RESUMO
Abstract Beak deformity have a frequency of 0.5% in wild bird populations. In addition to being rare, beak deformities are also poorly reported in the Brazilian scientific literature. Here we report beak deformities in the species: Dendrocincla merula, Amazona ochrocephala and Pheugopedius genibarbis, all of which occurred in southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Dendrocolaptids make intensive use of their beaks in the search for insects and small vertebrates, where they explore in cracks in wood with lateral blows. In the case presented here, this behaviour may have been the cause of the breakage of the tip of this individual's maxilla. In Brazilian territory, few species of parrots were recorded with deformity in the beak and in the individual in this work, everything indicates that Amazona ochrocephala was a captive animal, as it was excessively thin and its diet probably had a low content of vitamins and calcium, where their deficiency even when the animal was a puppy may have contributed to the deformity of the maxilla. Cases of beak deformities in species of the Troglodytidae family are rare, but the individual in this work presented an unusual curvature in the maxilla not observed in other individuals in museum collections. Only with more reports will we be able to better understand the occurrence and causes of these beak deformities in wild birds.
Resumen La deformidad del pico es una característica rara y tiene una frecuencia baja, con 0.5% de casos en poblaciones de aves silvestres. Además de ser raras, las deformidades del pico también son escasamente reportadas en la literatura científica brasileña. Reportamos aquí deformidades en los picos de aves de las especies: Dendrocincla merula, Amazona ochrocephala y Pheugopedius genibarbis, en los cuales todos los registros ocurrieron en el sudoeste de la Amazonia brasileña. Los dendrocoláptidos hacen uso intensivo del pico en la búsqueda de insectos y pequeños vertebrados, explorando en grietas de la madera con golpes laterales. En el caso aquí presentado, este comportamiento de exploración pudo haber sido la causa de la rotura de la punta del maxilar de este individuo. En el territorio brasileño, pocas especies de loros fueron registradas con deformidad en el pico y en el individuo de este trabajo, todo indica que Amazona ochrocephala era un animal de cautiverio, ya que estaba excesivamente delgado y su dieta probablemente tenía un bajo contenido de vitaminas y calcio, donde su deficiencia incluso cuando el animal era un joven puede haber contribuido a la deformidad del maxilar. Los casos de deformidades del pico en especies de la familia Troglodytidae son raros, pero el individuo de este trabajo presentaba una curvatura inusual en el maxilar no observada en otros individuos de esta especie depositados en la colección científica. Sólo con más informes podremos entender mejor la ocurrencia y las causas de estas deformidades del pico en aves silvestres.
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Four extant species of anhingids are found worldwide, all belonging to a single genus (Anhinga). However, the fossil record reveals a much greater diversity of this group in the past. The oldest known anhingids date back to the upper Oligocene period in Australia, but during the Miocene epoch in South America, they achieved their most remarkable diversity. This study describes newly discovered anhingid fossils from the Late Miocene period in South America. These fossils were extracted from the Acre conglomerate member, part of the Upper Miocene deposits in the southwestern Amazon region. The described fossils consist of two fragments of pelvic girdles, two femora, and two vertebrae belonging to a giant anhingid (Macranhinga sp.), as well as a vertebra from Anhinga minuta, the smallest of all darters. The examination of these fossils suggests the presence of potentially three distinct anhingid taxa within the same locality. The environment in which the conglomerate deposits were formed was ecologically complex. It is likely that these three species coexisted within the same ecosystem but avoided direct competition for food and reproductive sites by not fully exploiting their fundamental niche.
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Ticks are vectors for several pathogens, including bacteria belonging to the Rickettsia genus, such as Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia parkeri, the causative agents of spotted fever. The aim of the present study was to investigate the tick species richness and rickettsial agents associated with wild birds captured in the Humaita Forest Reserve, Acre, in the Western Amazon region. Wild birds were captured with ornithological nets for visual inspection with the purpose of collecting ticks, which were identified through morphological analyses and molecular tests for several genes (12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, gltA, ompA, and sca4). A total of 607 wild birds were captured, 12% of which were parasitized by 268 ticks of the Amblyomma genus, with new host-parasite associations reported for Amblyomma calcaratum, Amblyomma geayi, Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma naponense, Amblyomma nodosum, and Amblyomma varium. Of the total ticks collected, 113 were tested for the presence of rickettsial DNA fragments, with 19 testing positive for R. parkeri in A. geayi, Rickettsia tamurae-like in Amblyomma sp., and Rickettsia amblyommatis in A. geayi, A. longirostre, and Amblyomma sp. We detected R. tamurae-like in Amblyomma larvae for the first time in the Western Brazilian Amazon biome, and registered spotted fever group rickettsiae, although the relevance of the detected species in a public health context should be further explored in South America, as well as new host-parasite interactions in this underexplored region.
Assuntos
Ixodidae , Rickettsia , Rickettsiose do Grupo da Febre Maculosa , Infestações por Carrapato , Carrapatos , Animais , Carrapatos/microbiologia , Ixodidae/microbiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Infestações por Carrapato/parasitologia , Rickettsia/genética , Animais Selvagens , Rickettsiose do Grupo da Febre Maculosa/veterinária , Amblyomma/genética , Aves , DNA RibossômicoRESUMO
The southern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis, is a bird frequently seen in most of Brazil. Although it is widely distributed in other Brazilian biomes, including some parts of the Brazilian Amazon, it has only been recorded in the western Amazonian state of Acre since 2000. We report the presence of intestinal parasites in individuals of V. chilensis from the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve in Acre through a coproparasitological analysis. Seven of the nine sampled individuals were parasitized. We observed larvae of Strongyloides sp. (28.5% of the samples), and eggs of Ascaridia sp. (28.5%), Ancylostoma sp. (14.2%), and Choanotaenia sp. (42.8%). These parasites are reported for the first time parasitizing V. chilensis in Brazil. The parasitized birds may act as reservoirs and were recorded in a peridomicile area, which may facilitate their contact with domestic birds.
O quero-quero, Vanellus chilensis é uma ave vista com frequência no Brasil. Apesar de ser uma espécie amplamente distribuída em todos os biomas brasileiros, incluindo algumas partes da Amazônia bresileira, somente a partir de 2000 começou a ser observado no Estado do Acre. Neste trabalho relatamos a presença de parasitas intestinais em indivíduos de V. chilensis capturados na Reserva Extrativista Cazumbá-Iracema, no Acre, por meio de análise coproparasitológica. Dos nove indivíduos com amostras coletadas, sete estavam parasitados. Foram encontradas larvas de Strongyloides sp. (28,5%), ovos de Ascaridia sp. (28,5%), ovos de Ancylostoma sp. (14,2%) e ovos de Choanotaenia sp. (42,8%). Estes parasitos são registrados pela primeira vez parasitando V. chilensis no Brasil. As aves parasitadas podem atuar como reservatórios e foram registradas em área de peridomicílio, o que pode facilitar o contato com aves domésticas.
Assuntos
Animais , Cestoides , Charadriiformes/classificação , Charadriiformes/parasitologia , NematoidesRESUMO
We present new aspects of breeding biology of Gray-fronted Dove Leptotila rufaxilla, from five nests found between 2012 and 2014 in a lowland forest fragment in southwestern Brazil. The nests simple/platform shape were built at a mean height of 1.90 m above ground. The clutch size was two eggs white and elliptic, incubated for 15 days (based on three nests). We recorded predation in two nests still in incubation phase. Minimum hatch weight of nestlings was 10 g and young fledged with a mean mass of 56 g. The constant growth rate (K) of nestlings was 0.40 with a growth asymptote of 60.7 g. Daily survival rate, Mayfield and apparent nesting success in the incubation period was 90, 20 and 56%, respectively, while in the nestling period were all 100%. Our data and the contribution of citizen science showed that L. rufaxilla breeds over the year, mainly in the rainy season, both in southwestern Amazonia and in other regions of occurrence.
Presentamos nuevos aspectos de la biología reproductiva de la Yerutí Colorada Leptotila rufaxilla, de cinco nidos encontrados entre 2012 y 2014 en un fragmento de bosque de tierras bajas en el suroeste de Brasil. Los nidos con forma simple / plataforma se construyeron a una altura media de 1.90 m sobre el suelo. El tamaño de la puesta fue de dos huevos blancos y elípticos, incubados durante 15 días (basado en tres nidos). Registramos depredación en dos nidos aún en fase de incubación. El peso mínimo al nacer de los pichones fue de 10 g y los polluelos dejaron el nido con una masa media de 56 g. La tasa de crecimiento constante (K) de los pichones fue de 0.40 con una asíntota de crecimiento de 60.7 g. La tasa de supervivencia diaria, Mayfield y el éxito aparente de anidación en el período de incubación fue de 90, 20 y 56%, respectivamente, mientras que en el período de cría fueron todos de 100%. Nuestros datos y el aporte de la ciencia ciudadana mostraron que L. rufaxilla se reproduce durante el año, principalmente en la época de lluvias, tanto en el suroeste de la Amazonia como en otras regiones de ocurrencia.
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Our study provides information on the breeding and biometrics of Rusty-Margined Flycatcher Myiozetetes cayanensis in southwest Brazilian Amazonia. M. cayanensis is distributed from Central America until north of South America. We made observations on reproduction and captures of this species in a terra firme forest fragment in the state of Acre, between 1999 and 2020 and we evaluated the breeding season in Brazil through citizen science data. We monitored nine nests between 2012 and 2020, built at a mean height of 1.8 m above ground. Clutch size was two, three or four eggs, incubated for 15 days. We monitored the development of six nestlings: minimum hatch weight was 2 g and young fledged with a mean mass of ca. 25.5 g. The constant growth rate (K) of nestlings was 0.18 with a growth asymptote of 22.8 g. Daily survival rate was 90% and 100% during the incubation and nestling periods, respectively. The Mayfield success in the incubation and nestling periods was 20 and 100%, respectively. Apparent nesting success in the incubation and nestling periods was 46 and 100%, respectively. We recorded a minimum longevity of 2 years, nine months and 26 days. The subspecies M. c. cayanensis start to nest mainly between the dry and rainy season in Brazil, overlapping with the molt period in southwest Amazonia.
Nuestro estudio proporciona información sobre la reproducción y la biometría del bienteveo alicastaño Myiozetetes cayanensis en el suroeste de la Amazonia brasileña. M. cayanensis se distribuye desde América Central hasta el norte de América del Sur. Realizamos observaciones sobre la reproducción y captura de esta especie en un fragmento de bosque de tierra firme en el estado de Acre, entre 1999 y 2020 y evaluamos la época de reproducción en Brasil mediante datos de ciencia ciudadana. Monitoreamos nueve nidos entre 2012 y 2020, construidos a una altura promedio de 1.8 m sobre el suelo. El tamaño de la puesta fue de dos, tres o cuatro huevos, incubados durante 15 días. Monitoreamos el desarrollo de seis polluelos: el peso mínimo al nacer fue de 2 g y los polluelos con una masa media de ca. 25.5 g. La tasa de crecimiento constante (K) de los polluelos fue de 0.18 con una asíntota de crecimiento de 22.8 g. La tasa de supervivencia diaria fue del 90% y 100% durante los períodos de incubación y cría, respectivamente. El éxito de Mayfield en los períodos de incubación y cría fue de 20 y 100%, respectivamente. El éxito aparente de anidación en los períodos de incubación y polluelo fue de 46 y 100%, respectivamente. Registramos una longevidad mínima de 2 años, nueve meses y 26 días. La subespecie M. c. cayanensis comienzan a anidar principalmente entre la estación seca y lluviosa en Brasil, superponiéndose con el período de muda en el suroeste de la Amazonia.
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We reported the first data on the breeding and growth in Dendroplex picus peru-vianus from a forest fragment in southwestern Amazonia. We observed and netted this species between 1999 and 2019. We found two active nests in 2012 and 2013, but we monitored only one. Clutch size was two eggs, incubated for 16 days. Theconstant growth rate (K) of nestlings was 0.31 with a growth asymptote of 46.3 g. We recorded a longest minimum longevity of eight years. Our records showed that D. p. peruvianus breeds mainly in the rainy season (September-March) overlapping with the molt period.
Reportamos los primeros datos sobre la anidación y desarrollo de Dendroplex picus peruvianus en un fragmento de bosque en el suroeste de la Amazonia. Observamos y capturamos esta especie entre 1999 y 2019. Encontramos dos nidos activos en 2012 y 2013, pero monitoreamos solo uno. El tamaño de la camada fue de dos huevos incubados durante 16 días. La tasa de crecimiento constante (K) de los polluelos fue de 0.31 con una asíntota de crecimiento de 46.3 g. Registramos una longevidad mínima de ocho años. Nuestros datos mostraron que D. p. peruvianus se reproduce principalmente en la temporada de lluvias (septiembre-marzo) superponiéndose con el periodo de cambio de pluma.
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The Solimões Formation is a southwest geological unit of the Brazilian Amazon, being well-known for the Cenozoic giant eusuchian fossils. Among the eight species of Crocodylia described for this formation, the alligatoroid Purussaurus brasiliensis is the best known worldwide due to its enormous size. The holotype was described in 1892 by Barbosa-Rodrigues, composed by a right hemimandible. Later, two other species were assigned to the genus, but the loss of the type specimen brought a series of doubts and discussions about genus and species validity. Here, we provide a historical reconstruction of the genus Purussaurus, especially with a new description of the specimen DGM 527-R, which was first described by L. I. Price. We also provide a review of Purussaurus brasiliensis as a valid species, highlighting the importance of the paleontologist Diogenes de Almeida Campos to the preservation, study availability and divulgation of the specimen. From the six mandibular features discussed, at least two are putative synapomorphies for the genus: the false ziphodont teeth and the thinning of the medial surface of the mandible posterior to the fourteen alveoli, while the lateral surface become laterally expanded from ninth alveoli to behind. The review of the other species of the genus was aggravated due to little sampling of photos and low quality of those contributions. Finally, the curatorial efforts initiated by Price and kept for decades by Campos turned possible the revision of DGM 527-R, an important specimen for understanding the paleobiology and evolution of the genus, and, consequently P. brasiliensis. Such importance was recognized here scientifically and by Campos when considered this specimen as the center-piece of the exhibition in honor of the centenary anniversary of Price.
Assuntos
Fósseis , Répteis , Animais , BrasilRESUMO
As comunidades naturais são sistemas dinâmicos no tempo e no espaço. A distribuição espacial de plantas e animais coincide com a disponibilidade dos recursos necessários para a sobrevivência e reprodução de cada espécie. Clareiras naturais oferecem vários recursos que influenciam a distribuição de aves na floresta. Comparamos a assembleia de aves de sub-bosque de clareiras naturais (15 clareiras) com a encontrada na floresta adjacente (15 pontos) na Reserva Florestal Humaitá, no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. Amostramos aves com redes de neblina e contabilizamos 700 capturas de 105 espécies. A riqueza de espécies, o número de indivíduos e a composição de espécies foram semelhantes entre clareiras e floresta, mas seis espécies foram mais associadas com as clareiras e nove com a floresta. Os nectarívoros preferiram significativamente clareiras à floresta, enquanto os insetívoros e frugívoros se distribuíram igualmente entre clareiras e floresta. A altura e a densidade da vegetação variaram significativamente entre clareiras e floresta e influenciaram a distribuição das espécies nos dois ambientes. A disponibilidade de frutos foi correlacionada positivamente com a abundância de frugívoros nas clareiras. Em geral, 33,3% das aves associadas às clareiras são espécies de sub-dossel e as demais de sub-bosque. Mostramos que o uso de clareiras pelas aves em uma paisagem fragmentada da Amazônia contribui para a heterogeneidade ambiental e a dinâmica de sucessão após eventos naturais de perturbação do habitat. (AU)