RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients with obesity have an increased risk for adverse COVID-19 outcomes. Body mass index (BMI) does not acknowledge the health burden associated this disease. The performance of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS), a clinical classification tool that assesses obesity-related comorbidity, is compared with BMI, with respect to adverse COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS: 1071 patients were evaluated in 11 COVID-19 hospitals in Mexico. Patients were classified into EOSS stages. Adjusted risk factors for COVID-19 outcomes were calculated and survival analysis for mechanical ventilation and death was carried out according to EOSS stage and BMI category. RESULTS: The risk for intubation was higher in patients with EOSS stages 2 and 4 (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.02-1.97 and 2.78, 95% CI 1.83-4.24), and in patients with BMI classes II and III (HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.06-2.74, and 2.62, 95% CI 1.65-4.17). Mortality rates were significantly lower in patients with EOSS stages 0 and 1 (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.42-0.92) and higher in patients with BMI class III (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.03-2.42). In patients with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, the risk for intubation increased with progressive EOSS stages. Only individuals in BMI class III showed an increased risk for intubation (HR 2.24, 95% CI 1.50-3.34). Mortality risk was increased in EOSS stages 2 and 4 compared to EOSS 0 and 1, and in patients with BMI class II and III, compared to patients with overweight. CONCLUSIONS: EOSS was associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes, and it distinguished risks beyond BMI. Patients with overweight and obesity in EOSS stages 0 and 1 had a lower risk than patients with normal weight. BMI does not adequately reflect adipose tissue-associated disease, it is not ideal for guiding chronic-disease management.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Obesidade , Adulto , Idoso , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/mortalidade , Comorbidade , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Given the paucity of studies for low- or middle-income countries, we aim to provide the first ever estimations of lifetime risk of diabetes, years of life spent and lost among those with diabetes for Brazilians. Estimates of Brazil´s diabetes burden consist essentially of reports of diabetes prevalence from national surveys and mortality data. However, these additional metrics are at times more meaningful ways to characterize this burden. METHODS: We joined data on incidence of physician-diagnosed diabetes from the Brazilian risk factor surveillance system, all-cause mortality from national statistics, and diabetes mortality rate ratios from ELSA-Brasil, an ongoing cohort study. To calculate lifetime risk of developing diabetes, we applied an illness-death state model. To calculate years of life lost for those with diabetes and years lived with the disease, we additionally calculated the mortality rates for those with diabetes. RESULTS: A 35-year-old white adult had a 23.4% (95% CI = 22.5%-25.5%) lifetime risk of developing diabetes by age 80 while a same-aged black/brown adult had a 30.8% risk (95% confidence interval (CI) = 29.6%-33.2%). Men diagnosed with diabetes at age 35 would live 32.9 (95% CI = 32.4-33.2) years with diabetes and lose 5.5 (95% CI = 5.1-6.1) years of life. Similarly-aged women would live 38.8 (95% CI = 38.3-38.9) years with diabetes and lose 2.1 (95% CI = 1.9-2.6) years of life. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming maintenance of current rates, one-quarter of young Brazilians will develop diabetes over their lifetimes, with this number reaching almost one-third among young, black/brown women. Those developing diabetes will suffer a decrease in life expectancy and will generate a considerable cost in terms of medical care.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Expectativa de Vida , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Expectativa de Vida/tendências , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have received political attention and commitment, yet surveillance is needed to measure progress and set priorities. Building on global estimates suggesting that Peru is not on target to meet the Sustainable Development Goal 3.4, we estimated the contribution of various NCDs to the change in unconditional probability of dying from NCDs in 25 regions in Peru. METHODS: Using national death registries and census data, we estimated the unconditional probability of dying between ages 30 and 69 from any and from each of the following NCDs: cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated the contribution of each NCD to the change in the unconditional probability of dying from any of these NCDs between 2006 and 2016. RESULTS: The overall unconditional probability of dying improved for men (21.4%) and women (23.3%). Cancer accounted for 10.9% in men and 13.7% in women of the overall reduction; cardiovascular diseases also contributed substantially: 11.3% in men) and 9.8% in women. Consistently in men and women and across regions, diabetes moved in the opposite direction of the overall reduction in the unconditional probability of dying from any selected NCD. Diabetes contributed a rise in the unconditional probability of 3.6% in men and 2.1% in women. CONCLUSIONS: Although the unconditional probability of dying from any selected NCD has decreased, diabetes would prevent Peru from meeting international targets. Policies are needed to prevent diabetes and to strengthen healthcare to avoid diabetes-related complications and delay mortality.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus/prevenção & controle , Mortalidade/tendências , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Respiratórios/prevenção & controle , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Expectativa de Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Peru/epidemiologia , Prognóstico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Transtornos Respiratórios/epidemiologia , Transtornos Respiratórios/mortalidade , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Data on mortality burden and excess deaths attributable to diabetes are sparse and frequently unreliable, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Estimates in Brazil to date have relied on death certificate data, which do not consider the multicausal nature of deaths. Our aim was to combine cohort data with national prevalence and mortality statistics to estimate the absolute number of deaths that could have been prevented if the mortality rates of people with diabetes were the same as for those without. In addition, we aimed to estimate the increase in burden when considering undiagnosed diabetes. METHODS: We estimated self-reported diabetes prevalence from the National Health Survey (PNS) and overall mortality from the national mortality information system (SIM). We estimated the diabetes mortality rate ratio (rates of those with vs without diabetes) from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), an ongoing cohort study. Joining estimates from these three sources, we calculated for the population the absolute number and the fraction of deaths attributable to diabetes. We repeated our analyses considering both self-reported and unknown diabetes, the latter estimated based on single point-in-time glycemic determinations in ELSA-Brasil. Finally, we compared results with diabetes-related mortality information from death certificates. RESULTS: In 2013, 65 581 deaths, 9.1% of all deaths between the ages of 35-80, were attributable to known diabetes. If cases of unknown diabetes were considered, this figure would rise to 14.3%. In contrast, based on death certificates only, 5.3% of all death had diabetes as the underlying cause and 10.4% as any mentioned cause. CONCLUSIONS: In this first report of diabetes mortality burden in Brazil using cohort data to estimate diabetes mortality rate ratios and the prevalence of unknown diabetes, we showed marked underestimation of the current burden, especially when unknown cases of diabetes are also considered.
Assuntos
Atestado de Óbito , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Glicemia/análise , Brasil/epidemiologia , Causas de Morte , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
During 2014, 120,000 persons in the United States and Puerto Rico began treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (i.e., kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation) (1). Among these persons, 44% (approximately 53,000 persons) had diabetes listed as the primary cause of ESRD (ESRD-D) (1). Although the number of persons initiating ESRD-D treatment each year has increased since 1980 (1,2), the ESRD-D incidence rate among persons with diagnosed diabetes has declined since the mid-1990s (2,3). To determine whether ESRD-D incidence has continued to decline in the United States overall and in each state, the District of Columbia (DC), and Puerto Rico, CDC analyzed 2000-2014 data from the U.S. Renal Data System and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. During that period, the age-standardized ESRD-D incidence among persons with diagnosed diabetes declined from 260.2 to 173.9 per 100,000 diabetic population (33%), and declined significantly in most states, DC, and Puerto Rico. No state experienced an increase in ESRD-D incidence rates. Continued awareness of risk factors for kidney failure and interventions to improve diabetes care might sustain and improve these trends.
Assuntos
Complicações do Diabetes/epidemiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Adulto , Sistema de Vigilância de Fator de Risco Comportamental , Humanos , Incidência , Falência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The projected rising prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in developing countries warrants careful monitoring. The aim of this study was to present the results of the Costa Rican National Cardiovascular Risk Factors Surveillance System, which provides the first national estimates of diabetes and IFG prevalence among adults in Costa Rica. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 3653 non-institutionalized adults aged ≥20 years (87.8% response rate) following the World Health Organization STEPwise approach was built on a probabilistic sample of the non-institutionalized population during 2010. Known diabetes was defined as self-reported diagnosis, the use of insulin, or hypoglycemic oral treatment as consequence of diabetes during at least the previous 2 weeks before the survey. Unknown diabetes was defined no self-reported diabetes but with venous blood concentrations of fasting glucose >125 mg/dL determined by laboratory testing. Impaired fasting glucose was defined as fasting glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL among those without diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes and IFG prevalence was estimated according gender, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), educational level, and physical activity level. RESULTS: Overall diabetes prevalence was 10.8% (9.5% known and 1.3% unknown diabetes) and IFG prevalence was 16.5%. The prevalence of known diabetes was higher among women >65 years compared with men of the same age group. Both known and unknown diabetes were significantly associated with higher BMI, increased WC, and low education level (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of diabetes and IFG in Costa Rica is comparable to that in developed countries and indicates an urgent need for effective preventive interventions.
Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/sangue , Jejum/sangue , Intolerância à Glucose/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Escolaridade , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Intolerância à Glucose/epidemiologia , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/métodos , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Circunferência da Cintura , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objective. To report the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as found by the Central American Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI) study for five major Central American populations: Belize (national); Costa Rica (San José); Guatemala (Guatemala City); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); and Nicaragua (Managua). Methods. Study data on 6 185 adults aged 20 years or older with anthropometric and laboratory determination of MetS from population-based surveys were analyzed. Overall, the survey response rate was 82.0%. MetS prevalence was determined according to criteria from the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program. The study’s protocol was reviewed and approved by the bioethical committee of each country studied. Results. The overall standardized prevalence of MetS in the Central American region was 30.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 27.1–33.4). There was wide variability by gender and work conditions, with higher prevalence among females and unpaid workers. The standardized percentage of the population free of any component of MetS was lowest in Costa Rica (9.0%; CI: 6.5–11.4) and highest in Honduras (21.1%; CI: 16.4–25.9). Conclusions. Overall prevalence of MetS in Central America is high. Strengthening surveillance of chronic diseases and establishing effective programs for preventing cardiovascular diseases might reduce the risk of MetS in Central America.
Objetivo. Notificar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico (SMet) observada en el estudio de la Iniciativa Centroamericana de Diabetes (CAMDI) llevado a cabo en cinco importantes poblaciones centroamericanas: Belice (nacional); Costa Rica (San José); Guatemala (Ciudad de Guatemala); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); y Nicaragua (Managua). Métodos. Se analizaron los datos de estudio obtenidos de las encuestas poblacionales dirigidas a 6 185 adultos de 20 años de edad o mayores con determinaciones antropométricas y de laboratorio relativas al SMet. En términos generales, la tasa de respuesta a las encuestas fue de 82,0%. Se determinó la prevalencia del SMet según los criterios del tercer informe del Grupo de Expertos en el Tratamiento de Adultos (Adult Treatment Panel III) del Programa Nacional de Educación sobre el Colesterol. El protocolo del estudio fue examinado y aprobado por el comité de bioética de cada uno de los países incluidos en el estudio. Resultados. La prevalencia general estandarizada del SMet en Centroamérica fue de 30,3% (Intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC): 27,1–33,4). Se observó una amplia variabilidad según el sexo y las condiciones laborales, con mayor prevalencia en mujeres y trabajadores no retribuidos. El menor porcentaje estandarizado de población libre de cualquier componente del SMet se observó en Costa Rica (9,0%; IC: 6,5–11,4) y el mayor en Honduras (21,1%; IC: 16,4–25,9). Conclusiones. La prevalencia general de SMet en Centroamérica es alta. Se podría reducir el riesgo de SMet en Centroamérica mediante el fortalecimiento de la vigilancia de las enfermedades crónicas y el establecimiento de programas eficaces de prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.
Assuntos
Síndrome Metabólica , Belize , Costa Rica , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicarágua , América Central , Síndrome Metabólica , Belize , América CentralRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as found by the Central American Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI) study for five major Central American populations: Belize (national); Costa Rica (San José); Guatemala (Guatemala City); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); and Nicaragua (Managua). METHODS: Study data on 6 185 adults aged 20 years or older with anthropometric and laboratory determination of MetS from population-based surveys were analyzed. Overall, the survey response rate was 82.0%. MetS prevalence was determined according to criteria from the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program. The study's protocol was reviewed and approved by the bioethical committee of each country studied. RESULTS: The overall standardized prevalence of MetS in the Central American region was 30.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 27.1-33.4). There was wide variability by gender and work conditions, with higher prevalence among females and unpaid workers. The standardized percentage of the population free of any component of MetS was lowest in Costa Rica (9.0%; CI: 6.5-11.4) and highest in Honduras (21.1%; CI: 16.4-25.9). CONCLUSIONS: Overall prevalence of MetS in Central America is high. Strengthening surveillance of chronic diseases and establishing effective programs for preventing cardiovascular diseases might reduce the risk of MetS in Central America.
OBJETIVO: Notificar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico (SMet) observada en el estudio de la Iniciativa Centroamericana de Diabetes (CAMDI) llevado a cabo en cinco importantes poblaciones centroamericanas: Belice (nacional); Costa Rica (San José); Guatemala (Ciudad de Guatemala); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); y Nicaragua (Managua). MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los datos de estudio obtenidos de las encuestas poblacionales dirigidas a 6 185 adultos de 20 años de edad o mayores con determinaciones antropométricas y de laboratorio relativas al SMet. En términos generales, la tasa de respuesta a las encuestas fue de 82,0%. Se determinó la prevalencia del SMet según los criterios del tercer informe del Grupo de Expertos en el Tratamiento de Adultos (Adult Treatment Panel III) del Programa Nacional de Educación sobre el Colesterol. El protocolo del estudio fue examinado y aprobado por el comité de bioética de cada uno de los países incluidos en el estudio. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia general estandarizada del SMet en Centroamérica fue de 30,3% (Intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC): 27,1-33,4). Se observó una amplia variabilidad según el sexo y las condiciones laborales, con mayor prevalencia en mujeres y trabajadores no retribuidos. El menor porcentaje estandarizado de población libre de cualquier componente del SMet se observó en Costa Rica (9,0%; IC: 6,5-11,4) y el mayor en Honduras (21,1%; IC: 16,4-25,9). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia general de SMet en Centroamérica es alta. Se podría reducir el riesgo de SMet en Centroamérica mediante el fortalecimiento de la vigilancia de las enfermedades crónicas y el establecimiento de programas eficaces de prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.
Assuntos
Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólica/prevenção & controle , América CentralRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as found by the Central American Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI) study for five major Central American populations: Belize (national); Costa Rica (San José); Guatemala (Guatemala City); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); and Nicaragua (Managua). METHODS: Study data on 6 185 adults aged 20 years or older with anthropometric and laboratory determination of MetS from population-based surveys were analyzed. Overall, the survey response rate was 82.0%. MetS prevalence was determined according to criteria from the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program. The study's protocol was reviewed and approved by the bioethical committee of each country studied. RESULTS: The overall standardized prevalence of MetS in the Central American region was 30.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 27.1-33.4). There was wide variability by gender and work conditions, with higher prevalence among females and unpaid workers. The standardized percentage of the population free of any component of MetS was lowest in Costa Rica (9.0%; CI: 6.5-11.4) and highest in Honduras (21.1%; CI: 16.4-25.9). CONCLUSIONS: Overall prevalence of MetS in Central America is high. Strengthening surveillance of chronic diseases and establishing effective programs for preventing cardiovascular diseases might reduce the risk of MetS in Central America.
Assuntos
Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , América Central/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The increasing burdens of obesity and diabetes are two of the most prominent threats to the health of populations of developed and developing countries alike. The Central America Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI) is the first study to examine the prevalence of diabetes in Central America. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The CAMDI survey was a cross-sectional survey based on a probabilistic sample of the noninstitutionalized population of five Central American populations conducted between 2003 and 2006. The total sample population was 10,822, of whom 7,234 (67%) underwent anthropometry measurement and a fasting blood glucose or 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS: The total prevalence of diabetes was 8.5%, but was higher in Belize (12.9%) and lower in Honduras (5.4%). Of the screened population, 18.6% had impaired glucose tolerance/impaired fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS: As this population ages, the prevalence of diabetes is likely to continue to rise in a dramatic and devastating manner. Preventive strategies must be quickly introduced.