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Pompe disease (PD) is caused by mutations in the GAA gene, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase, causing lysosomal glycogen accumulation, mainly in muscular tissue. Autophagic buildup is considered the main factor affecting skeletal muscle, although other processes are also involved. Uncovering how these mechanisms are interconnected could be an approximation to address long-lasting concerns, like the differential skeletal and cardiac involvement in each clinical phenotype. In this sense, a network reconstruction based on a comprehensive literature review of evidence found in PD enriched with the STRING database and other scientific articles is presented. The role of autophagic lysosome reformation, PGC-1α, MCOLN1, calcineurin, and Keap1 as intermediates between the events involved in the pathologic cascade is discussed and contextualized within their relationship with mTORC1/AMPK. The intermediates and mechanisms found open the possibility of new hypotheses and questions that can be addressed in future experimental studies of PD.
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Introduction: Although breast milk is the ideal food source for newborns during the first six months of life, a high percentage of children receive infant formulas. There is evidence that specific diet habits may influence individual metabolic profile. Therefore, in newborns, such profile can be influenced by the use of infantile formulas given the composition differences that display compared to human milk. Up to now, there are no reports in the literature that address this issue. Objectives: this work aims to compare the metabolic profile of full-term newborns that were feed with either breast milk (n = 32) or infantile formulas (n = 21). Methods: Metabolic profile was established based on urine analysis through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR). Results: our results evidenced a more gluconeogenic profile in breast-fed infants characterized by elevation of Kreb's cycle intermediaries like fumaric, succinic and ketoglutaric acids compared to infants receiving infant formula. In addition, infant formula fed infants presented urinary excretion of metabolites derived from specific compounds present in this type of diet that were not observed in breast-fed infants, for instance D-glucitol, and 4-deoxytetronic. Moreover, in infant formula fed infants there was excretion of basal levels of metabolites of clinical relevance like 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaric, 2-methyl-3-keto-valeric and 3,4-dihydroxybutyric. Conclusion: These results show the importance of understanding the metabolic impact of diet in newborn population in normal and pathological contexts.
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Abstract Classical galactosemia is caused by the genetic deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate-urydyl-transferase resulting in clinical symptoms development during the first weeks of life including jaundice, hypotonia, lethargy, emesis, hepatomegaly, among others. Currently, dietary restriction of galactose is considered the standard for classical galactosemia management. For several years, severe dietary galactose restriction was considered necessary, implying restriction not only of dairy products, but also fruits, vegetables, legumes, and viscera. Such management failed to improve or prevent the appearance of long-term complications, by contrast, such restrictive approach may lead to nutritional deficiencies development. Thus, the last consensus suggests guidelines that are more flexible. In addition, the lack of knowledge regarding the physiopathology of the disease, and the toxicity threshold of the metabolites accumulated, make even more difficult to propose novel and more effective therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding classical galactosemia in terms of physiopathology, long-term complications, newborn screening and genetic variants and their implications on galactosemia treatment, summed to the challenges that researchers working on this disease must address in future studies including the analysis of galactose content in foods, galactose tolerance threshold and search for novel therapeutic targets.
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The utility of low-resolution 1H-NMR analysis for the identification of biomarkers provided evidence for rapid biochemical diagnoses of organic acidemia and aminoacidopathy. 1H-NMR, with a sensitivity expected for a field strength of 400 MHz at 64 scans was used to establish the metabolomic urine sample profiles of an infant population diagnosed with small molecule Inborn Errors of Metabolism (smIEM) compared to unaffected individuals. A qualitative differentiation of the 1H-NMR spectral profiles of urine samples obtained from individuals affected by different organic acidemias and aminoacidopathies was achieved in combination with GC-MS. The smIEM disorders investigated in this study included phenylalanine metabolism; isovaleric, propionic, 3-methylglutaconicm and glutaric type I acidemia; and deficiencies in medium chain acyl-coenzyme and holocarboxylase synthase. The observed metabolites were comparable and similar to those reported in the literature, as well as to those detected with higher-resolution NMR. In this study, diagnostic marker metabolites were identified for the smIEM disorders. In some cases, changes in metabolite profiles differentiated post-treatments and follow-ups while allowing for the establishment of different clinical states of a biochemical disorder. In addition, for the first time, a 1H-NMR-based biomarker profile was established for holocarboxylase synthase deficiency spectrum.
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BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by impaired function or absence of lysosomal enzymes involved in degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Clinically, MPS are skeletal dysplasias, characterized by cartilage abnormalities and disturbances in the process of endochondral ossification. Histologic abnormalities of growth cartilage have been reported at advanced stages of the disease, but information regarding growth plate pathology progression either in humans or in animal models, as well as its pathophysiology, is limited. METHODS: Histological analyses of distal femur growth plates of wild type (WT) and mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) rats at different stages of development were performed, including quantitative data. Experimental findings were then analyzed in a theoretical scenario. RESULTS: Histological evaluation showed a progressive loss of histological architecture within the growth plate. Furthermore, in silico simulation suggest the abnormal cell distribution in the tissue may lead to alterations in biochemical gradients, which may be one of the factors contributing to the growth plate abnormalities observed, highlighting aspects that must be the focus of future experimental works. CONCLUSION: The results presented shed some light on the progression of growth plate alterations observed in MPS VI and evidence the potentiality of combined theoretical and experimental approaches to better understand pathological scenarios, which is a necessary step to improve the search for novel therapeutic approaches.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cystinosis is an inborn error of metabolism, clinically characterised by severe renal involvement and development of corneal cystine deposits, especially in the adult form of the disease. Cystinosis is a treatable condition. Therefore, an early diagnosis is necessary to start therapy. For biochemical confirmation of the condition it is necessary to quantify intracellular cystine concentrations. For this, different methods have been described with variations in cell isolation strategies and the amino acid quantification techniques used. In order to improve confirmatory biochemical diagnosis in our setting, a protocol for intraleukocitary cystine quantification was established. METHODS: A high performance liquid chromatography based method for cystine quantification in polymorphonuclear cells was implemented. Evaluation of the best anticoagulant to use and temperature stability of the sample at 4ÌC were performed. In addition, we established reference values for our population. RESULTS: It was determined that intraleukocitary cystine quantification must be performed in blood samples containing acid-citrate-dextrose as anticoagulant. Samples must be processed immediately due to their poor stability even when refrigerated. Based on the results from 50 healthy individuals, the cut-off point established for our population was 0.34nmol 1/2 cystine/mg. CONCLUSION: The adaptation performed to the cystine quantification method here presented the highest control population that has been reported in the literature so far. Our results highlight the need for making available a cystine quantification method locally and confirm the convenience for each laboratory to establish its own reference values to provide greater reliability for interpreting results.
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Cistina/sangue , Cistinose/diagnóstico , Neutrófilos/química , Anticoagulantes , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Ácido Cítrico , Temperatura Baixa , Colômbia , Síndrome de Fanconi/etiologia , Glucose/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Resumen El síndrome de Leigh (SL) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa, descrita como una encefalomielopatía necrotizante subaguda, y es una de las enfermedades de origen mitocondrial más frecuentes. El SL es causado por el déficit en la producción de energía, originada en defectos en los genes que codifican alguno de los complejos mitocondriales; el gen afectado puede ser de codificación tanto nuclear como mitocondrial, lo que explica que se encuentren diferentes mecanismos de herencia, incluyendo autosómica recesiva y herencia materna, lo que, a su vez, hace más difícil su diagnóstico molecular. Clínicamente se presenta con regresión del desarrollo cognitivo y pérdida de habilidades motoras con trastorno de movimiento, de rápida progresión. El diagnóstico se basa en la demostración bioquímica de la elevación del ácido láctico y de la relación lactato/piruvato, así como hallazgos en las neuroimágenes por resonancia magnética que muestran lesiones focales, bilaterales y simétricas en ganglios basales o tallo cerebral asociadas a leucoencefalopatía y atrofia cerebral. Se reportan cinco casos con diagnóstico clínico y bioquímico del SL que ejemplifican la variabilidad clínica y gravedad encontrada en este grupo de pacientes.
Summary Leigh syndrome (LS) is a neurodegenerative disease, described as a subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy and is one of the most frequent diseases of mitochondrial origin. LS is caused by a deficit in the energy production due to defects in the genes that encode some of the mitochondrial complexes. The affected gene can be due to either nuclear and/or mitochondrial coding, which explains why there are different ways of inheriting the disease, including autosomal recessive and maternal inheritance, which makes its molecular diagnosis even more difficult. Clinically, LS is characterized by regression in cognitive development and motor abilities, as well as movement disorders of rapid progression. Its diagnosis is based on the biochemical demonstration of an increase in lactic acid and lactate / pyruvate ratio, as well as magnetic resonance neuroimaging findings showing focal, bilateral and symmetric lesions in basal ganglia or brainstem associated with leukoencephalopathy and cerebral atrophy. Five cases are reported with clinical and biochemical diagnosis of LS that exemplify the clinical variability and severity found in this group of patients.
Resumo A síndrome de Leigh (SL) é uma doença neurodegenerativa, descrita como uma encefalomielopatia necrotizante subaguda e é uma das doenças de origem mitocondrial mais frequente. A SL é causada pelo déficit na produção de energia originada em defeitos nos genes que codificam algum dos complexos mitocondriais; o gene afetado pode ser de codificação tanto nuclear como mitocondrial, o que explica que se encontrem diferentes mecanismos de herança, incluindo autossômica recessiva e herança materna, o que torna mais difícil seu diagnóstico molecular. Clinicamente se apresenta com regressão do desenvolvimento do desenvolvimento cognitivo e perda de habilidades motoras com transtorno de movimento, de rápida progressão. O diagnóstico se baseia na demonstração bioquímica da elevação do ácido láctico e da relação lactato/piruvato, assim como descobertas nas neuro imagens por ressonância magnética que mostram lesões focais, bilaterais e simétricas em gânglios basais ou talo cerebral associadas a leucoencefalopatia e atrofia cerebral. Reportam-se cinco casos com diagnóstico clínico e bioquímico da SL que exemplificam a variabilidade clínica e gravidade encontrada neste grupo de pacientes.
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Humanos , Doença de Leigh , Bioquímica , Diagnóstico Clínico , ColômbiaRESUMO
La acidemia glutárica tipo-1 es uno de los errores innatos del metabolismo diagnosticados con mayor frecuencia en Colombia. Es consecuencia de una alteración en el metabolismo de los aminoácidos lisina, hidroxilisina y triptófano, de la que resulta acumulación de ácidos glutárico y 3-hidroxiglutárico en los fluidos corporales. Clínicamente es un trastorno neurológico caracterizado por macrocefalia, atrofia cerebral progresiva y distonía. Por su evolución crónica es una enfermedad subdiagnosticada, de tal forma que pueden pasar varios años hasta que la sintomatología o las neuroimágenes sugieren la etiología metabólica. Sin embargo, algunos pacientes presentan la forma aguda usualmente desencadenada por una infección entre los 6 y 18 meses de edad. Por ser susceptible de manejo nutricional, es necesario hacer tempranamente el diagnóstico e iniciar el tratamiento, para prevenir o mejorar las complicaciones y enfermedades intercurrentes. Es de importancia considerar la AG-1 en el diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes con parálisis cerebral espástica o disquinética sin una historia clara de eventos hipóxicos, así como en pacientes con regresión en los hitos del neurodesarrollo. Se describe un caso con presentación aguda, que ilustra el curso clínico y el enfoque diagnóstico de la enfermedad.
Glutaric acidemia type I (GA-1) is a neurological disease of metabolic ethiology. Although considered rare, it is one of the most frequent inborn errors of metabolism in Colombia. GA-1 is caused by alterations in lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan metabolism, resulting in the accumulation of glutaric and 3-hydroxyglutaric acids in body fluids. Clinically, it is characterized by macrocephaly, progressive cerebral atrophy, and dystonia secondary to striatal degeneration. Due to its chronic evolution, it is usually under- diagnosed, so that several years may pass before suggestive symptoms or brain imaging findings are discovered. In some patients, the disease may appear acutely triggered by an infection between 6 and 18 months of age. Due to the availability of nutritional treatment, it is necessary to make an early diagnosis and to start treatment, in order to prevent or improve complications and associated diseases. It is important to consider GA-1 in the differential diagnosis of patients with spastic or dyskinetic cerebral palsy without a clear history of hypoxic events, as well as in patients with regression in neurological development. We report a case with acute presentation to exemplify the natural history of the disease and the diagnostic approach to it.
A Acidemia Glutárica tipo-1 é um dos erros inatos do metabolismo diagnosticados com maior frequência na Colômbia. É consequência de uma alteração no metabolismo dos aminoácidos lisina, hidroxilisina e triptófano, da que resulta acumulação de ácidos glutárico e 3-hidroxiglutárico nos fluidos corporais. Clinicamente é um transtorno neurológico caracterizado por macrocefalia, atrofia cerebral progressiva e distonia. Por sua evolução crônica é uma doença subdiagnosticada, de tal forma que podem passar vários anos até que a sintomatologia ou as neuroimagens sugerem a etiologia metabólica. No entanto, alguns pacientes apresentam a forma aguda usualmente desencadeada por uma infecção entre os 6 e 18 meses de idade. Por ser susceptível de manejo nutricional, é necessário fazer cedo o diagnóstico e iniciar o tratamento, para prevenir ou melhorar as complicações e doenças intercorrentes. É de importância considerar a AG-1 no diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes com paralisia cerebral espástica ou disquinética sem uma história clara de eventos hipóxicos, bem como em pacientes com regressão nas metas do neurodesenvolvimento. Descreve-se um caso com apresentação aguda, que ilustra o curso clínico e o enfoque diagnóstico da doença.
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Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Deficiência Múltipla de Acil Coenzima A Desidrogenase , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo , Doenças do Sistema NervosoRESUMO
Las aminoacidopatías son errores innatos del metabolismo intermediario de los aminoácidos. Su confirmación diagnóstica y seguimiento se realiza con la cuantificación de aminoácidos libres en fluidos biológicos por técnicas como la cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC), para lo que es necesario comparar con valores de referencia normales. La población colombiana no cuenta con estos valores disponibles y el diagnóstico es realizado por comparación con los de otras poblaciones. En el presente trabajo se obtuvieron valores de referencia de aminoácidos en plasma en una población de niños (n=36) y adultos no afectados (n=17), mediante HPLC por derivatización postcolumna con ninhidrina. Los valores de referencia obtenidos fueron ligeramente más elevados que los informados para otras poblaciones y permitieron la identificación de doce casos de aminoacidopatías, incluyendo fenilcetonuria clásica, hiperfenilalaninemia, hiperglicinemia no cetósica, desórdenes del ciclo de la urea, tirosinemia. La implementación de la cuantificación de aminoácidos por HPLC y la obtención de los valores de referencia de aminoácidos en plasma permitirán aumentar el conocimiento sobre la incidencia de las aminoacidopatías en el país para garantizar, junto con otros factores, su diagnóstico preciso y oportuno y la implementación de un adecuado seguimiento nutricional.
Aminoacidopathies are inborn errors of the amino acid intermediary metabolism. The benchmark method used for their diagnosis and monitoring is the quanti!cation of free amino acids in biological fluids using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), which needs to be compared against normal reference values. However, those amino acid reference values are not available for the Colombian population and the diagnosis is usually made using values from American or European populations. In this work, plasma amino acid reference values in non-affected children (n=36) and adults (n=17) were established, using an HPLC method with a postcolumn derivatization with ninhidrine. Plasma amino acid reference values in a Colombian population were slightly higher compared with those reported for other populations, and enabled the identification of twelve aminoacidopathies including urea cycle disorders, phenylketonuria, hyperphenylalaninemia, nonketotichyperglycinemia, hepatorrenaltyrosinemia and maple syrup urine disease. The implementation of amino acid cuantification by HPLC and the construction of plasma amino acid reference values is very useful for a suitable and precise diagnosis of amino acid disorders, the implementation of proper nutritional treatments, and an increased knowledge of aminoacidopathy incidence in Colombia.