RESUMO
The establishment of baseline data on parasites from wild primates is essential to understand how changes in habitat or climatic disturbances will impact parasite-host relationships. In nature, multiparasitic infections of primates usually fluctuate temporally and seasonally, implying that the acquisition of reliable data must occur over time. Individual parasite infection data from two wild populations of New World primates, the saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor (Saguinus imperator) tamarin, were collected over 3 years to establish baseline levels of helminth prevalence and parasite species richness (PSR). Secondarily, we explored variation in parasite prevalence across age and sex classes, test nonrandom associations of parasite co-occurrence, and assess the relationship between group size and PSR. From 288 fecal samples across 105 individuals (71 saddleback and 34 emperor tamarins), 10 parasite taxa were identified by light microscopy following centrifugation and ethyl-acetate sedimentation. Of these taxa, none were host-specific, Dicrocoeliidae and Cestoda prevalences differed between host species, Prosthenorchis and Strongylida were the most prevalent. Host age was positively associated with Prosthenorchis ova and filariform larva, but negatively with cestode and the Rhabditoidea ova. We detected no differences between expected and observed levels of co-infection, nor between group size and parasite species richness over 30 group-years. Logistic models of individual infection status did not identify a sex bias; however, age and species predicted the presence of four and three parasite taxa, respectively, with saddleback tamarins exhibiting higher PSR. Now that we have reliable baseline data for future monitoring of these populations, next steps involve the molecular characterization of these parasites, and exploration of linkages with health parameters.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Callitrichinae , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Macacos/epidemiologia , Saguinus , Animais , Feminino , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Masculino , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Peru/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Dengue viruses (DENV) are currently responsible for more human morbidity and mortality than any other known arbovirus, and all four DENV are known to exist in sylvatic cycles that might allow these viruses to persist if the urban (Aedes aegypti) cycle could be controlled. To determine whether DENV were being maintained in a sylvatic cycle in a forested area about 14 km southwest of Iquitos, Peru, a city in which all 4 serotypes of DENV circulate, we placed 20 DENV seronegative Aotus monkeys in cages either in the canopy or near ground level for a total of 125.6 months. Despite capturing >66,000 mosquitoes in traps that collected some of the mosquitoes attracted to these monkeys, blood samples obtained once a month from each animal were tested and found to be negative by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgM and IgG antibodies to dengue, yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Oropouche, and Mayaro viruses. Although all four DENV serotypes were endemic in nearby Iquitos, the findings of this study did not support a DENV sylvatic maintenance and transmission cycle in a selected area of the Amazon rainforest in northeastern Peru.
Assuntos
Aotidae/virologia , Culicidae/virologia , Vírus da Dengue/isolamento & purificação , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela/veterinária , Animais , Culicidae/classificação , Peru/epidemiologia , Floresta Úmida , Espécies SentinelasRESUMO
This study was conducted to determine the relative abundance, diversity, seasonal, and vertical distributions of potential mosquito vectors in the Amazon Basin, Peru. A total of 66,097 mosquitoes (50 mosquito species from 12 genera) were collected from May 2001 through March 2002 at a forested site near Iquitos, Peru. Mosquitoes were collected using Aotus nancymae Hershkovitz monkey-baited CDC light traps set for 12-h day and night periods at varying heights (e.g., ground and canopy) in the forest. Of the 12 genera, three accounted for 75% of all mosquitoes collected: Culex (33%), Aedes (23%), and Psorophora (18%). The most prevalent species collected were Aedes serratus (Theobald), Culex pedroi Sirivanakarn & Belkin, Psorophora albigenu (Peryassu), and a combination of Mansonia indubitans Dyar & Shannon and Mansonia titillans (Walker), which accounted for 56% of all mosquitoes captured. In general, mosquitoes were collected more often at night and on the ground. Exceptions include Coquillettidia venezuelensis (Theobald), which were collected in relatively even numbers at both day and night and most Mansonia and some species of Anopheles, which were collected more often in the canopy. Total mosquito populations had two peaks, June-July (Ma. indubitans/titillans and Cq. venezuelensis) and December-January (Ps. albigenu, Cx. pedroi, and Ae. serratus). Observations of the eight most collected mosquitoes indicated that behavioral shifts were not observed between collection months. These data provide a better understanding of the species diversity, population density, and seasonal distribution of potential mosquito vectors within the Amazon Basin region and allow for the development of appropriate vector and disease prevention strategies.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Culicidae , Animais , Aotidae , Feminino , Masculino , Peru , Estações do AnoRESUMO
In animals, multisystemic eosinophilic disease is a rare condition characterized by eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in various organs. This disorder resembles the human disease known as hypereosinophilic syndrome, a condition defined by prolonged peripheral eosinophilia in the absence of recognizable etiology and associated with end-organ damage. In this report we describe a research-naïve, colony-born, juvenile female owl monkey (Aotus vociferans) who presented clinically with severe respiratory distress and histologically with multiple end-organ infiltration with phenotypically mature eosinophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes. No tumors or infectious agents were noted either macroscopically or microscopically. Cultures from lung samples revealed no bacteria or fungi. Histologic examination of lung, heart, thymus, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, and colon revealed no migrating nematode larvae, other parasites, or foreign material that might trigger eosinophilia, nor was there any evidence of or history consistent with an allergic etiology. Given that we ruled out most exogenous and endogenous triggers of eosinophilia, the signs, symptoms, and pathologic findings support the diagnosis of multisystemic eosinophilic disease. To our knowledge, this report is the first description of presumptive hypereosinophilic syndrome in a nonhuman primate.
Assuntos
Aotidae , Eosinofilia/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/patologia , Animais , Eosinofilia/patologia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , PeruRESUMO
To determine whether antibodies to the 19-kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1(19)) help to control blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum infection, we performed a rechallenge experiment of previously infected Aotus monkeys. Monkeys previously exposed to the FVO strain of P. falciparum that did or did not develop high antibody titers to MSP1(19) and malaria-naïve monkeys were challenged with erythrocytes infected with the same strain. Prepatent periods were prolonged in previously infected monkeys compared with malaria-naïve monkeys. Previously infected monkeys with preexisting anti-MSP1(19) antibodies showed low peak parasitemias that cleared spontaneously. Previously infected monkeys that had no or low levels of pre-existing anti-MSP1(19) antibodies also showed low peak parasitemias, but because of low hematocrits, all of these animals required treatment with mefloquine. All previously malaria-naïve animals were treated because of high parasitemias. The results of this study suggest that antibody to the 19-kDa carboxy-terminal fragment of MSP1 plays a role in preventing the development of anemia, an important complication often associated with malaria.
Assuntos
Anemia/imunologia , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/imunologia , Malária Falciparum/imunologia , Proteína 1 de Superfície de Merozoito/imunologia , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Plasmodium falciparum/imunologia , Anemia/parasitologia , Anemia/patologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Aotidae , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Eritrócitos/parasitologia , Malária Falciparum/complicações , Malária Falciparum/patologia , Mefloquina/uso terapêutico , Proteína 1 de Superfície de Merozoito/administração & dosagem , Doenças dos Macacos/imunologia , Doenças dos Macacos/patologia , Parasitemia/tratamento farmacológico , Parasitemia/imunologia , Plasmodium falciparum/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Previously, we observed that serum from humans immune to dengue serotype 1 (dengue-1) neutralized the American genotype of dengue serotype 2 (American-2) to a greater extent than it neutralized the Asian genotype of dengue serotype 2 (Asian-2). To determine if this activity is protective, Aotus nancymae monkeys were infected with dengue-1 followed by either American-2 or Asian-2. Dengue-1-infected animals produced antibody with neutralizing titers of 2656 antibodies against dengue-1, 409 against American-2, and <20 against Asian-2. Infection with American-2 did not produce detectable viremia in either dengue-1-immune or dengue-1-naive animals. These findings support the hypothesis that dengue-1 immunity might have prevented disease or altered the severity of disease in individuals sequentially infected with dengue-1 and American-2.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Vírus da Dengue/classificação , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Aotidae , Reações Cruzadas , Dengue/imunologia , Dengue/virologia , Vírus da Dengue/imunologia , Vírus da Dengue/patogenicidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Neutralização , Sorotipagem , Viremia/imunologia , Viremia/prevenção & controle , Viremia/virologiaRESUMO
An apparently normal, non-tuberculin-reacting, splenectomized owl monkey presented tuberculosis-like lesions of the lung at necropsy. Histological and bacteriological examination failed to demonstrate the presence of acid-fast organisms. Retrospective inquiry showed the animal had been inoculated using complete Freund's adjuvant during a malaria vaccine trial. Lesions observed were compatible with lipid embolism of the adjuvant in the lungs.