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Background: The treatment of glaucoma often requires numerous therapeutic modalities to achieve the desired reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP). Cyclodestructive procedures or ciliary body destruction have been performed using techniques with considerable differences in efficacy and complication rates. Among these methods, cyclocryotherapy is non-invasive and simple for the management of uncontrolled glaucoma in dogs and cats. The objective of this case report is to describe the technique of carbon dioxide cyclocryotherapy to reduce intraocular pressure in dogs and cats with glaucoma. Cases: Nine canine patients and one cat with glaucoma were treated with cyclocryotherapy performed under general anaesthesia. Clinical signs patients included blepharospasm, ocular pain, episcleral congestion and ocular hypertension. The patients showed higher levels of IOP, higher than 30 mmHg. Surgical treatment with general anaesthesia was applied. The pre-anaesthesia protocol included acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg with methadone 0.2 mg/kg, followed by intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane and oxygen. An ophthalmological cryocautery unit was used with carbon dioxide as the cryogenic agent and a retinal cryoprobe of 3.2 mm diameter tip for the procedure. The method used was a double cycle of freezing and thawing for 60 s in each site. The cryoprobe was centred approximately 5 mm posterior to the corneoscleral limbus over the ciliary body. The temperature of each cyclocryotherapy spot was between -60°C and -80°C and each site was maintained in place for 60 s; 4 to 6 spots of the double freeze-thaw cycle were made. This technique did not have any serious complications during or after the application of cryotherapy, but chemosis and hyperaemia of the bulbar conjunctiva developed. Subconjunctival anti-inflammatory steroids were injected to minimise swelling and patient discomfort. Satisfactory results were observed; in all cases, the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless eye. Discussion: Even with recent surgical and medical advances, pain and blindness are still common occurrences in glaucoma in human and veterinary practice. The cyclodestructive procedures included cyclodialysis, cyclodiathermy, cyclocryotherapy, and cyclophotocoagulation. The cryosurgery in veterinary ophthalmology has many indications for the treatment of ocular diseases and is effective at decreasing intraocular pressure in patients with persistent uncontrolled glaucoma. Cyclocryotherapy has been shown to reduce intraocular pressure in dogs, cats, rabbits and humans with normotensive and glaucomatous eyes. The application of a cryoprobe over the ciliary processes results in ablating ciliary tissue so that aqueous humour inflow is reduced to acceptable levels. In the clinical cases evaluated, there was a reduction in intraocular pressure reaching acceptable levels, with the usual result being cosmetic and painless eye. Medical therapy remains the predominant method for treating glaucoma in veterinary patients; therefore, cyclocryotherapy is an effective, simple way to lower IOP and is a reasonable treatment option for glaucoma management. Cyclocryotherapy has shown good results, with a low learning curve and it can also be repeated if necessary.

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This study aimed to evaluate the corneal epitheliotoxic effects of preservative-free ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% and diclofenac sodium 0.1% eye drops in rabbits. Seventeen New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: the 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine group, the 0.1% diclofenac sodium group, and the control group (0.9% NaCl). For each rabbit, both eyes were treated three times daily according to their treatment group. The corneal epithelia were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to observe the number of light, grey, and dark cells; the number of epithelial holes; and the loss of hexagonal shape. Both of the formulations administered caused changes in the healthy corneal epithelia of rabbits. Except for number of epithelial holes (p < 0.05), all the parameters showed a statistically significant difference between the groups. The number of dark cells was highest in the ketorolac tromethamine group (p<0.05). The number of grey cells was higher in the diclofenac sodium group than in the control group (p =0.003). A higher number of dark cells was associated with a smaller number of light cells (r =-0.577, p < 0.001). Loss of shape showed a direct correlation with the number of dark cells (r=0.524, p=0.002). Based on the results presented, it was possible to conclude that ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% was more toxic to rabbit corneal epithelium than diclofenac sodium 0.1%.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do cetorolaco de trometamina a 0,5% e do diclofenaco de sódico a 0,1% sem conservantes na córnea de coelhos. Dezessete coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia foram aleatoriamente divididos em três grupos: o grupo de 0,5% de cetorolaco de trometamina, o grupo de 0,1% de diclofenaco sódico e o grupo controle (0,9% de NaCl). Para cada coelho, os dois olhos foram tratados três vezes ao dia durante 90 dias de acordo com o grupo de tratamento. Os epitélios da córnea foram analisados usando microscopia eletrônica de varredura para observar o número de células claras, cinzas e escuras, o número de criptas e a perda do formato celular hexagonal. Ambas as formulações administradas causaram alterações no epitélio da córnea de coelhos. Com exceção da contagem de criptas (p <0,05), todos os parâmetros apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. O número de células escuras foi maior no grupo cetorolaco de trometamina (p <0,05). O número de células cinzentas foi maior no grupo diclofenaco de sódio do que no grupo controle (p=0,003). O maior número de células escuras observado foi associado ao menor número de células claras (r=-0,577, p<0,001). A perda do formato celular mostrou uma correlação direta com o número de células escuras (r=0,524, p=0,002). O cetorolaco de trometamina 0,5% foi mais tóxico para o epitélio da córnea de coelhos do que o diclofenaco de sódio a 0,1%.

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Corneal pigmentation and vascularization eventually result in blindness in dogs. Pigmentary keratitis describes a relatively common presentation comprising the deposition of melanin in the cornea and conjunctival surface associated with chronic inflammation. Cryosurgery is indicated as a treatment for pigmentary keratitis in dogs. Due to melanocytes sensitivity to cold, cryosurgery is a viable treatment for severe refractory corneal pigmentation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of dimethyl ether in the treatment of pigmentary keratitis in 14 eyes of seven Pug dogs. Follow-up occurred after 30 days in four animals and six months in three animals. In all treated animals, there was a reduction in corneal pigmentation. Cryosurgery causes intracellular and extracellular ice crystal formation and other mechanisms that result in rupture and death of the melanocytes. The technique used was easy to perform, has a low cryogen cost and has few undesirable or serious side effects. However, after 30 days repigmentation occured in treated patients. Cryosurgery shows good results in the first four weeks, but partial recurrence occurred in all cases.

A pigmentação e a vascularização da córnea eventualmente resultam em cegueira em cães. A ceratite pigmentar é descrita com uma apresentação relativamente comum que compreende a deposição de melanina na córnea e na superfície conjuntival associada à inflamação crônica. A criocirurgia é indicada como tratamento para ceratite pigmentar em cães. Devido à sensibilidade dos melanócitos ao frio, a criocirurgia é um tratamento viável para pigmentação corneana refratária grave. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso do éter dimetílico no tratamento da ceratite pigmentar em 14 olhos de sete cães da raça Pug. O acompanhamento foi de 30 dias em quatro animais e seis meses em três animais. Em todos os animais tratados, houve redução da pigmentação da córnea. A criocirurgia causa a formação de cristais de gelo intracelular e extracelular e outros mecanismos que resultam na ruptura e morte dos melanócitos. A técnica utilizada foi de fácil execução, baixo custo de criogenia e poucos efeitos colaterais indesejáveis ou graves. No entanto, após 30 dias, ocorreu repigmentação nos pacientes tratados. A criocirurgia apresenta bons resultados nas primeiras quatro semanas, mas ocorreu recidiva parcial em todos os casos.

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Background: Eyelid colobomas are congenital and developmental disorders. Generally, they affect the temporal portion of the upper eyelids of cats, bilaterally. This ocular defect is accompanied by trichiasis associated with pain and ulcerative keratitis. Any breed can be affected and it has been reported in Domestic Shorthair, Persian, Burmese, Mongrel cats and captive felids. The objective of this case report is to describe the technique of dioxide carbon cryosurgery for the treatment of eyelid coloboma in felines. Cases: Seven mongrel cats (14 eyes) with bilateral eyelid coloboma were included in this study, 5 females and 2 males, with a median age of 5 months (range 6-8 months). The patients presented with blepharospasm, bilateral mucopurulent ocular discharge and eyelid coloboma extension of 30-50% in the upper eyelid, resulting in severe trichiasis of both eyes. In 5 cats, 1 or both eyes were diagnosed with keratitis and superficial corneal ulcers. Surgical treatment with general anaesthesia was applied. The pre anaesthesia protocol included acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg with methadone 0.2 mg/kg, followed by intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane and oxygen. An ophthalmological cryocautery unit was utilised with carbon dioxide as the cryogenic agent and a retinal cryoprobe of 3.2 mm diameter tip, reaching -50ºC for the procedure. The method used was a double cycle of freezing and thawing for 60 s in the margins of eyelid agenesis. Epilation of hairs was made after freezing with eyelash tweezers. Immediately after the surgical procedure, an Elizabethan collar was placed to safeguard the area and anti-inflammatory therapy with meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg once daily for 3 days was prescribed. Antibiotic ointment every 6 h (chloramphenicol and associations) was also prescribed for topical application. Two weeks post-operatively, hyperaemia, oedema and skin wounds at the margins were observed. After 30 days these clinical signs were minimal. No signs of pain were observed post-operatively. The follow-up was 90 days and the trichiasis was resolved in all cats. Discussion: Usually, young cats are affected with eyelid colobomas. The age of the patients in this study was between 6-8 months. Eyelid colobomas are repaired with a variety of blepharoplastic procedures and the choice depends on the size and position of the defect. Generally, larger defects require more extensive reconstructive procedures. All techniques can have post-operative complications. Suture dehiscence, skin flap necrosis and facial deformation can occur with traditional surgical techniques. Furthermore, posterior hair growth in the margins can lead to new trichiasis. Cryosurgery was chosen and performed as the temperature of -20°C is sufficient to destroy hair follicles, without surgical incisions, avoiding scar formation. Hence, sutures are not necessary in cryosurgery procedures. Carbon dioxide is a good cryogenic agent for the purpose of this procedure. In the cases described, no recurrence of hair growth was observed in the follow-up period of 90 days. Nevertheless, a good aesthetic appearance was maintained. Therefore, the use of carbon dioxide cryosurgery is an effective and safe alternative for treatment of eyelid coloboma in cats. To our knowledge, no paper has described the use of carbon dioxide cryosurgery for the correction of palpebral agenesis in felines and other species as a single treatment. This technique is easy to perform, has good aesthetic and functional results and can be considered a treatment option for this congenital condition.

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Background: The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of polygonal cells which constitute the last layer of the cornea. The integrity of this layer is critical to cornea transparency. The characterization of normal corneal endothelial morphology is important not only to clinical evaluation but also to selection of areas of the cornea with better quality to be employed as donor tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the swine cornea after alizarin red staining using optical microscopy.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four healthy eyes from 12 swine Large White breed, with 14-monthold, males or females obtained from a licensed Brazilian commercial slaughterhouse were studied. Immediately after humane slaughter, the eyes were enucleated and submitted to ophthalmic examination. Eyes with signs of diseases of the anterior segment were excluded. The cornea, with 3 mm of the sclera, was removed and placed on a glass microscope slide with the endothelial side up. Four radial incisions were made in the periphery of the cornea to better accommodate the cornea on the microscope slide. Alizarin red was diluted in isotonic solution (0.2 g/100 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 4.2 with hydrochloric acid. Three drops of alizarin red were placed on the corneal endothelium. After 90 s, the dye was removed from the cornea with balanced saline solution. The corneal endothelium was examined and photographed using an optical microscope. All evaluations were performed by the same investigator. Photomicrographs were taken of central, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal corneal areas. Parameter studied included endothelial cell morphology. For the statistical analysis, was employed the ANOVA variance test (repeated measures). Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05.[...](AU)

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Background: The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of polygonal cells which constitute the last layer of the cornea. The integrity of this layer is critical to cornea transparency. The characterization of normal corneal endothelial morphology is important not only to clinical evaluation but also to selection of areas of the cornea with better quality to be employed as donor tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the swine cornea after alizarin red staining using optical microscopy.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four healthy eyes from 12 swine Large White breed, with 14-monthold, males or females obtained from a licensed Brazilian commercial slaughterhouse were studied. Immediately after humane slaughter, the eyes were enucleated and submitted to ophthalmic examination. Eyes with signs of diseases of the anterior segment were excluded. The cornea, with 3 mm of the sclera, was removed and placed on a glass microscope slide with the endothelial side up. Four radial incisions were made in the periphery of the cornea to better accommodate the cornea on the microscope slide. Alizarin red was diluted in isotonic solution (0.2 g/100 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 4.2 with hydrochloric acid. Three drops of alizarin red were placed on the corneal endothelium. After 90 s, the dye was removed from the cornea with balanced saline solution. The corneal endothelium was examined and photographed using an optical microscope. All evaluations were performed by the same investigator. Photomicrographs were taken of central, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal corneal areas. Parameter studied included endothelial cell morphology. For the statistical analysis, was employed the ANOVA variance test (repeated measures). Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05.[...]

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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology of endothelial cells from different areas of the cornea of dogs. Twenty healthy eyes from 10 dogs, females or males, of different ages were studied. Corneal endothelium morphology of superior, inferior, central, nasal and temporal areas was assessed by 0.2% alizarin red staining using an optic microscope. One hundred endothelial cells from each corneal area were analyzed. In all areas of the cornea studied were found endothelial cells with four sides, five sides, six sides and seven sides. There was no significant difference regarding endothelial cell morphology in all corneal regions evaluated. Thus, the morphology of the central cornea area represents the entire endothelial mosaic and may be applied to peripheral areas. Therefore, analysis of the central area is sufficient to estimate the shape of endothelial cells of peripheral areas of healthy dog corneas.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a morfologia das células endoteliais de diferentes regiões da córnea de cães. Vinte olhos saudáveis de 10 cães, fêmeas ou machos, de diferentes idades foram estudados. A morfologia do endotélio corneano das regiões superior, inferior, central, nasal e temporal foi avaliada pela coloração vermelho de alizarina 0,2% com microscópio óptico. Foram analisadas 100 células endoteliais de cada região da córnea. Em todas as regiões da córnea estudadas foram encontradas células endoteliais com quatro lados, cinco lados, seis lados e sete lados. Não houve diferença significativa em relação à morfologia de células endoteliais da córnea em todos as regiões estudadas. Assim, a morfologia da região central da córnea representa todo o mosaico endotelial e pode ser aplicada em áreas periféricas. Portanto, a análise da área central é suficiente para estimar a forma das células endoteliais das áreas periféricas de córneas de cães saudáveis.

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology of endothelial cells from different areas of the cornea of dogs. Twenty healthy eyes from 10 dogs, females or males, of different ages were studied. Corneal endothelium morphology of superior, inferior, central, nasal and temporal areas was assessed by 0.2% alizarin red staining using an optic microscope. One hundred endothelial cells from each corneal area were analyzed. In all areas of the cornea studied were found endothelial cells with four sides, five sides, six sides and seven sides. There was no significant difference regarding endothelial cell morphology in all corneal regions evaluated. Thus, the morphology of the central cornea area represents the entire endothelial mosaic and may be applied to peripheral areas. Therefore, analysis of the central area is sufficient to estimate the shape of endothelial cells of peripheral areas of healthy dog corneas.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a morfologia das células endoteliais de diferentes regiões da córnea de cães. Vinte olhos saudáveis de 10 cães, fêmeas ou machos, de diferentes idades foram estudados. A morfologia do endotélio corneano das regiões superior, inferior, central, nasal e temporal foi avaliada pela coloração vermelho de alizarina 0,2% com microscópio óptico. Foram analisadas 100 células endoteliais de cada região da córnea. Em todas as regiões da córnea estudadas foram encontradas células endoteliais com quatro lados, cinco lados, seis lados e sete lados. Não houve diferença significativa em relação à morfologia de células endoteliais da córnea em todos as regiões estudadas. Assim, a morfologia da região central da córnea representa todo o mosaico endotelial e pode ser aplicada em áreas periféricas. Portanto, a análise da área central é suficiente para estimar a forma das células endoteliais das áreas periféricas de córneas de cães saudáveis.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of the upper lip twitch restraint on intraocular pressure (IOP) of healthy horses. In this study, forty five Criollo horses, aged between two to 20 years (male or female) were evaluated with rebound tonometer, with and without upper lip twitch restraint. A previous ophthalmic examination was performed with Schirmer tear test, fluorescein test, slit lamp biomicroscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy in all horses. Only healthy animals with no ocular findings were used. The order of the IOP measurements (with or without twitch) and order of the eye (right or left) were randomized. Three measurements of each eye were made and the mean was calculated. Head position was kept above the heart level and no pressure was made over eyelids. At least 10 minutes passed between the evaluations of the same horse. Measurements were made between 3:30 and 5:30pm to avoid circadian fluctuation of intraocular pressure. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS 9.2 software. A Split plot factorial design was used where horses were considered blocks. The mean intraocular pressure values obtained with lip twitch restraint (34.68±6.47mmHg) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those obtained without (29.35±4.08mmHg). There was no relevant statistical difference between right and left eyes. The restraint of horses with upper lip twitch increased equine intraocular pressure measured with the rebound tonometry.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da contenção pelo cachimbo na aferição da pressão intraocular em equinos hígidos. Neste trabalho, 45 cavalos Crioulos, com idade entre dois e 20 anos, machos ou fêmeas, foram avaliados utilizando tonometria de rebote, com e sem contenção, com cachimbo no lábio superior. Exame oftálmico prévio foi realizado, incluindo Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer, prova da fluoresceína, biomicroscopia com lâmpada de fenda e oftalmoscopia direta em todos os cavalos. Somente animais sadios com olhos hígidos foram utilizados. A ordem das tonometrias (com ou sem cachimbo) e a ordem dos olhos (direito e esquerdo) foram randomizadas. Três aferições de cada olho foram realizadas e a média calculada. A posição da cabeça dos cavalos foi mantida acima do nível do coração e nenhuma pressão foi feita sobre as pálpebras. Ao menos 10 minutos se passaram entre as aferições do mesmo cavalo. As medidas foram realizadas entre as 15h30min e 17h30min do mesmo dia, para evitar flutuações relacionadas ao ritmo circadiano da pressão intraocular. A análise estatística foi realizada com o programa SAS 9.2. Foi realizada análise de variância de parcela subdividida, onde o cavalo foi considerado bloco. A pressão intraocular média obtida com cachimbo (34,68±6,47mmHg) foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) que a obtida sem (29,35±4,08mmHg). Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre olhos direito e esquerdo. A contenção de equinos com o cachimbo aumentou significativamente a pressão intraocular aferida com tonômetro de rebote.

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of the upper lip twitch restraint on intraocular pressure (IOP) of healthy horses. In this study, forty five Criollo horses, aged between two to 20 years (male or female) were evaluated with rebound tonometer, with and without upper lip twitch restraint. A previous ophthalmic examination was performed with Schirmer tear test, fluorescein test, slit lamp biomicroscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy in all horses. Only healthy animals with no ocular findings were used. The order of the IOP measurements (with or without twitch) and order of the eye (right or left) were randomized. Three measurements of each eye were made and the mean was calculated. Head position was kept above the heart level and no pressure was made over eyelids. At least 10 minutes passed between the evaluations of the same horse. Measurements were made between 3:30 and 5:30pm to avoid circadian fluctuation of intraocular pressure. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS 9.2 software. A Split plot factorial design was used where horses were considered blocks. The mean intraocular pressure values obtained with lip twitch restraint (34.68±6.47mmHg) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those obtained without (29.35±4.08mmHg). There was no relevant statistical difference between right and left eyes. The restraint of horses with upper lip twitch increased equine intraocular pressure measured with the rebound tonometry.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da contenção pelo cachimbo na aferição da pressão intraocular em equinos hígidos. Neste trabalho, 45 cavalos Crioulos, com idade entre dois e 20 anos, machos ou fêmeas, foram avaliados utilizando tonometria de rebote, com e sem contenção, com cachimbo no lábio superior. Exame oftálmico prévio foi realizado, incluindo Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer, prova da fluoresceína, biomicroscopia com lâmpada de fenda e oftalmoscopia direta em todos os cavalos. Somente animais sadios com olhos hígidos foram utilizados. A ordem das tonometrias (com ou sem cachimbo) e a ordem dos olhos (direito e esquerdo) foram randomizadas. Três aferições de cada olho foram realizadas e a média calculada. A posição da cabeça dos cavalos foi mantida acima do nível do coração e nenhuma pressão foi feita sobre as pálpebras. Ao menos 10 minutos se passaram entre as aferições do mesmo cavalo. As medidas foram realizadas entre as 15h30min e 17h30min do mesmo dia, para evitar flutuações relacionadas ao ritmo circadiano da pressão intraocular. A análise estatística foi realizada com o programa SAS 9.2. Foi realizada análise de variância de parcela subdividida, onde o cavalo foi considerado bloco. A pressão intraocular média obtida com cachimbo (34,68±6,47mmHg) foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) que a obtida sem (29,35±4,08mmHg). Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre olhos direito e esquerdo. A contenção de equinos com o cachimbo aumentou significativamente a pressão intraocular aferida com tonômetro de rebote.(AU)

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