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Introducción: la trombolisis intravenosa es parte fundamental del tratamiento agudo de los pacientes que sufren un ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico. Existe un interés creciente en la utilización de tenecteplase como alternativa trombolítica a alteplase. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar la efectividad clínica de tenecteplase respecto a alteplase en la trombolisis intravenosa del ACV isquémico. Método: estudio de cohorte, bispectivo y unicéntrico, de todos los pacientes ingresados con ACV isquémico y que recibieron trombolíticos intravenosos, desde 2019 a 2022. Se compararon prospectivamente los pacientes tratados con tenecteplase con aquellos tratados con alteplase como control histórico. Se realizó test de chi cuadrado o exacto de Fisher para la asociación de variables categóricas y prueba de Wilcoxon para la comparación de medianas. Se consideró significativo un valor p menor de 0,05. Resultados: se incluyeron 69 pacientes (33 recibieron alteplase y 36 tenecteplase). La mediana de la escala de NIHSS fue de 11 (RIC 8-18) y del tiempo inicio de síntomas-aguja de 160 minutos (RIC 120-208). No se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significatvas entre los puntajes de las escalas de coma de Glasgow y NIHSS al egreso hospitalario, así como en la escala de Rankin modificada (mRS) 0-2 y mortalidad a los seis meses, entre los dos grupos de pacientes. Tampoco hubo diferencias en las complicaciones hemorrágicas intracraneanas entre ambos grupos (13,9% para tenecteplase y 12,1% para alteplase). Conclusiones: se presenta el primer estudio acerca del tema en nuestro medio. En concordancia con los recientes ensayos internacionales, el presente trabajo no mostró diferencias significativas en los resultados clínicos de los pacientes tratados con tenecteplase o alteplase. El tenecteplase podría ser una alternativa razonable a alteplase como terapia trombolítica en el ACV isquémico, con una buena relación costo-beneficio y forma de implementación más sencilla. Se necesitan estudios aleatorizados y con un mayor número de pacientes.

Introduction: intravenous thrombolysis is a key part of the acute treatment of patients with ischemic stroke. There is a growing interest in the use of tenecteplase as a thrombolytic alternative to alteplase. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical effectiveness of tenecteplase versus alteplase in intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Method: a single-center, bispective cohort study of all patients admitted with ischemic stroke who received intravenous thrombolytics from 2019 to 2022. Patients treated with tenecteplase were prospectively compared with those treated with alteplase as a historical control. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used for the association of categorical variables, and the Wilcoxon test was used for median comparison A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: a total of 69 patients were included in the study (33 received alteplase and 36 received tenecteplase). The median NIHSS scale score was 11 (IQR 8-18), and the median time from symptom onset to needle was 160 minutes (IQR 120-208). No statistically significant differences were found between Glasgow Coma Scale and NIHSS scores at hospital discharge, as well as in modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2 and mortality at 6 months, between the two groups of patients. There were also no differences in intracranial hemorrhagic complications between both groups (13.9% for tenecteplase and 12.1% for alteplase). Conclusions: This is the first study on the topic in our setting. In line with recent international trials, our study did not show significant differences in clinical outcomes of patients treated with tenecteplase or alteplase. Tenecteplase could be a reasonable alternative to alteplase as thrombolytic therapy in ischemic stroke, with a good cost-benefit ratio and simpler implementation. Randomized studies with a larger number of patients are needed.

Introdução: A trombólise intravenosa é uma parte essencial do tratamento agudo de pacientes que sofrem um acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico. Há um interesse crescente no uso da tenecteplase como uma alternativa trombolítica à alteplase. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia clínica da tenecteplase com a alteplase na trombólise intravenosa do AVC isquêmico. Métodos: estudo de coorte, bispectivo, em um único centro, de todos os pacientes admitidos com AVC isquêmico que receberam trombolíticos intravenosos de 2019 a 2022. Os pacientes tratados com tenecteplase foram comparados prospectivamente com aqueles tratados com alteplase como um controle histórico. O teste de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher foi realizado para a associação de variáveis categóricas e o teste de Wilcoxon para a comparação de medianas. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Foram incluídos 69 pacientes (33 receberam alteplase e 36 tenecteplase). A mediana do escore da escala NHISS foi de 11 (RIC 8-18) e a mediana do tempo de início dos sintomas foi de 160 minutos (RIC 120-208). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os escores de coma de Glasgow e NIHSS na alta hospitalar, bem como na Escala de Rankin modificada (MRS) 0-2 e na mortalidade em 6 meses, entre os dois grupos de pacientes. Também não houve diferenças nas complicações hemorrágicas intracranianas entre os dois grupos (13,9% para tenecteplase e 12,1% para alteplase). Conclusões: Este é o primeiro estudo sobre o assunto em nosso meio. De acordo com estudos internacionais recentes, nosso estudo não mostrou diferenças significativas nos resultados clínicos em pacientes tratados com tenecteplase ou alteplase. A tenecteplase poderia ser uma alternativa razoável à alteplase como terapia trombolítica no AVC isquêmico, com uma boa relação custo-benefício e implementação mais fácil. São necessários estudos randomizados com um número maior de pacientes.

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Introducción: Las drogas psicoactivas constituyen un factor de riesgo para traumatismos graves ya que alteran el comportamiento y el nivel de conciencia. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de traumatizados graves expuestos a cocaína y cannabis, perfil epidemiológico y comparar resultados según presencia de consumo. Metodología: Estudio observacional prospectivo realizado durante 12 meses entre mayo 2021 y abril 2022 en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Maciel. Se incluyeron traumatizados graves ingresados a terapia intensiva en los cuales se realizó detección cualitativa de metabolitos de cocaína y cannabis en orina. Resultados: Se incluyeron 111 pacientes, 89% hombres, edad (media ± desvío) 32 ±11 años, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS III) 43 ±14, Injury Severity Score (ISS) 26 ±16, mortalidad 10 (9%). Se detectó consumo de cocaína en 62 (55,9%), cannabis en 72 (64,9%) y en 42 (37,8%) para ambas. Pacientes con screening positivo fueron más jóvenes (30,5 ±9,4 vs 40,6 ±16,7; p <0,02) y predominantemente hombres (86% vs 58%; p= 0,02). No se hallaron diferencias significativas con relación a mortalidad, necesidad o duración de ventilación mecánica y estadía. El despertar excitado en consumidores fue (53,3% vs 36,8%), la autoextubación (13,3% vs 7,7%), extubación fallida (4,8% vs 0%) y reintubación (12% vs 0%), diferencias estadísticamente no significativas. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de consumo de cocaína y cannabis en pacientes traumatizados que ingresaron a nuestra unidad de medicina intensiva es elevada. El perfil epidemiológico corresponde a pacientes jóvenes, de sexo masculino. No se encontró mayor mortalidad, complicaciones o mayor estadía en terapia intensiva.

Introduction: Psychoactive drugs constitute a risk factor for severe trauma as they alter behavior and consciousness levels. Objective: To determine the prevalence of severely traumatized patients exposed to cocaine and cannabis, assess the epidemiological profile, and compare outcomes based on substance use. Methodology: Prospective observational study conducted over 12 months between May 2021 and April 2022 in the intensive care unit of Hospital Maciel. Severely traumatized patients admitted to intensive care underwent qualitative detection of cocaine and cannabis metabolites in urine. Results: A total of 111 patients were included, 89% were male, mean age (± standard deviation) 32 ± 11 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS III) 43 ± 14, Injury Severity Score (ISS) 26 ± 16, mortality 10 (9%). Cocaine use was detected in 62 (55,9%) patients, cannabis in 72 (64,9%), and both in 42 (37,8%). Patients with positive screening were younger (30,5 ± 9,4 vs. 40,6 ± 16,7; p < 0,02) and predominantly male (86% vs. 58%; p = 0,02). No significant differences were found in terms of mortality, need or duration of mechanical ventilation, and ICU length of stay. Agitated awakening was observed in users (53,3% vs. 36,8%), self-extubation (13,3% vs. 7,7%), failed extubation (4,8% vs. 0%), and reintubation (12% vs. 0%), with statistically non-significant differences. Conclusions: The prevalence of cocaine and cannabis use among traumatized patients admitted to our intensive care unit is high. The epidemiological profile corresponds to young male patients. There was no increased mortality, complications, or prolonged ICU stay observed.

Introdução: Drogas psicoativas constituem um fator de risco para trauma grave, pois alteram o comportamento e o nível de consciência. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de pacientes gravemente traumatizados expostos a cocaína e cannabis, avaliar o perfil epidemiológico e comparar os resultados com base no uso dessas substâncias. Metodologia: Estudo observacional prospectivo realizado ao longo de 12 meses entre maio de 2021 e abril de 2022 na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Maciel. Pacientes gravemente traumatizados admitidos na UTI foram submetidos à detecção qualitativa de metabólitos de cocaína e cannabis na urina. Resultados: Um total de 111 pacientes foram incluídos, 89% eram homens, idade média (± desvio padrão) de 32 ± 11 anos, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS III) de 43 ± 14, Injury Severity Score (ISS) de 26 ± 16, mortalidade de 10 (9%). O consumo de cocaína foi detectado em 62 (55,9%) pacientes, cannabis em 72 (64,9%), e ambos em 42 (37,8%). Pacientes com resultado positivo no rastreamento eram mais jovens (30,5 ± 9,4 vs. 40,6 ± 16,7; p < 0,02) e predominantemente do sexo masculino (86% vs. 58%; p = 0,02). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação à mortalidade, necessidade ou duração da ventilação mecânica e tempo de internação na UTI. Um despertar agitado foi observado entre os usuários (53,3% vs. 36,8%), autoextubação (13,3% vs. 7,7%), falha na extubação (4,8% vs. 0%) e reintubação (12% vs. 0%), com diferenças estatisticamente não significativas. Conclusões: A prevalência de consumo de cocaína e cannabis entre pacientes traumatizados admitidos em nossa unidade de terapia intensiva é elevada. O perfil epidemiológico corresponde a pacientes jovens do sexo masculino. Não houve aumento da mortalidade, complicações ou prolongamento da estadia na UTI observados.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sonographic vasospasm and delayed ischemic deficit in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, to evaluate the correlation between different tomographic scales and these complications, and to study prognostic factors in this group of patients. METHODS: This was a prospective study of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The prevalence of sonographic vasospasm and radiological delayed cerebral ischemia was analyzed, as was the correlation between different tomographic scales and these complications. RESULTS: A total of 57 patients were studied. Sixty percent of the patients developed sonographic vasospasm, which was significantly associated with delayed cerebral ischemia and mortality. The Claassen and Hijdra scales were better correlated with the development of cerebral vasospasm (areas under the curve of 0.78 and 0.68) than was Fisher's scale (0.62). Thirty-two patients (56.1%) developed cerebral infarction on CT; the significantly associated factors were poor clinical grade at admission (p = 0.04), sonographic vasospasm (p = 0.008) and severity of vasospasm (p = 0.015). Only the semiquantitative Hijdra scale was significantly correlated with the development of radiological delayed cerebral ischemia (p = 0.009). The patients who presented cerebral infarction had worse neurological evolution and higher mortality. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in our environment on the subject. The Claassen and Hijdra tomographic scales showed better prognostic performance than the Fisher scale for the development of cerebral vasospasm. The finding of sonographic vasospasm could be a noninvasive criterion for the early detection of delayed cerebral ischemia and neurological deterioration in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

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BACKGROUND: There are pathological conditions in which intracranial hypertension and patent basal cisterns in computed tomography coexist. These situations are not well recognized, which could lead to diagnostic errors and improper management. METHODS: We present a retrospective case series of patients with traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cryptococcal meningitis who were treated at our intensive care unit. Criteria for deciding placement of an external lumbar drain were (1) intracranial hypertension refractory to osmotherapy, hyperventilation, neuromuscular blockade, intravenous anesthesia, and, in some cases, decompressive craniectomy and (2) a computed tomography scan that showed open basal cisterns and no mass lesion. RESULTS: Eleven patients were studied. Six of the eleven patients treated with controlled lumbar drainage are discussed as illustrative cases. All patients developed intracranial hypertension refractory to maximum medical treatment, including decompressive craniectomy in Four of the eleven cases. Controlled external lumbar drainage led to immediate and sustained control of elevated intracranial pressure in all patients, with good neurological outcomes. No brain herniation, intracranial bleeding, or meningitis was detected during this procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides preliminary evidence that in selected patients who develop refractory intracranial hypertension with patent basal cisterns and no focal mass effect on computed tomography, controlled lumbar drainage appears to be a therapeutic option. In our study there were no deaths or complications. Prospective and larger studies are needed to confirm our results.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of sonographic vasospasm and delayed ischemic deficit in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, to evaluate the correlation between different tomographic scales and these complications, and to study prognostic factors in this group of patients. Methods: This was a prospective study of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The prevalence of sonographic vasospasm and radiological delayed cerebral ischemia was analyzed, as was the correlation between different tomographic scales and these complications. Results: A total of 57 patients were studied. Sixty percent of the patients developed sonographic vasospasm, which was significantly associated with delayed cerebral ischemia and mortality. The Claassen and Hijdra scales were better correlated with the development of cerebral vasospasm (areas under the curve of 0.78 and 0.68) than was Fisher's scale (0.62). Thirty-two patients (56.1%) developed cerebral infarction on CT; the significantly associated factors were poor clinical grade at admission (p = 0.04), sonographic vasospasm (p = 0.008) and severity of vasospasm (p = 0.015). Only the semiquantitative Hijdra scale was significantly correlated with the development of radiological delayed cerebral ischemia (p = 0.009). The patients who presented cerebral infarction had worse neurological evolution and higher mortality. Conclusion: This is the first study in our environment on the subject. The Claassen and Hijdra tomographic scales showed better prognostic performance than the Fisher scale for the development of cerebral vasospasm. The finding of sonographic vasospasm could be a noninvasive criterion for the early detection of delayed cerebral ischemia and neurological deterioration in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de vasoespasmo sonográfico y déficit isquémico diferido en pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática, evaluar la correlación entre las diferentes escalas tomográficas con dichas complicaciones, así como estudiar los factores pronósticos en este grupo de pacientes. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes ingresados a la unidad de cuidados intensivos con diagnóstico de hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática. Se analizó la prevalencia de vasoespasmo sonográfico e isquemia cerebral diferida radiológica, así como la correlación entre diferentes escalas tomográficas con dichas complicaciones. Resultados: Se estudiaron 57 pacientes. El 60% de los pacientes desarrollaron vasoespasmo sonográfico, el cual se asoció significativamente con isquemia cerebral diferida y mortalidad. Las escalas de Claassen y de Hijdra tuvieron una mejor correlación con el desarrollo de vasoespasmo cerebral (área bajo la curva de 0,78 y 0,68) que la de Fisher (0,62). Treinta y dos pacientes (56,1%) desarrollaron infarto cerebral en la TC, siendo los factores que se asociaron en forma estadísticamente significativa al mismo: pobre grado clínico al ingreso (p = 0,04), vasoespasmo sonográfico (p = 0,008) y severidad del vasoespasmo (p = 0,015). Solamente la escala semicuantitativa de Hijdra se correlacionó significativamente con el desarrollo de isquemia cerebral diferida radiológica (p = 0,009). Los pacientes que presentaron infarto cerebral tuvieron peor evolución neurológica y mayor mortalidad. Conclusion: Se presenta el primer estudio en nuestro medio sobre el tema. Las escalas tomográficas de Claassen y Hijdra presentaron un mejor rendimiento pronóstico que la de Fisher para desarrollo de vasoespasmo cerebral. El hallazgo de vasoespasmo sonográfico podría ser un criterio no invasivo de detección temprana de isquemia cerebral diferida y peoría neurológica en los pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática.

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Antecedentes: los pacientes neurocríticos constituyen un subgrupo especial en la medicina intensiva. Estudios internacionales recientes han mostrado variabilidad en su monitorización y manejo terapéutico. Objetivo: conocer las características de la atención y manejo de los pacientes neurocríticos en Uruguay. Métodos: estudio prospectivo y descriptivo. Se realizó una encuesta telefónica basada en un cuestionario de estructuras y procesos en la asistencia del paciente neurocrítico. Fue diseñado por la comisión de neurocríticos de la SUMI. Se entrevistó a jefes o coordinadores de cada unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI), de forma voluntaria y anónima. Resultados: se encuestaron 52 UCI (98% del país), 67% correspondieron al Interior y 65% al sector privado del país. 96% de las UCI reciben pacientes neurocríticos. Se cuenta con neurocirugía presencial en 46%. El estudio de neuroimagen más disponible es la tomografía computada (81%). Se realiza: monitorización de presión intracraneana en 65%, oximetría yugular en 27% y neuromonitorización no invasiva en 58%, siendo la ultrasonografía la más frecuente. Las estrategias más utilizadas para el tratamiento de la hipertensión intracraneana son: osmoterapia (salino hipertónico en 100%), propofol (85%), bloqueo muscular (78%) y descompresiva (75%). Reperfusión en ataque cerebrovascular: trombolisis (88%) y trombectomía mecánica (44%). Los fármacos antiepilépticos más utilizados son: midazolam (100%), levetiracetam y fenitoína (96%). Tratamiento del aneurisma cerebral: clipado quirúrgico (98%) y endovascular (66%). Protocolización en 96% y realización de ateneos clínicos en 61%. Conclusiones: se presenta el primer trabajo realizado en nuestro país sobre el tema. Se encontró variabilidad en la monitorización así como en la disponibilidad de neuroimagenología y especialidades neurointervencionistas. Este estudio proporciona una oportunidad para la investigación comparativa de efectividad.

Background: neurocritical care patients constitute a special subgroup in intensive care medicine. Recent international studies have shown variability in their monitoring and therapeutic handling. Objective. to learn about the handling and care characteristics of neurocritical patients in Uruguay. Method: prospective, descriptive study. A telephone survey was conducted based on a structure and processes questionnaire on neurocritical patients' care. It was designed by the Neurocritical Patients Comittee of the Uruguayan Society of Intensive Medicine (SUMI). Chiefs or coordinators of each intensive care units were interviewed, their participation being voluntary an anonymous. Results: 52 ICU in the country were interviewed, 67% were located in the provinces and 65% belonged to the private sector. 96% of intensive care units received neurocritical care patients. Routine neurosurgery was available in 46% of cases. Computerized technology was the most widely available imaging study (81%). The following procedures were conducted: intracranial pressure monitoring in 65% of patients, jugular venous oximetry in 27%, non-invasive neuromonitoring in 58%, ultrasound being the most frequently used. The most commonly used strategies to treat intracranial hypertension are: osmotherapy (hypertonic saline in 100%), propofol (85%), muscular blockade (78%) and decompressive craniectomy (75%). Reperfusion in cerebrovascular attack, thrombolisis (88%) and mechanical thrombectomy (44%). The most widely used antiepileptic drugs are: midazolam (100%), levetiracetam y phenytoin (96%). Cerebral aneurysm was treated with surgical clipping (98%) and endovascular treatment (66%). Protocols were followed in 96% and case conferences were organized in 61%. Conclusions: the study presents the first research conducted on this topic in our country and it found variability in terms of monitorization and availability of neuro-imagining and neurointerventionist special strategies. The study represents an opportunity for effectiveness comparative research.

Introdução: os pacientes neurocríticos constituem um subgrupo especial na medicina intensiva. Estudos internacionais recentes têm mostrado variabilidade em seu monitoramento e manejo terapêutico. Objetivo: conhecer as características de atendimento e manejo de pacientes neurocríticos no Uruguai. Métodos: estudo prospectivo e descritivo. Fez-se uma pesquisa telefônica utilizando um questionário sobre estruturas e processos do cuidado de pacientes neurocríticos. Foi projetado pela comissão de neurocríticos de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Medicina Intensiva. Os chefes ou coordenadores de cada unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) foram entrevistados de forma voluntária e anônima. Resultados: pesquisaram-se 52 UTIs (98% do país), 67% do Interior e 65% do setor privado do país. 96% das UTIs recebem pacientes neurocríticos. A neurocirurgia no local está disponível em 46%. O estudo de neuroimagem mais disponível é a tomografia computadorizada (81%). Realiza-se monitorização da pressão intracraniana em 65%, oximetria jugular em 27% e neuromonitorização não invasiva em 58%, sendo a ultrassonografia a mais frequente. As estratégias mais utilizadas para o tratamento da hipertensão intracraniana são: osmoterapia (soro fisiológico 100% hipertônico), propofol (85%), bloqueio muscular (78%) e descompressão (75%). Faz-se reperfusão no ataque cerebrovascular por trombólise (88%) e trombectomia mecânica (44%). As drogas antiepilépticas mais utilizadas são: midazolam (100%), levetiracetam e fenitoína (96%). Tratamento do aneurisma cerebral: clipagem cirúrgica (98%) e endovascular (66%). Protocolização em 96% e reuniões clínicas em 61%. Conclusões: este é o primeiro trabalho realizado em nosso país sobre o tema. Foi encontrada variabilidade no monitoramento, bem como na disponibilidade de especialidades de neuroimagem e neurointervenção. Este estudo oferece uma oportunidade para a pesquisa comparativa de eficácia.

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OBJECTIVE: Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a prevalent disease with high morbidity and mortality. Numerous complications contribute to brain injury and defy the clinical practitioner on diagnosis and management. Valproate-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy is a rare, underdiagnosed, serious and important entity to consider. We present a case of a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage who received anticonvulsant prophylaxis with valproate and developed neuroworsening associated with high levels of ammoniemia and periodic discharge electroencephalographic patterns without other identifiable causes. Discontinuing valproic acid treatment and normalization of ammoniemia resulted in improvement in clinical and electroencephalographic neurological status.

OBJETIVO: A hemorragia subaracnóidea é uma doença prevalente com alta morbidade e mortalidade. Inúmeras complicações contribuem para a lesão cerebral e desafiam o médico no diagnóstico e tratamento. A encefalopatia hiperamonêmica associada ao valproato é uma entidade rara, subdiagnosticada, grave e importante a ser considerada. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente com hemorragia subaracnóidea que recebeu profilaxia anticonvulsivante com valproato e evoluiu com piora neurológica associada a níveis plasmáticos elevados de amônia e descargas periódicas no eletroencefalograma, sem outras causas identificáveis. A interrupção do tratamento com ácido valproico e a normalização dos níveis plasmáticos de amônia resultaram em melhora do quadro neurológico e eletroencefalográfico.

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RESUMO Objetivo: A hemorragia subaracnóidea é uma doença prevalente com alta morbidade e mortalidade. Inúmeras complicações contribuem para a lesão cerebral e desafiam o médico no diagnóstico e tratamento. A encefalopatia hiperamonêmica associada ao valproato é uma entidade rara, subdiagnosticada, grave e importante a ser considerada. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente com hemorragia subaracnóidea que recebeu profilaxia anticonvulsivante com valproato e evoluiu com piora neurológica associada a níveis plasmáticos elevados de amônia e descargas periódicas no eletroencefalograma, sem outras causas identificáveis. A interrupção do tratamento com ácido valproico e a normalização dos níveis plasmáticos de amônia resultaram em melhora do quadro neurológico e eletroencefalográfico.

ABSTRACT Objective: Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a prevalent disease with high morbidity and mortality. Numerous complications contribute to brain injury and defy the clinical practitioner on diagnosis and management. Valproate-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy is a rare, underdiagnosed, serious and important entity to consider. We present a case of a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage who received anticonvulsant prophylaxis with valproate and developed neuroworsening associated with high levels of ammoniemia and periodic discharge electroencephalographic patterns without other identifiable causes. Discontinuing valproic acid treatment and normalization of ammoniemia resulted in improvement in clinical and electroencephalographic neurological status.

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The brain-lung interaction can seriously affect patients with traumatic brain injury, triggering a vicious cycle that worsens patient prognosis. Although the mechanisms of the interaction are not fully elucidated, several hypotheses, notably the "blast injury" theory or "double hit" model, have been proposed and constitute the basis of its development and progression. The brain and lungs strongly interact via complex pathways from the brain to the lungs but also from the lungs to the brain. The main pulmonary disorders that occur after brain injuries are neurogenic pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and ventilator-associated pneumonia, and the principal brain disorders after lung injuries include brain hypoxia and intracranial hypertension. All of these conditions are key considerations for management therapies after traumatic brain injury and need exceptional case-by-case monitoring to avoid neurological or pulmonary complications. This review aims to describe the history, pathophysiology, risk factors, characteristics, and complications of brain-lung and lung-brain interactions and the impact of different old and recent modalities of treatment in the context of traumatic brain injury.

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BACKGROUND: Cadaveric studies on humans have shown anatomical variabilities in the morphometric characteristics of the tentorial notch. These anatomical variations could influence the worsening of neurocritical patients. OBJECTIVES: 1) To investigate the morphometric characteristics of the tentorial notch in neurocritical patients using computed tomography (CT); 2) To investigate the correlation between tentorial notch measurements by CT and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and 3) To analyze the individual variability of the tentorial notch anatomy seen in neurocritical patients. METHODS: Prospective series of neurocritical patients was examined. An imaging protocol for measurements was designed for CT and MRI. The level of the agreement of the measurements from CT and MR images was established. According to the measurements found, patients were divided into different types of tentorial notch. RESULTS: We studied 34 neurocritical patients by CT and MRI. Measurements of the tentorial notch via CT and MRI showed significant agreement: concordance correlation coefficient of 0.96 for notch length and 0.85 for maximum width of tentorial notch. Classification of tentorial notch measurements according to the criteria established by Adler and Milhorat, we found the following: 15 patients (58%) corresponded to a "short" subtype; 7 (21%) to "small"; 3 (9%) to "narrow"; 2 (6%) to "wide"; 2 (6%) to "large"; 1 (3%) to "long"; and 4 (12%) to "typical". CONCLUSIONS: The anatomical variability of the tentorial notch could be detected in vivo by means of CT scan and MRI. Good agreement between the measurements made using these two imaging methods was found.

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