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Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that infects domestic and wild cats around the world. FeLV infection is associated with the development of neoplasms, bone marrow disorders and immunosuppression. Viral subgroups arise from mutations in the FeLV genome or from recombination of FeLV with ancestral endogenous retroviruses in the cat genome. The retroviral endogenisation process has allowed generation of a diversity of endogenous viruses, both functional and defective. These elements may be part of the normal functioning of the feline genome and may also interact with FeLV to form recombinant FeLV subgroups, enhance pathogenicity of viral subgroups, or inhibit and/or regulate other retroviral infections. Recombination of the env gene occurs most frequently and appears to be the most significant in terms of both the quantity and diversification of pathogenic effects in the viral population, as well as affecting cell tropism and types of disease that occur in infected cats. This review focuses on available information regarding genetic diversity, pathogenesis and diagnosis of FeLV as a result of the interaction between endogenous and exogenous viruses.

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Comprehensive geriatric assessment impacts on the preservation of functionality , affecting the quality of life of the patient. Low muscle mass, expressed as low grip strength, is a common condition that has shown great utility in predicting mortality, days of hospital stay, and early mobilization. OBJECTIVE: To describe the usefulness of grip strength as a predictor of functional loss in patients older than 60 years with hip fracture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, observational, analytical, longitudinal cohort study in 60-year-old hospitalized patients with hip fracture, the grip strength was evaluated with a hydraulic dynamometer at admission and after surgery, with a follow-up at 30 days. RESULTS: The patients presented a significant decrease in grip strength at admission compared to grip strength at discharge (20.79 ± 4.75 vs. 15.45 ± 4.17 respectively). When evaluating muscle strength, it was found that those patients with functional loss had a higher score of grip strength at admission (21.42 ± 5.26, p = 0.04), and grip strength at discharge (16.14 ± 4.52 p = 0.013). For each day of hospital stay, 0.493 kg of muscle strength decreases. CONCLUSION: There is a positive correlation between the days of hospital stay with the decrease in muscle strength in addition to a positive correlation between the Barthel score and grip strength, which proposes that this parameter is an important factor to evaluate in the adult functionality approach.

La valoración geriátrica integral impacta en la preservación de la funcionalidad, repercutiendo en la calidad de vida del paciente. La baja masa muscular, expresada en baja fuerza prensil es una condición común que ha mostrado gran utilidad para la predicción de mortalidad, días de estancia hospitalaria y movilización temprana. Objetivo: Describir la utilidad de la fuerza prensil como predictor de abatimiento funcional en pacientes mayores de 60 años con fractura de cadera. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectiva, observacional, analítico, longitudinal, en pacientes de 60 años hospitalizados con fractura de cadera. Se evaluó la fuerza prensil con dinamómetro hidráulico al ingreso y postquirúrgica, con seguimiento a los 30 días. Resultados: Se observó que los pacientes presentaron una disminución en la fuerza prensil al ingreso en comparación con la fuerza prensil al momento del egreso (20.79 ± 4.75 vs. 15.45 ± 4.17 respectivamente). Al evaluar la fuerza muscular se encontró que los pacientes con abatimiento funcional tuvieron un puntaje mayor de fuerza prensil al ingreso (21.42 ± 5.26, p = 0.04) y fuerza prensil al egreso (16.14 ± 4.52 p = 0.013). Por cada día de estancia hospitalaria disminuyó 0.493 kg la fuerza muscular. Conclusión: Existe una correlación positiva entre los días de estancia intrahospitalaria y la disminución de la fuerza muscular, además de una correlación positiva entre el índice de Barthel y la fuerza prensil, lo que propone a dicho parámetro como un factor importante a evaluar en el abordaje de funcionalidad del adulto mayor.

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BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to describe the evolution of hemodynamic parameters over time of patients with invasive placentation during their third trimester who were delivered via cesarean section and subsequently underwent obstetric hysterectomy under epidural anesthesia. METHODS: A prospective, descriptive, longitudinal, 11-month cohort study of 43 patients aged between 18 and 37 years who presented with invasive placentation. Minimal invasive monitoring was placed before the administration of epidural anesthesia for hemodynamic parameter tracking during the cesarean section. After delivery, the patients underwent an obstetric hysterectomy. Blood loss, hemodynamic parameters, and coagulation were managed via goal-directed therapy. Parameters were compared via repeated measures ANOVA and effect size estimation (Cohen's d). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 29.2 ± 3.4 years and was moderately overweight. They had minor cardiac index variance (P=NS, no significance), vascular systemic resistance index (NS), heart rate (P=NS), and median arterial pressure (P=NS). Differences were observed in the stroke volume index (P=0.015) due to moderately higher values (d = 0.3, P=0.016) in the middle of the surgery. Patients had lower cardiac index (d = -0.36, NS) and cardiac workload requirements (d = -0.29, P=0.034) toward the completion of surgery. CONCLUSION: Patients who are in their third trimester and who subsequently underwent obstetric hysterectomy under epidural anesthesia had modest surgical hemodynamic variance and reduced cardiac workload requirements toward the end of the surgery.

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OBJECTIVES: Determine the frequency of polytraumatized pediatric patients involved in motorcycle accidents treated at the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa between 2015 and 2017, as well as to determine the frequency of traumatic brain injuries, thoracic, abdominal, limb injuries, days of hospital stay and mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The selected population were patients under 18 years of age who were involved in motorcycle accidents treated at the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa in a period between January 1st, 2015 and December 31, 2017. RESULTS: The most affected gender was the male with the most frequent age of 14 years, accidents occurred more frequently on Fridays and Saturdays at night. July was the month with the highest frequency of accidents. The number of accidents increased every year. Most of the injured were passengers, 98.4% did not use safety equipment, the most frequent injury was head injury, followed by injuries in lower extremities, upper chest trauma and less frequent abdominal traumatism. DISCUSSION: There is a progressive increase in motorcycle accidents where the pediatric population is involved, the use of helmet is almost zero, most of the patients presented with head trauma, this study serves to see the current situation, as well as being the basis for Subsequent studies and conduct more campaigns for the prevention of motorcycle accidents and encourage the use of helmet in pediatric patients.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la frecuencia de los pacientes pediátricos politraumatizados involucrados en accidentes por motocicleta atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa entre los años 2015 y 2017, así como determinar la frecuencia de traumatismos craneoencefálicos, lesiones torácicas, abdominales, en extremidades, días de estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La población seleccionada fueron pacientes menores de 18 años de edad que se encontraron involucrados en accidentes de motocicleta atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa en un período comprendido entre el 1o de Enero de 2015 al 31 de Diciembre de 2017. RESULTADOS: El género más afectado fue el masculino, con edad más frecuente de 14 años, los accidentes ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia los Viernes y Sábados en horario nocturno. Julio fue el mes con mayor índice de accidentes. La cantidad de accidentes se incrementó cada año. La mayoría de los lesionados fueron pasajeros, 98.4% no utilizó equipo de seguridad, la lesión más común fue el traumatismo craneoencefálico, seguido de lesiones en extremidades inferiores, superiores, traumatismo torácico y la menos común, el traumatismo abdominal. DISCUSIÓN: Hay un incremento progresivo en los accidentes en motocicleta donde se involucra la población pediátrica, el uso de casco es casi nulo, la mayoría de los pacientes presentó traumatismo craneoencefálico, este estudio sirve para analizar el panorama actual, así como ser la base de estudios posteriores y realizar más campañas para la prevención de accidentes en motocicleta y fomentar el uso de casco en pacientes pediátricos.

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There is a lack of longitudinal data linking physical inactivity and chronic diseases among Mexicans. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between total, leisure and occupational moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and incidence of type II diabetes (T2D) and hypertension in the Mexico City Diabetes Study. Study design and population. A prospective cohort study was conducted from 1989 to 2009 among 2282 men and non-pregnant women residing in six low-income neighborhoods in Mexico City. MAIN OUTCOME: Incidence of T2D and hypertension. RESULTS: After controlling for confounders, <1 MET/min/week of MVPA during leisure time was associated with higher risk of hypertension (HR 1.29, CI 95% 1.01, 1.66) and T2D (HR 1.31 CI 95% 1.00, 1.74). In addition, accumulating <1 MET/min/week of occupational MVPA was associated with higher risk of hypertension (HR 1.47, CI 95% 1.13, 1.90). CONCLUSION: The absence of leisure and occupational MVPA was associated with an increased risk of hypertension. However, no associations were found between occupational MVPA and T2D.

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In arid and semi-arid zones, animal health and production are closely correlated with body conformation traits. These selected traits, in turn, allow livestock to adapt unfavorable soil and environmental conditions. The primary objective of this study was to perform a genome-wide association analysis for a set of sampled and imputed SNPs with 16 conformation traits in a population of Holstein cows from a desert area of Northwestern Mexico. Imputation from 6K to 50K SNPs was performed as a low-cost optimization strategy. Results show eight SNPs associated with two conformation traits. The Udder Depth trait resulted in seven associated SNPs from chromosome 10, that related to Marbling Score, Milk Yield, Fat Yield, Protein Yield, and Protein Percentage Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs). The Body Depth trait resulted in one associated SNP from chromosome 2, although no QTL relation was found. The discovery of genes associated with conformation traits may be indicative of the adaptive selection pressures the Holstein breed has undergone in response to the extreme weather conditions found in the northwestern areas of Mexico. Results of this study indicate that traits such as stature and body depth may be used as indicators of cows' potential genetic merits for milk, fat, and protein production.

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Engorged female Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Ixodida: Ixodidae) were collected from dogs in the state of Yucatán, Mexico. Fourteen tick populations were collected from dogs at seven veterinary clinics, four residential homes and three cattle farms. The larval immersion test was used in the progeny of collected adult females to test susceptibility to amitraz and cypermethrin. Dose-mortality regressions, 50% lethal concentrations (LC50 ), confidence intervals and slope were estimated by probit analysis. For amitraz, 12 tick populations (85.7%) were classified as resistant and low inter-population variation in the phenotypic level of resistance was evident [resistance ratios (RRs) at LC50 : 1.0-13.0]. For cypermethrin, 12 tick populations (85.7%) were classified as resistant and substantial inter-population variation in the phenotypic level of resistance was evident (RRs at LC50 : 1.0-104.0). Thus, amitraz resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. is common, but generally occurs at low levels; however, alarmingly high levels of cypermethrin resistance are present in R. sanguineus s.l. populations in dogs in Yucatán, Mexico. The intensive use of both acaricides to control ectoparasites on dogs is likely to lead to more serious resistance problems that may cause high levels of control failure in the future.

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The reality of intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) practice is consistent with an efficient and highly precise radiation therapy technique to safely boost areas at risk for local recurrence. Long-term clinical experience has shown that IORT-containing multi-modality regimens appear to improve local disease control, if not survival in many diseases. Research with IORT is a multidisciplinary scenario that covers knowledge from radiation beam adapted development to advance molecular biology for bio-predictability of outcome. The technical parameters employed in IORT procedures are important information to be recorded for quality assurance and clinical results analysis. In addition, specific treatment planning systems for IORT procedures are available, to help in the treatment decision-making process. A systematic revision of opportunities for research and innovation in IORT is reported including radiation beam modulation, delivery, dosimetry and planning; infrastructure and treatment factors; experimental and clinical radiobiology; clinical trials, innovation and translational research development.

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Numerous studies have shown the role of dogs as a reservoir for the American trypanosomiasis, as the bridge connecting sylvatic and peridomestic cycles. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of American trypanosomiasis in the dog population (630 sera) from seven localities in the Yucatan Peninsula (city of Mérida and the towns of Molas, Playa del Carmen, Akumal, Xcalacoop, Xcalac and Xahuachol). These data are key for developing control measures for the disease. The sera were analysed to detect antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi, using Fe-SOD excreted as the antigenic fraction by ELISA and Western blot as confirmation. The total prevalence found in the Yucatan Peninsula was some 14.76%, with 10.74% in the state of Yucatan (city of Mérida, towns of Molas and Xcalacoop) and 21.34% in the state of Quintana Roo (towns of Playa del Carmen, Akumal, Xcalac and Xahuachol). However, a more thorough epidemiological study of the dog population, both wild and urban, in the Yucatan Peninsula will be required to design a control strategy for these diseases, paying particular attention to the population affected and even broadening the study to other Mexican states as well as neighbouring countries. These results again confirm that iron-superoxide dismutase excreted by T. cruzi constitutes a good source of antigen for serodiagnosis in epidemiological studies.

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Canine Leishmaniasis is widespread in various Mexican states, where different species of Leishmania have been isolated from dogs. In the present study, we describe the detection of L. braziliensis, L. infantum, and L. mexicana in serum of dogs from the states of Yucatan and Quintana Roo in the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico). A total of 412 sera were analyzed by ELISA using the total extract of the parasite and the iron superoxide dismutase excreted by different trypanosomatids as antigens. We found the prevalence of L. braziliensis to be 7.52%, L. infantum to be 6.07%, and L. mexicana to be 20.63%, in the dog population studied. The results obtained with ELISA using iron superoxide dismutase as the antigen were confirmed by western blot analysis with its greater sensitivity, and the agreement between the two techniques was very high.

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