RESUMO
Introducción: Reconocer a Enfermería como disciplina profesional, implica que sus miembros identifiquen el vínculo existente entre cuidado, desarrollo conceptual, método y lenguaje. Objetivo: Analizar la Fundamentación Epistemológica de la Taxonomía NANDA-I desde el sustento teórico de Roy como base para un lenguaje disciplinar. Metodología: A través del paradigma cualitativo fortalecido de la metodología filosófica con un diseño fenomenológico hermenéutico, se planteó a partir de la Teoría General del Conocimiento de Hessen, identificar los fundamentos epistemológicos aportados en el Modelo de Adaptación de Roy de 1973, y como se recuperan en las Taxonomía I y II de NANDA-I, así como en la última publicación del modelo en 2009. El análisis se mostró como hermeneúsis en forma de triada dialéctica. Resultados: No fue posible identificar la recuperación de los fundamentos epistemológicos aportados desde el modelo conceptual de Roy de 1973 en las taxonomías NANDA-I, a excepción de que tanto los constructos teóricos como la clasificación empírica del saber en enfermería, sostienen que a partir del Proceso Enfermero se accede al conocimiento del otro en el cuidado. El modelo de Roy del 2009 muestra concordancia entre objeto de cuidado, leyes de pensamiento y posee elementos para estructurar un lenguaje disciplinar. Conclusiones: Enfermería deberá regresar a cuestiones teóricas y a la filosofía desplazada en los últimos años, para posicionarse epistémicamente como una disciplina profesional; construir desde la epistemología de la disciplina un lenguaje que retome la visión integral del individuo, humanizada y alejada del pragmatismo.
Introduction Recognizing nursing as a professional discipline implies that its members identify the link between care, conceptual development, method and language. Objective To analyze the epistemological grounding of the NANDA-I taxonomy from the theoretical support of Roy as a basis for a disciplinary language. Methodology Through the strengthened qualitative paradigm of philosophical methodology with a phenomenological hermeneutic design, it was proposed from Hessen's General Theory of Knowledge, to identify the epistemological foundations provided in the Roy Adaptation Model of 1973, and how they are recovered in the Taxonomy I and II of NANDA-I, as well as in the last publication of the model in 2009. The analysis was shown as hermeneúsis in the form of dialectical triad. Results It was not possible to identify the recovery of the epistemological foundations contributed from the conceptual model of Roy of 1973 in the NANDA-I taxonomies, except that both the theoretical constructs and the empirical classification of the knowledge in nursing, argue that from the Nurse Process Access to the knowledge of the other in the care. Roy's model of 2009 shows agreement between object of care, laws of thought and has elements to structure a disciplinary language. Conclusions Nursing should return to theoretical issues and to the philosophy displaced in recent years, to position itself epistemically as a professional discipline; To construct from the epistemology of the discipline a language that retakes the integral vision of the individual, humanized and far from pragmatism.
Assuntos
Terminologia Padronizada em Enfermagem , Planejamento de Assistência ao Paciente , Teoria de Enfermagem , Conhecimento , MéxicoRESUMO
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors are characterized by their great diversity of genes and alleles. Population studies have identified the presence of a broad variety of genotypes. In Mexico, there are diverse ethnic groups representing 9% of the total population and the rest is composed of Mestizos with a more varied biology. For the purpose of this study, genotyping was performed in Mestizos, in Mexico City inhabitants, and in three ethnic groups. The frequencies of genes KIR2DL2, 2DL5, 2DS1-3, 2DS5, and 3DS1 showed a greater variability in the groups studied. A total of 12 different genotypes were identified, the higher number for the Mestizos and the lower number for the Tarahumaras. Genotype 1 was found at a greater frequency in all the groups, except for the Tarahumaras, in which genotype 4 was more frequent. The frequency of genotypes 4 and 8 in Mexicans was higher than that for other populations analyzed. By subtyping of KIR3DL1, 3DL2, 2DL1, and 2DL3, two B haplotypes were identified in families; both were absent in Caucasian families. Our results indicated a greater diversity of genes in the Mestizos group than in the ethnic groups.
Assuntos
Indígena Americano ou Nativo do Alasca/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Frequência do Gene , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México/etnologia , População/genética , Receptores KIR , Receptores KIR2DL1 , Receptores KIR2DL2 , Receptores KIR2DL3 , Receptores KIR3DL1 , Receptores KIR3DL2 , Receptores KIR3DS1RESUMO
We have previously shown that when human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells are cultured in standard Dexter-type long-term cultures (D-LTC), adherent cells develop forming a discrete net on the bottom of the culture flask. The identity of such cells, however, has not been defined. Accordingly, the major goal of the present study was to characterize the adherent cells developed in standard UCB D-LTC. Cultures were established from 14 UCB samples and from nine bone marrow (BM) samples, as controls. Both UCB and BM cultures were initiated with the same number of mononuclear cells (MNC) (2.5 x 10(6) MNC/ml). After three weeks in culture, adherent cell numbers in UCB D-LTC were 24%-30% of the numbers found in BM cultures. More than 90% of the adherent cells in UCB D-LTC expressed the acid phosphatase enzyme, whereas no alkaline phosphatase-positive cells were observed. This was in contrast to BM D-LTC, in which alkaline and acid phosphatase were expressed by 60%-75% and 20%-45% of the adherent cells, respectively. Immunochemical analysis showed that CD61 (osteoclast marker) and Factor VIII (endothelial cell marker) were not expressed by the adherent cells developed in UCB cultures. Interestingly, the majority of such cells expressed CD1a (dendritic cell marker), CD14, CD68 and CD115 (antigens mainly expressed by macrophagic cells). When the cultures were supplemented with the recombinant cytokines epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), only GM-CSF had a significant positive effect on adherent cell number. In order to test for some functional properties of the adherent cells developed in culture, production of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was assessed. IL-6 and TNF-alpha showed elevated levels in UCB D-LTC, whereas SCF levels were always below detection. Finally, analysis of fibroblast progenitors (fibroblast colony-forming units [CFU-F]) showed that these cells were present in BM samples (6 CFU-F/10(5) MNC) and were totally absent in UCB samples. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that the vast majority of the adherent cells developed in standard UCB D-LTC belong to the macrophage lineage and that fibroblasts seem to be absent. Interestingly, the high proportion of CD1a+ cells suggests that dendritic cells are also present in these cultures.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Sangue Fetal/citologia , Adesão Celular , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/biossíntese , Sangue Fetal/imunologia , Sangue Fetal/fisiologia , Fibroblastos/citologia , Humanos , Células-Tronco/citologia , Fatores de Tempo , Cordão Umbilical/citologiaRESUMO
In the present study, we have established Dexter-type long-term cultures (D-LTC) from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) and followed the kinetics of different hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs)--including multipotent (colony forming unit [CFU]-Mixture), erythroid (CFU-erythroid, BFU-E), and myeloid (CFU-granulocyte, CFU-macrophage, CFU-granulocyte/marcophage) progenitors as well as of morphologically recognizable erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid cells--during a nine-week culture period. D-LTC were also established from adult bone marrow (BM) as controls. On day 0, both UCB and BM showed similar total numbers of HPCs (about 310/10(5) cells), however, UCB showed a higher proportion of primitive HPCs (i.e., CFU-Mixture, CFU-granulocyte/macrophage and BFU-E). A poor adherent cell layer, consisting almost exclusively of macrophages, was developed in UCB D-LTC and this correlated with a continuous decline in HPC numbers throughout the culture period. In contrast, adherent cell numbers in BM D-LTC, including fibroblasts and macrophages, were two- to fourfold higher than in UCB cultures, and the numbers of HPCs were also significantly higher, reaching plateau levels between weeks 6 and 9. In both types of cultures, erythroid and multipotent progenitors declined relatively fast, reaching undetectable levels after five weeks of culture. Myeloid progenitors, on the other hand, were sustained longer (always at higher levels in BM cultures) and were still detected by week 9. Among myeloid progenitors, a shift towards the predominance of macrophage HPCs was observed, both in UCB and BM D-LTC, and this correlated with an increase in the proportion of mature monocytes and macrophages. Taken together, our results indicate that myeloid progenitor cell growth is deficient in UCB D-LTC and suggest that this is due to the impaired development of an adherent cell layer, unable to provide the factors and conditions required for their growth. Interestingly, throughout the culture period the total numbers of multipotent and erythroid progenitors were similar both in UCB and BM cultures regardless of the number and types of adherent cells present; this suggests that the stroma developed in D-LTC is not sufficient for the proliferation of these progenitor cells.