Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões , Histerectomia/psicologia , Leiomioma/cirurgia , Feminino , Grupos Focais , HumanosRESUMO
Drosophila caxiuana sp. nov., Drosophila subgenus, is described and illustrated. This new species was collected in the Amazonian Biome (Caquajó river, Portel, Pará, Brazil) and is an atypical species to the group due the unusual morphology of the male terminalia.
Drosophila caxiuana sp. nov., subgênero Drosophila, é descrita e ilustrada. Essa nova espécie foi coletada no Bioma Amazônico (Rio Caquajó, Portel, Pará, Brasil) e é uma espécie atípica deste grupo devido à morfologia incomum da terminália masculina.
RESUMO
The idea of a general independence between the phenotypic plasticity and the mean value of a trait is, presently, a consensus. Here, we use the reaction norm of abdominal pigmentation (number of dark spots) of Drosophila mediopunctata in response to temperature, to test this idea. We raised eight strains, bearing two different chromosomal inversions and with varying mean phenotypic values, under 11 temperatures in a thermal gradient to test for predictions concerning mean phenotypic values, chromosomal inversions, and reaction norms. Our results revealed a strong effect of different phenotypic groups and no effect of different karyotypes on reaction norms. Moreover, we found a significant negative correlation between mean phenotypic value and the curvature of the reaction norms, revealing a high dependency of the reaction norm shape on mean phenotypic value. These results clearly reject the idea of genetic independence between mean value and phenotypic plasticity, and may indicate a pattern of correlation, which may include results from other traits and species, with an importance that has not been fully appreciated.
Assuntos
Drosophila/anatomia & histologia , Drosophila/genética , Variação Genética , Abdome/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Fenótipo , Pigmentação , TemperaturaRESUMO
With the objective of finding reliable, valid, and economic diagnostic tests to identify Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival smears, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of Lendrum and Giemsa stains were evaluated using direct immunofluorescence as the gold standard. In addition, inter- and intraobserver reproducibility were estimated through the use of two independent observers, who were blinded to the results during their readings. The prevalence of ocular chlamydiosis in the study area was around 50%. In all, 103 persons (206 eyes) were studied. Three smears from each eye were taken for each subject. The kappa statistic was used to estimate the reproducibility of the stains. Interobserver reproducibility was null, and intraobserver reproducibility ranged between 0.35 and 0.79. The sensitivity of the Giemsa stain was a bit higher than that of the Lendrum stain (28% and 22%, respectively), and the specificity was similar (82% and 85%, respectively). Based on these results, the ability of both stains to detect positive cases was judged to be low, as was their reliability. The Lendrum and Giemsa stains are not adequate tests for the diagnosis of ocular chlamydiosis. For this purpose the use of direct immunofluorescence is recommended.