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Nowadays, monitoring aspects related to sustainability and safety in mining activities worldwide are a priority, to mitigate socio-environmental impacts, promote efficient use of water, reduce carbon footprint, use renewable energies, reduce mine waste, and minimize the risks of accidents and fatalities. In this context, the implementation of sensor technologies is an attractive alternative for the mining industry in the current digitalization context. To have a digital mine, sensors are essential and form the basis of Industry 4.0, and to allow a more accelerated, reliable, and massive digital transformation, low-cost sensor technology solutions may help to achieve these goals. This article focuses on studying the state of the art of implementing low-cost sensor technologies to monitor sustainability and safety aspects in mining activities, through the review of scientific literature. The methodology applied in this article was carried out by means of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and generating science mapping. For this, a methodological procedure of three steps was implemented: (i) Bibliometric analysis as a quantitative method, (ii) Systematic review of literature as a qualitative method, and (iii) Mixed review as a method to integrate the findings found in (i) and (ii). Finally, according to the results obtained, the main advances, gaps, and future directions in the implementation of low-cost sensor technologies for use in smart mining are exposed. Digital transformation aspects for data measurement with low-cost sensors by real-time monitoring, use of wireless network systems, artificial intelligence, machine learning, digital twins, and the Internet of Things, among other technologies of the Industry 4.0 era are discussed.
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Resumen (analítico) Este estudio cualitativo tiene por objetivo analizar la relación que se presenta entre el discurso y las propuestas pedagógico-prácticas en torno a la corporeidad y su expresión motriz en aulas de educación infantil. Para la recolección de la información se aplicaron entrevistas y observaciones a un grupo de educadoras de párvulos que se desempeñaba en tres realidades educativas de la ciudad de Viña del Mar, Chile. El análisis de la información se realizó desde una lógica inductiva interpretativa, siguiendo las directrices de fragmentación y articulación de la teoría fundamentada. Los hallazgos revelan tensiones entre discursos que valoran la corporeidad y su expresión motriz en edades tempranas, y lo que acontece en la realidad del aula infantil: prácticas corporales basadas en una visión tradicional, tecnocrática y funcional de la Educación Física.
Abstract (analytical) This qualitative study analyzes the relationship between discourse and practical pedagogical proposals that cover corporality and its motor expression in early childhood classrooms. For the information gathering process, interviews and field observations were conducted with a group of Early Childhood Educators who work in three educational contexts in the city of Viña del Mar, Chile. The information was analyzed using an interpretative inductive logic following fragmentation articulation guidelines of Grounded Theory. The findings reveal tensions between discourses that value corporality and its motor expression in early ages, and what is happening in the realities of children's classrooms, which are corporal practices based on a traditional, technocratic and functional vision of Physical Education.
Resumo (analítico) Este estudo qualitativo visa analisar a relação entre discurso e propostas pedagógico práticas em torno da corporeidade e sua expressão motora nas salas de aula da educação infantil. Para o processo de coleta de informações, entrevistas e observações de campo foram aplicadas a um grupo de educadores da primeira infância que trabalham em três realidades educacionais na cidade de Viña del Mar, no Chile. A análise da informação é realizada a partir de uma lógica indutiva interpretativa, seguindo as diretrizes de articulação de fragmentação de The Grounded Theory. Os achados revelam tensões entre discursos que valorizam a corporalidade e sua expressão motora nas primeiras idades, e o que está acontecendo na realidade da sala de aula das crianças: práticas corporais baseadas em uma visão tradicional, tecnocrática e funcional da Educação Física.
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Educação , Teoria FundamentadaRESUMO
Acinetobacter baumannii (named in honor of the American bacteriologists Paul and Linda Baumann) is a Gram-negative, multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen that causes nosocomial infections, especially in intensive care units (ICUs) and immunocompromised patients with central venous catheters. A. baumannii has developed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial resistance, associated with a higher mortality rate among infected patients compared with other non-baumannii species. In terms of clinical impact, resistant strains are associated with increases in both in-hospital length of stay and mortality. A. baumannii can cause a variety of infections; most involve the respiratory tract, especially ventilator-associated pneumonia, but bacteremia and skin wound infections have also been reported, the latter of which has been prominently observed in the context of war-related trauma. Cases of meningitis associated with A. baumannii have been documented. The most common risk factor for the acquisition of MDR A baumannii is previous antibiotic use, following by mechanical ventilation, length of ICU/hospital stay, severity of illness, and use of medical devices. Current efforts focus on addressing all the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms described in A. baumannii, with the objective of identifying the most promising therapeutic scheme. Bacteriophage- and artilysin-based therapeutic approaches have been described as effective, but further research into their clinical use is required.
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Introducción: hay poca información sobre las relaciones entre la falla de la terapia antimalárica y algunos factores del hospedero (estado nutricional, fenotipo y genotipo del citocromo CYP450 que metaboliza el medicamento antipalúdico). Objetivo: explorar si la falla terapéutica de la mefloquina dada a pacientes con malaria falciparum no complicada se puede explicar por la influencia del estado nutricional del enfermo y del fenotipo y genotipo de su citocromo CYP3A4. Materiales y métodos: estudio de casos y controles no pareado. Pacientes: hombres y mujeres adultos, de Turbo y El Bagre (Antioquia, Colombia). Resultados: se evaluó la respuesta terapéutica en 46 enfermos; hubo solo tres fallas (6,5%); por la muy baja ocurrencia de falla terapéutica (n = 3/46), los resultados se presentan en forma descriptiva para los 46 pacientes. La relación dextrometorfano/3-metoximorfinano fue 0,39 (mediana); 20% fueron metabolizadores lentos. Las concentraciones sanguíneas medianas de mefloquina a las 24 horas (C24h) y al día 14 (Cd14) fueron 1.363 + 397 ng/mL y 978 + 106 ng/mL, respectivamente. Los 46 pacientes presentaron el alelo CYP3A4*2 (silvestre). Conclusión: no se pudo evaluar con profundidad la relación entre la respuesta a la terapia antimalárica, por una parte y, por otra, la actividad del CYP450 y el estado nutricional, pero hubo hallazgos que justifican la evaluación y control de las características del hospedero en estudios posteriores de farmacocinética antimalárica.
Introduction: Information on the relationship between treatment failure in malaria and factors of the host (nutritional status, phenotype and genotype of cytochrome CYP450) involved in the metabolism of antimalarials is scarce. Objective: To explore whether treatment failure of mefloquine administered to patients with noncomplicated falciparum malaria can be explained in terms of the patients nutritional status and the CYP3A4 phenotype and genotype. Materials and methods: Non-matched case-control study. Patients were adult males and females, inhabitants of Turbo and El Bagre (Antioquia, Colombia). Results: The therapeutic response was assessed in 46 patients, and there were only three failures (6.5%); due to the rare occurrence of therapeutic failure (n = 3/46), results are presented in a descriptive way for the 46 patients. The dextrometorphan/3-methoxymorphinan ratio was 0.39 (median); 20% of the patients were slow metabolizers. The blood concentrations of mefloquine at 24 hours (C24h) and at day 14 (Cd14) were (median) 1.363 ± 397 ng/mL and 978 ± 106 ng/mL, respectively. All 46 patients had the wild CYP3A4*2 allele. Conclusion: We were unable to assess in depth the relationship between the response to mefloquine, on the one hand and, on the other, CYP450 activity and nutritional status. However, there were findings that justify the assessment and control of the characteristics of the host in subsequent studies of antimalarial pharmacokinetics.
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Alelos , Desnutrição , Ferritinas , Malária , Mefloquina , Selênio , Vitamina ARESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between the genetic and phenotypic factors linked to the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system and the response to the antimalarial drugs chloroquine, amodiaquine, mefloquine, and proguanil, as well as to determine how certain biological and social factors of the host influence the behavior of this enzymatic complex. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the medical bibliographic databases PubMed, Excerpta Medica, LILACS, and SciELO by using the following Spanish and English descriptors: "CYP-450" and "citocromo P-450" in combination with "proguanil" (and with "mefloquina," "cloroquina," and "amodiaquina"), "farmacocinética de proguanil" (and the same using "mefloquina," "cloroquina," and "amodiaquina"), "resistencia a proguanil" (and the same using "mefloquina," "cloroquina," and "amodiaquina"), "metabolismo," "farmacogenética," "enfermedad," "inflamación," "infección," "enfermedad hepática," "malaria," "nutrición," and "desnutrición." The same terms were used in English. The search included only articles published in Spanish, English, and Portuguese on or before 30 June 2005 that dealt with only four antimalarial drugs: amodiaquine, chloroquine, mefloquine, and proguanil. RESULTS: Some genetic factors linked to human cytochrome P-450 (mainly its polymorphism), as well as other biological and social factors (the presence of disease itself, or of inflammation and infection, the use of antimalarials in their various combinations, and the patient's nutritional status) influence the behavior of this complex enzymatic system. It has only been in the last decade that the genetics of the cytochromes has been explored and that the mechanisms underlying some therapeutic interactions and aspects of drug metabolism have been uncovered, making it possible to characterize the biotransformation pathway of amodiaquine and chloroquine. Hopefully new research will help answer the questions that still remain, some of which pertain to the metabolism of other antimalarial drugs, the distribution in the population of the genetic alleles linked to the enzymes involved in their metabolism, the contribution of these genetic mutations to therapeutic failure, and the possibility of predicting the response to antimalarial therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic response to antimalarial drugs is a multifactorial process that is poorly understood, so that it is not possible to ascribe to a specific phenotype or genotype a role in the response to antimalarial therapy. Attention should be given to biological and social factors, such as diet, nutritional status, and inflammatory and infectious processes that are often present in areas where malaria is endemic.
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Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/genética , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Malária Falciparum/tratamento farmacológico , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Oral , Adulto , Amodiaquina/administração & dosagem , Amodiaquina/metabolismo , Amodiaquina/farmacocinética , Amodiaquina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antimaláricos/administração & dosagem , Antimaláricos/metabolismo , Antimaláricos/farmacocinética , Biotransformação , Criança , Cloroquina/administração & dosagem , Cloroquina/metabolismo , Cloroquina/farmacocinética , Cloroquina/uso terapêutico , Bases de Dados como Assunto , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Genótipo , Humanos , Malária/metabolismo , Malária Falciparum/metabolismo , Mefloquina/administração & dosagem , Mefloquina/metabolismo , Mefloquina/farmacocinética , Mefloquina/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Murinae , Mutação , Estado Nutricional , Fenótipo , Plasmodium berghei , Polimorfismo Genético , Proguanil/administração & dosagem , Proguanil/metabolismo , Proguanil/farmacocinética , Proguanil/uso terapêutico , RatosRESUMO
OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la relación entre los factores genéticos y fenotípicos del sistema enzimático del citocromo P-450 y la respuesta terapéutica antimalárica a la cloroquina, la amodiaquina, la mefloquina y el proguanil, así como determinar la influencia de algunos factores biológicos y sociales del hospedero en el comportamiento de este complejo enzimático. MÉTODOS: Revisión sistemática de las bases de literatura biomédica PubMed, Excerpta Medica, LILACS y SciELO mediante descriptores en español e inglés. Se usaron los siguientes descriptores: "CYP-450" y "citocromo P-450" y sus combinaciones con "proguanil" (y lo mismo con "mefloquina", "cloroquina" y "amodiaquina"), "farmacocinética de proguanil" (y lo mismo con "mefloquina", "cloroquina" y "amodiaquina"), "resistencia a proguanil" (y lo mismo con "mefloquina", "cloroquina" y "amodiaquina"), "metabolismo", "farmacogenética", "enfermedad", "inflamación", "infección", "enfermedad hepática", "malaria", "nutrición" y "desnutrición". Estos mismos términos se usaron en inglés. La búsqueda se limitó a los artículos publicados en español, inglés y portugués hasta el 30 de junio de 2005 y a cuatro medicamentos antimaláricos: amodiaquina, cloroquina, mefloquina y proguanil. RESULTADOS: Algunos factores genéticos del citocromo P-450 humano (principalmente su polimorfismo), así como otros de tipo biológico y social (la propia presencia de enfermedad, inflamación o infección, la administración de medicamentos antimaláricos y su combinación, y el estado nutricional del paciente), influyen en la actividad de ese complejo enzimático. Solo en la última década se ha abordado el estudio de las bases genéticas de los citocromos y se han podido dilucidar los mecanismos de algunas interacciones entre fármacos y del metabolismo de estos, lo que ha permitido caracterizar el proceso de biotransformación de la amodiaquina y de la cloroquina. Se espera que nuevas investigaciones permitan responder a las interrogantes que aún subsisten, entre ellas cuál es la ruta metabólica de otros medicamentos antimaláricos, la distribución en la población de los alelos de las enzimas que participan en su metabolismo, y la contribución de tales mutaciones al fracaso terapéutico, y predecir la respuesta a los tratamientos antimaláricos...
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Humanos , Animais , Criança , Adulto , Camundongos , Ratos , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , /genética , /metabolismo , Malária Falciparum/tratamento farmacológico , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Oral , Amodiaquina/administração & dosagem , Amodiaquina/metabolismo , Amodiaquina/farmacocinética , Amodiaquina/uso terapêutico , Antimaláricos/administração & dosagem , Antimaláricos/metabolismo , Antimaláricos/farmacocinética , Biotransformação , Proguanil/administração & dosagem , Proguanil/metabolismo , Proguanil/farmacocinética , Proguanil/uso terapêutico , Cloroquina/administração & dosagem , Cloroquina/metabolismo , Cloroquina/farmacocinética , Cloroquina/uso terapêutico , Bases de Dados como Assunto , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Genótipo , Malária Falciparum/metabolismo , Malária/metabolismo , Mefloquina/administração & dosagem , Mefloquina/metabolismo , Mefloquina/farmacocinética , Mefloquina/uso terapêutico , Murinae , Mutação , Estado Nutricional , Fenótipo , Plasmodium berghei , Polimorfismo GenéticoAssuntos
Antimaláricos , Malária , Malária Falciparum , Amodiaquina , Proguanil , Cloroquina , Bases de Dados como Assunto , Genótipo , Mefloquina , Murinae , Estado Nutricional , Fenótipo , Plasmodium berghei , Polimorfismo Genético , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450 , Administração Oral , Biotransformação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , MutaçãoRESUMO
To explore some relationships between alimentary and nutritional security (SAN) and nutritional status in an endemic malaria community, applying qualitative and quantitative methods simultaneously. The study was descriptive and prospective. The population were all farming Afro-American families who live in the basin of the river Valle (Bahía Solano. Chocó, Colombia) that derived the base of their feeding of the agriculture. The SAN was measured from the monthly availability of foods and was classified in adequate and inadequate according to the available monthly caloric balance percentage. We determined the risk of acute malnutrition (indicative P/T), chronic (T/E), global (P/E) and risk of thinness (BMI). We sought for malarian cases. The official data of illness were revised. We applied surveys to know the morbidity and knowledge, attitudes and practices in malaria infections, 29% of homes had alimentary insecurity. There was protein deficit and iron of high availability, calcium and vitamin A in 100% of families. In children under 6 years old, we found 31% and 69%, in same order, with low P/T and T/E, while in the 6-10 year old children had 14% and 41%, respectively. In adolescents (11 to 17 years old) the risk of thinness was 15% and in adults 3%. There was not association between alimentary available and family nutritional status. These results suggest subclinics deficiencies of micronutrients.
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Abastecimento de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Distúrbios Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Adulto , População Negra , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Doenças Endêmicas , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Longitudinais , Malária/complicações , Malária/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distúrbios Nutricionais/complicações , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , População RuralRESUMO
Ofrecer una alternativa de tratamiento en el caso de hernias incisionales reproducidas de gran tamaño. Se evalúan prospectivamente dos pacientes con hernias incisionales reproducidas. El primero, reintervenido el 26-09-2001 por hernia incisional reproducida y el segundo, el 04-08-2002 con el mismo diagnóstico. Hospital "Dr. Luis Salazar Domínguez" IVSS. Servicio de Cirugía, Guarenas. Dos pacientes reintervenidos con antecedentes de tratamiento convencional de cura de hernia incisional con malla de polipropileno fallidos, y grandes defectos aponeuróticos, fueron tratados con técnica laparoscópica evolucionando ambos en forma satisfactoria, con 20 y 12 meses respectivamente de postoperatorio. Hospital Dr. Lius Salazar Domínguez - IVSS. Servicio de Cirugía, Guarenas. Dos pacientes reintervenidos con antecedentes de tratamiento convencional de cura de hernia incisional con malla de polipropileno fallidos, y grandes defectos aponeuróticos, fueron tratados con técnica laparoscópica evolucionando ambos en forma satisfactoria, con 20 y 12 meses respectivamente postoperatorio. La técnica de cura operatoria por vía laparoscópica en grandes defectos aponeuróticos reproducidos como son estos dos casos, demostró ser un método seguro, preciso y confiable, con una recuperación rápida y sin complicaciones asociadas. Nos permitió integrar a ambos pacientes a sus labores habituales en un corto período de tiempo