RESUMO
To examine how precipitation patterns and climate change impact feeding choices made by a population of critically endangered cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), we examined 22 years of feeding data (1999-2020) from 21 groups collected at Parque Natural Regional Bosque Seco El Ceibal Mono Tití in Santa Catalina, Colombia. We describe the diet and examine the role of seasonal rainfall and annual variation in rainfall on diet. Rainfall is highly seasonal (mean annual rainfall 1562 mm [range 940-2680 mm]) with a dry, early rainy, and late rainy season in each year. Over 80 species of plants formed part of the fruit, nectar, and exudate components of the diet. Fruits, although available year-round, were more commonly available and consumed during the late rainy seasons (August-November). Exudates were consumed more frequently in the dry season (December-March) and invertebrate consumption was stable across the year. Nectar feeding from a single species (Combretum fruticosum) peaked in November. Rainfall varied over the years, with 13 years exceeding the 99% confidence intervals for mean rainfall. Ten of these extreme years (both drought and extremely wet) occurred in the last 11 years. Fruit consumption did not vary between extreme and average years, but cotton-top tamarins consumed more invertebrates and exudates in wet years. Presently, cotton-top tamarins appear to be able to cope with these extreme variations in rainfall due to their highly varied diet. However, the forests that these primates depend upon for survival are threatened by human exploitation making it critically important to maintain a generalist feeding strategy for survival as many fruiting trees that compose a large proportion of the diet are removed. As conservation efforts continue, plant species consumed by cotton-top tamarins provide useful data when selecting species for habitat restoration programs.
Assuntos
Néctar de Plantas , Saguinus , Animais , Colômbia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Plantas , Estações do AnoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The sella turcica volume is widely measured by the Di Chiro-Nelson method. The purpose is to compare the fidelity of a proposed volumetry method vs. the Di Chiro-Nelson method, using computed tomography (CT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Morphometric examination of 173 CT scans were included, of which 52.6% were female. The mean age was 53.2 ± 17.6 years. Considering the Di Chiro-Nelson method, two measurements were added for each axis in the CT evaluation: length (central, left, and right), width (central, anterior, and posterior), and height (central, left, and right). RESULTS: The mean measurements were length: central 10.11 ± 1.44, left 7.45 ± 1.67, right 7.53 ± 1.59; width: central 12.27 ± 2.11, anterior 10.99 ± 1.92, posterior 10.10 ± 1.74; height: central 7.68 ± 1.38, left 7.16 ± 1.35, right 7.40 ± 1.41. A statistically significant difference between sexes was found only in the anterior width (p = 0.01). Using the proposed method, the volume was 342.2 ± 88.5 and 378. 6 ± 113.9 mm³, respectively for females and males (p = 0.02) vs. 476.1 ± 132.4 and 523.8 ± 186.0 mm3 (p = 0.05) using the Di Chiro-Nelson's method. CONCLUSIONS: Women had significantly smaller sella turcica volume than men. This proposed method considers the sella turcica as a not strictly symmetrical structure and indicates reduced variation between the maximum and minimum values, compared to the Di Chiro-Nelson's. Our findings may be useful for reassessment the volume of the sella turcica as the measurements indicate a higher precision.
Assuntos
Sela Túrcica , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Sela Túrcica/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered a complex plasma-circulating particle with subfractions that vary in function, size, and chemical composition. We sought to test the effects of HDL, and HDL subfractions on insulin secretion and cholesterol efflux in the ß-cell line MIN-6. METHODS: We used total HDL and HDL subfractions 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, and 3c, isolated from human plasma, to test insulin secretion under different glucose concentrations as well as insulin content and cholesterol efflux in the insulinoma MIN-6 cell line. RESULTS: Incubation of MIN-6 cells with low glucose and total HDL increased insulin release two-fold. Meanwhile, when high glucose and HDL were used, insulin release increased more than five times. HDL subfractions 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, and 3c elicited higher insulin secretion and cholesterol efflux than their respective controls, at both low and high glucose concentrations. The insulin content of the MIN-6 cells incubated with low glucose and any of the five HDL subclasses had a modest reduction compared with their controls. However, there were no statistically significant differences between each HDL subfraction on their capacity of eliciting insulin secretion, insulin content, or cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSIONS: HDL can trigger insulin secretion under low, normal, and high glucose conditions. We found that all HDL subfractions exhibit very similar capacity to increase insulin secretion and cholesterol efflux. This is the first report demonstrating that HDL subfractions act both as insulin secretagogues (under low glucose) and insulin secretion enhancers (under high glucose) in the MIN-6 cell line.
Assuntos
Colesterol/metabolismo , Secreção de Insulina , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas HDL/sangue , Adulto , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Glucose/farmacologia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: Both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are very prevalent conditions among Mexicans. Genetic variants in the LIPC gene have been associated with both conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the -514C < T (rs1800588) LIPC gene polymorphism with different metabolic traits, particularly the effects of this polymorphism on HDL-C plasma levels and T2D risk. METHODS: Mediation analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of the -514C>T LIPC gene variant on HDL-C levels, T2D risk, and body mass index (BMI), in 2105 Mexican mestizo participants. We also assessed the functional effect of the -514C>T LIPC variant on the promoter activity of a reporter gene in the HepG2 cell line. RESULTS: Direct effects show that the -514C>T LIPC polymorphism is significantly associated with increased HDL-C plasma levels (ß = 0.03; p < 0.001). The -514C>T variant resulted in an indirect protective effect on T2D risk through increasing HDL-C levels (ß = - 0.03; p < 0.001). Marginal direct association between -514C>T and T2D was found (ß = 0.08; p = 0.06). Variables directly influencing T2D status were European ethnicity (ß = - 7.20; p < 0.001), age (ß = 0.04; p < 0.001), gender (ß = - 0.15; p = 0.017) and HDL-C (ß = - 1.07; p < 0.001). In addition, we found that the -514C>T variant decreases the activity of LIPC promoter by 90% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The -514C>T polymorphism was not directly associated with T2D risk. HDL-C acts as a mediator between -514C>T LIPC gene variant and T2D risk in the Mexican population.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Lipase/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivo: Determinar la microfiltración apical de tres cementos utilizados en obturación retrógrada. Métodos: 45 piezas unirradiculares estandarizadas a 16 mm de longitud se instrumentaron con sistema ProTaper ® manual e irrigaron con NaClO al 5,25%. Las muestras fueron obturadas con cono principal ProTaper ® F3 y accesorios Denstply ® #A y #B; se realizó la recesión apical de 3 mm, posteriormente se desobturó 3 mm con ultrasonido (Satelec Acteon) con punta s12/70D; se dividió la muestra en tres grupos para realizar obturación retrógrada con diferentes cementos de obturación cada uno. Las muestras se incubaron a 37 °C por 3 días; se cubrieron con barniz de uñas excepto 2 mm apicales para ser sumergidas en azul de metileno al 1% por 48 horas, se lavaron y reali- zaron un corte longitudinal con disco de diamante #2 para su análisis en el estereomi- croscopio (EduBlue ED 1402S), con la ayuda de un micrómetro (Stainless Hardened) se obtuvieron diferentes valores de cada grupo, mismos que fueron analizados por medio de la comparación de medias y pruebas paramétricas. Resultados: La valoración media de la microfiltración que produce la obturación retrógrada indica que: el MTA ® presentó un valor de 87,33 ± 9,61 µm (14,57%), seguido del Biodentine ® con 136 ± 12,42 µm (22,69%), con respecto al IRM ® con mayor cantidad de microfiltración con un valor de 376 ± 12,98 µm (62,74%). Conclusiones: Al comparar las medias y porcentajes de la microfiltración apical que presentan los cementos IRM ® , Biodentine ® y MTA ® , se evidenció que el MTA ® presentó el menor valor de microfiltración
Objective: To determine the apical microfiltration of three cements used in retrograde obturation. Methods: 45 monoradicular pieces standardized to 16 mm in length were instrumented with manual ProTaper ® system and irrigated with 5.25% NaClO. The samples were sealed with ProTaper ® F3 main cone and Denstply ® accessories #A and #B; an apical recession of 3 mm was performed, subsequently a 3 mm of obturation was removed with ultrasound (Satelec Acteon) using tip s12/70D; the samples were divided into three groups to perform retrograde filling, each with different sealing cements. The samples were incubated at 37°C for 3 days; then covered with nail varnish except 2 mm apical to be immersed in 1% methylene blue for 48 hours, washed and longitudinally cut with #2 diamond disc for analysis in the stereo microscope (EduBlue ED 1402S), with the help of a micrometer (Stainless Hardened); different values of each group were obtained, then analyzed through comparison of means and parametric tests. Results: The average evaluation of the microfiltration produced by the retrograde filling indicates that: the MTA ® presented a value of 87.33 ± 9.61 µm (14.57%), followed by the Bio- dentine ® with 136 ± 12.42 µm ( 22.69%), compared to the IRM ® with the highest amount of microfiltration with a value of 376 ± 12.98 µm (62.74%). Conclusions: When comparing the means and percentages of the apical microfiltration of the IRM ® , Biodentine ® and MTA ® cements; it was evident that the MTA ® showed the lowest microfiltration value.
RESUMO
Reproductive isolation is the defining characteristic of a biological species, and a common, but often untested prediction is a positive correlation between reproductive isolation and genetic divergence. Here, we test for this correlation in odonates, an order characterized by strong sexual selection. First, we measure reproductive isolation and genetic divergence in eight damselfly genera (30 species pairs) and test for a positive correlation. Second, we estimate the genetic threshold preventing hybrid formation and empirically test this threshold using wild populations of species within the Ischnura genus. Our results indicate a positive and strong correlation between reproductive isolation and genetic distance using both mitochondrial and nuclear genes cytochrome oxidase II (COII: r = 0.781 and 18S-28S: r = 0.658). Hybridization thresholds range from -0.43 to 1.78% for COII and -0.052-0.71% for 18S-28S, and both F1 -hybrids and backcrosses were detected in wild populations of two pairs of Ischnura species with overlapping thresholds. Our study suggests that threshold values are suitable to identify species prone to hybridization and that positive isolation-divergence relationships are taxonomically widespread.
Assuntos
Especiação Genética , Odonatos/genética , Isolamento Reprodutivo , Animais , Feminino , Hibridização Genética , Masculino , Dados de Sequência MolecularRESUMO
La anemia es la concentración de la hemoglobina por debajo de los valores límites establecidos. Las comunidades indígenas de la etnia Nivaclé que habitan el Chaco paraguayo viven bajo condiciones de extrema pobreza, careciendo de asistencia sanitaria y de programas de control de enfermedades. Este estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado de junio de 2001 a marzo de 2002, tuvo como objetivo establecer la prevalencia y distribución de anemia en hombres y mujeres de 15 a 65 años, de la etnia Nivaclé que habitan en el Chaco paraguayo. Se incluyó a todos los indígenas voluntarios sanos presentes en el momento del estudio que aceptaron participar, previo consentimiento informado. La concentración de hemoglobina se determinó en 379 indígenas Nivaclé. La OMS considera que existe anemia en los adultos (a partir de 15 años), cuando la concentración de hemoglobina es inferior a 130 g/L para el sexo masculino y menor a 120 g/l para el femenino. La prevalencia de anemia en mujeres n= 217 fue de 49,8 % (con media hemoglobina de 117,67 ± 12,16 g/L); y en los hombres n= 162 resultó de 33,3 % (promedio de hemoglobina de 132,62 ± 11,65 g/L). La elevada prevalencia de anemia observada, especialmente en mujeres, se debería a una pobre nutrición, lo que conlleva a una mala salud que justifica la incorporación de estrategias de atención primaria de salud que se adapten a la cultura y a las condiciones de estas comunidades.
Assuntos
Anemia , Anemias Nutricionais , Saúde de Populações Indígenas , Indígenas Sul-AmericanosRESUMO
A severe mandibular hypoplasia and microstomy with intraoral anomalies including hypoglossia, fused gums, persistence of buccopharyngeal membrane, and laryngeal hypoplasia were noted in a female newborn with the dysgnathia complex (DC). Additionally, our proposita also presented natal teeth as a probably new finding. These clinical manifestations overlapped with those of the fourth report of hypomandibular faciocranial syndrome (HFS) (31), and given that both lack for craniosynostosis (pathognomonic of HFS), we considered that both represent a subtype of DC proposed as DC sine holoprosencephaly nor synotia (DCSHS). Differential characteristics between the DCSHS, the HFS, and the DC with holoprosencephaly sine synotia are reviewed and additionally, we discussed some aspects about the nosology of the DC.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico , Holoprosencefalia/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Maxilomandibulares/diagnóstico , Craniossinostoses/complicações , Craniossinostoses/diagnóstico , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Cabeça/diagnóstico por imagem , Holoprosencefalia/complicações , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Recém-Nascido , Anormalidades Maxilomandibulares/complicações , Mandíbula/anormalidades , Dentes Natais , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
The role of parasites in explaining maintenance of polymorphism is an unexplored research avenue. In odonates, female-limited color polymorphism (one female morph mimicking the conspecific male and one or more gynochromatic morphs) is widespread. Here we investigated whether parasitism contributes to color polymorphism maintenance by studying six species of female dimorphic damselflies using large databases of field-collected animals. We predicted that androchrome females (male mimics) would be more intensively parasitized than gynochrome females which is, according to previous studies, counterbalanced by the advantages of the former when evading male harassment compared to gynochrome females. Here we show that in Ischnura denticollis and Enallagma novahispaniae, androchrome females suffer from a higher degree of parasitism than gynochromatic females, and contrary to prediction, than males. Thus, our study has detected a correlation between color polymorphism and parasitic burden in odonates. This leads us to hypothesize that natural selection, via parasite pressure, can explain in part how androchrome and gynochrome female color morphs can be maintained. Both morphs may cope with parasites in a different way: given that androchrome females are more heavily parasitized, they may pay a higher fecundity costs, in comparison to gynochrome females.
Assuntos
Cor , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Odonatos/parasitologia , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Odonatos/anatomia & histologia , Seleção Genética , Caracteres SexuaisRESUMO
La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) es una causa relevante de morbilidad y mortalidad. Los métodos convencionales fracasan en la detección de Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae y Legionella pneumophila. Estas bacterias pueden generar procesos infecciosos crónicos y no responden a ciertos antibióticos empleados en el tratamiento empírico de la NAC. Nuestro objetivo fue detectar de forma simultánea, mediante métodos moleculares, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae y L. pneumophila en muestras respiratorias de pacientes con NAC, y describir los gérmenes comunes aislados por métodos microbiológicos convencionales. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte trasverso realizado en el año 2011, en el que se analizaron 60 muestras respiratorias provenientes de pacientes con NAC atendidos en el INERAM (Instituto de Enfermedades Respiratorias y del Ambiente). Para la PCR múltiple se emplearon primers específicos para genes de los tres microorganismos citados. El protocolo de estudio fue aprobado por los comités científico y ético del IICS y se mantuvieron en estricta confidencialidad los datos personales de los pacientes. La PCR múltiple permitió la amplificación de los genes específicos de estos microorganismos con límites de sensibilidad comprendidos entre 0,05 y 0,001 ng/µL de ADN. M. pneumoniae y C. pneumoniae estuvieron presentes respectivamente en el 18,3% y 1,7% del total de muestras analizadas. No se detectó la presencia de L. pneumophila. Los gérmenes comunes más frecuentemente aislados fueron estreptococos del grupo viridans y Candida spp.La técnica de PCR múltiple permitió detectar M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae y L. pneumophila, siendo el primero de los tres el más frecuentemente detectado en pacientes con NAC