lavoura de café conilon, propor uma metodologia de amostragem de solo que melhor se ajuste às condições do sistema de manejo e determinar o número adequado de amostras para a determinação desses elementos químicos no solo, utilizando métodos da estatística clássica e da geoestatística. O experimento foi conduzido em lavoura de café conilon, no município de São Mateus, ES, plantada no espaçamento 1,8 x 1,0 m. Instalou-se uma malha retangular de 20 x 60 m, com 60 pontos distanciados 5 m entre si. Em cada ponto amostral foram coletadas amostras de solo, na profundidade 0-0,20 m. Os dados foram submetidos à aplicação da estatística descritiva e à análise geoestatística. O número apropriado de subamostras que representam os atributos químicos estudados, utilizando parâmetros da estatística clássica, foi 18. A maior variabilidade foi obtida para Cu e a menor para Fe. Os semivarigramas foram satisfatoriamente descritos pelos modelos esférico e gaussiano com forte estrutura espacial. O conhecimento do número mínimo de subamostras e da distribuição espacial dos atributos químicos do solo pode ser usado para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de amostragem que minimizem os custos do agricultor dentro de um erro conhecido e tolerável.(AU)

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