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Design and development of materials that couple synthetic and living components allow taking advantage of the complexity of biological systems within a controlled environment. However, their design and fabrication represent a challenge for material scientists since it is necessary to synthesize synthetic materials with highly specialized biocompatible and physicochemical properties. The design of synthetic-living materials (vita materials) requires materials capable of hosting cell ingrowth and maintaining cell viability for extended periods. Vita materials offer various advantages, from simplifying product purification steps to controlling cell metabolic activity and improving the resistance of biological systems to external stress factors, translating into reducing bioprocess costs and diversifying their industrial applications. Here, chitosan sponges, functionalized with Calendula officinalis hydroalcoholic extract, were synthesized using the freeze-drying method; they showed small pore sizes (7.58 µm), high porosity (97.95%), high water absorption (1695%), and thermal stability, which allows the material to withstand sterilization conditions. The sponges allowed integration of 58.34% of viable Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, and the cell viability was conserved 12 h post-process (57.14%) under storage conditions [refrigerating temperature (4 °C) and without a nutrient supply]. In addition, the synthesized vita materials conserved their biocatalytic activity after 7 days of the integration process, which was evaluated through glucose consumption and ethanol production. The results in this paper describe the synthesis of complex vita materials and demonstrate that biochemically modified chitosan sponges can be used as a platform material to host living and metabolically active yeast with diverse applications as biocatalysts.

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RESUMEN Introducción: la superación en farmacovigilancia de los produtos naturales es importante para el conocimiento y habilidades en el desempeño de los profesionales en servicios farmacéuticos comunitario por su vínculo en el desarrollo científico en la identificación, cuantificación, manejo de la documentación, vigilancia y reporte de reacciones adversas de los produtos tradicionales. Objetivo: diagnosticar el estado actual de la superación en farmacovigilancia de los productos naturales dirigidos a profesionales en servicios farmacéuticos en Pinar del Río en el periodo de enero de 2019 a marzo de 2020 Métodos: se realizó una investigación desarrollo de tipo educacional en los profesionales en servicios farmacéuticos en Pinar del Río. El universo lo constituyeron 78 profesionales, y la muestra seleccionada correspondió a 58 profesionales en los servicios farmacéuticos. Se utilizó como método general el dialéctico materialista, como métodos teóricos, histórico lógico, como métodos empíricos las encuesta, el análisis documental, la entrevista y la observación. En los métodos estadísticos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: según las necesidades de aprendizaje se encontró insuficiente en un 93,10 %, la utilización de la documentación fue bajo en un 65,5 % y el nivel de superación fue baja en un 75,86 %. Conclusiones: se constató la insuficiente preparación que existe en los profesionales de servicios farmacéuticos en farmacovigilancia de los productos naturales y déficit en la utilización de la cuantificación, evaluación y notificación de las reacciones adversas de los productos naturales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: training in pharmacovigilance of natural products is important for developing knowledge and skills in the performance of professionals in the community pharmaceutical services, because of its link in the scientific development, identification, quantification, documentation management and observation as well as reporting adverse reactions of traditional products. Objective: to analyze the current status of the training in pharmacovigilance of natural products aimed at professionals of the pharmaceutical services in Pinar del Rio during January 2019 to March 2020. Methods: a development-educational type research was carried out among professionals in pharmaceutical services in Pinar del Rio. The target group comprised 78 professionals, and the chosen sample corresponded to 58 professionals in pharmaceutical services. The general method applied was the dialectical materialist, along with historical-logical as theoretical methods; the empirical methods were the survey, documentary analysis, interview and observation. Results: considering the learning needs, it was found that 93,10 % as insufficient, the use of documents was low in 65,5 % and the level of training was low in 75,86 %. Conclusions: the insufficient training of professionals from the pharmaceutical services qualified to carry out pharmacovigilance of natural products and the deficit in the application of quantification, evaluation and reports of adverse reactions of natural products were proved.

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Limited information is available regarding chemical water quality at the tap in Guatemala City, preventing individuals, water utilities, and public health authorities from making data-driven decisions related to water quality. To address this need, 113 participants among households served by a range of water providers across the Guatemala City metropolitan area were recruited as participatory scientists to collect first-draw and flushed tap water samples at their residence. Samples were transported to the U.S. and analyzed for 20 metals and 25 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). At least one metal exceeded the Guatemalan Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) for drinking water in 63% of households (n = 71). Arsenic and lead exceeded the MPL in 33.6% (n = 38) and 8.9% (n = 10) of samples, respectively. Arsenic was strongly associated with groundwater while lead occurrence was not associated with location, water source, or provider. One or more PFAS were detected in 19% of samples (n = 21, range 2.1-64.2 ppt). PFAS were significantly associated with the use of plastic water storage tanks but not with location, water source, or provider. Overall, the high prevalence of arsenic above the MPL in Guatemala City tap water represents a potential health risk that current water treatment processes are not optimized to remove. Furthermore, potential contaminants from premise plumbing and storage, including lead and PFAS, represent additional risks requiring further investigation and public engagement.

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RESUMEN Introducción: el proceso de formación pedagógica en todas las áreas del conocimiento ha estado matizado por la necesidad de una preparación de los profesionales que trabajan en el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y en los procesos educativos en general, tanto en el ámbito escolar como comunitario. Sin embargo, el proceso de formación pedagógica de los estudiantes de la carrera Licenciatura en Enfermería en la actualidad no permite que los egresados desarrollen capacidades pedagógicas que tributen al desarrollo del modo de actuación Educar. Objetivo: argumentar la importancia del modo de actuación Educar en el Proceso de Formación Pedagógica en la carrera Licenciatura en Enfermería desde un análisis histórico tendencial. Métodos: se utilizó el método general dialéctico materialista, para posibilitar el empleo de métodos teóricos y empíricos. De igual forma, se dedica un espacio al análisis conceptual y a sus características. Resultados: se sistematizan los análisis acerca del objeto y el carácter central del modo de actuación Educar del profesional de Enfermería, con base en la determinación de sus tendencias principales y la definición de la variable. Conclusiones: se reconoce la importancia de la formación pedagógica del Licenciado en Enfermería para su desempeño profesional, que demanda en la actualidad novedosas transformaciones desde el modo de actuación Educar.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the process of pedagogical training in all areas of knowledge has been nuanced by the need for a training of professionals working in the development of teaching-learning process and in the educational processes in general, both at university and community level. However, at present the process of pedagogical training for the students of Bachelor degree in Nursing does not allow the graduates to develop instructive skills with the aim at contributing with the development pedagogical purposes. Objective: to analyze the importance of the modes of action regarding the teaching of pedagogical skills along with the process of training the students of Bachelor degree in Nursing from a historical trend. Methods: the wide-ranging dialectical materialistic method was applied, making possible the use of theoretical and empirical methods. Likewise, a space is devoted to the conceptual analysis and its characteristics. Results: the analysis of the object and the central character of the nursing professional ways of educating are systematized, based on the determination of its main trends and the definition of the variable. Conclusions: the importance of a pedagogical training of the students of Bachelor degree in Nursing for the professional performance is recognized, which at this time demands an innovative transformation from the mode of educational actions.

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Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by members of the Leishmania genus of parasitic protozoa that cause different clinical manifestations of the disease. Current treatment options for the cutaneous disease are limited due to severe side effects, poor efficacy, limited availability or accessibility, and developing resistance. Essential oils may provide low cost and readily available treatment options for leishmaniasis. In-vitro screening of a collection of 52 commercially available essential oils has been carried out against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. In addition, cytotoxicity has been determined for the essential oils against mouse peritoneal macrophages in order to determine selectivity. Promising essential oils were further screened against intracellular L. amazonensis amastigotes. Three essential oils showed notable antileishmanial activities: frankincense (Boswellia spp.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and wintergreen (Gualtheria fragrantissima Wall.) with IC50 values against the amastigotes of 22.1 ± 4.2, 19.1 ± 0.7, and 22.2 ± 3.5 µg/mL and a selectivity of 2, 7, and 6, respectively. These essential oils could be explored as topical treatment options for cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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OBJECTIVE:: To determine the effectiveness of a quality management program in reducing the incidence and severity of pressure ulcers in critical care patients. METHODS:: This was a quasi-experimental, before-and-after study that was conducted in a medical-surgical intensive care unit. Consecutive patients who had received mechanical ventilation for ≥ 96 hours were included. A "Process Improvement" team designed a multifaceted interventional process that consisted of an educational session, a pressure ulcer checklist, a smartphone application for lesion monitoring and decision-making, and a "family prevention bundle". RESULTS:: Fifty-five patients were included in Pre-I group, and 69 were included in the Post-I group, and the incidence of pressure ulcers in these groups was 41 (75%) and 37 (54%), respectively. The median time for pressure ulcers to develop was 4.5 [4 - 5] days in the Pre-I group and 9 [6 - 20] days in the Post-I group after admission for each period. The incidence of advanced-grade pressure ulcers was 27 (49%) in the Pre-I group and 7 (10%) in the Post-I group, and finally, the presence of pressure ulcers at discharge was 38 (69%) and 18 (26%), respectively (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). Family participation totaled 9% in the Pre-I group and increased to 57% in the Post-I group (p < 0.05). A logistic regression model was used to analyze the predictors of advanced-grade pressure ulcers. The duration of mechanical ventilation and the presence of organ failure were positively associated with the development of pressure ulcers, while the multifaceted intervention program acted as a protective factor. CONCLUSION:: A quality program based on both a smartphone application and family participation can reduce the incidence and severity of pressure ulcers in patients on prolonged acute mechanical ventilation.

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RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia de um programa de gestão da qualidade para reduzir a incidência e a gravidade de úlceras por pressão em pacientes de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo com metodologia quasi-experimental, antes-e-depois, conduzido em uma unidade de terapia intensiva clínica e cirúrgica. Incluíram-se os pacientes consecutivos que receberam ventilação mecânica por um período igual ou superior a 96 horas. Uma equipe de Melhoria de Processos delineou um processo de intervenção multifacetado, que consistiu de uma sessão educacional, uma lista de verificação de úlcera de pressão, um aplicativo para smartphone para monitoramento de lesões e um conjunto de normas de tomada de decisão, além de prevenção familiar. Resultados: O Grupo Pré-I incluiu 25 pacientes, e o Grupo Pós-I foi constituído por 69 pacientes. A incidência de úlcera de pressão nestes grupos foi de 41 (75%) e 37 (54%), respectivamente. O tempo mediano para o desenvolvimento das úlceras por pressão foi de 4,5 (4-5) dias no Grupo Pré-I e 9 (6-20) dias no Grupo Pós-I após a admissão para cada um dos períodos. A incidência de úlceras por pressão de grau avançado foi de 27 (49%) no Grupo Pré-I e 7 (10%) no Grupo Pós-I. A presença de úlceras por pressão na alta foi de 38 (69%) e 18 (26%), respectivamente, para os Grupos Pré-I e Pós-I (p < 0,05 para todas as comparações). A participação da família totalizou 9% no Grupo Pré-I e aumentou para 57% no Grupo Pós-I (p < 0,05). Utilizou-se um modelo de regressão logística para analisar os preditores de úlcera de pressão com grau avançado. A duração da ventilação mecânica e a presença de falência de órgão associaram-se positivamente com o desenvolvimento de úlceras por pressão, enquanto o programa multifacetado de intervenção atuou como fator de proteção. Conclusão: Um programa de qualidade, com base em um aplicativo para smartphone e na participação da família, pode reduzir a incidência e a gravidade de úlceras por pressão em pacientes com ventilação mecânica aguda prolongada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a quality management program in reducing the incidence and severity of pressure ulcers in critical care patients. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental, before-and-after study that was conducted in a medical-surgical intensive care unit. Consecutive patients who had received mechanical ventilation for ≥ 96 hours were included. A "Process Improvement" team designed a multifaceted interventional process that consisted of an educational session, a pressure ulcer checklist, a smartphone application for lesion monitoring and decision-making, and a "family prevention bundle". Results: Fifty-five patients were included in Pre-I group, and 69 were included in the Post-I group, and the incidence of pressure ulcers in these groups was 41 (75%) and 37 (54%), respectively. The median time for pressure ulcers to develop was 4.5 [4 - 5] days in the Pre-I group and 9 [6 - 20] days in the Post-I group after admission for each period. The incidence of advanced-grade pressure ulcers was 27 (49%) in the Pre-I group and 7 (10%) in the Post-I group, and finally, the presence of pressure ulcers at discharge was 38 (69%) and 18 (26%), respectively (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). Family participation totaled 9% in the Pre-I group and increased to 57% in the Post-I group (p < 0.05). A logistic regression model was used to analyze the predictors of advanced-grade pressure ulcers. The duration of mechanical ventilation and the presence of organ failure were positively associated with the development of pressure ulcers, while the multifaceted intervention program acted as a protective factor. Conclusion: A quality program based on both a smartphone application and family participation can reduce the incidence and severity of pressure ulcers in patients on prolonged acute mechanical ventilation.

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Coffea arabica L. (arabica coffee), the only tetraploid species in the genus Coffea, represents the majority of the world's coffee production and has a significant contribution to Nicaragua's economy. The present paper was conducted to determine the genetic diversity of arabica coffee in Nicaragua for its conservation and breeding values. Twenty-six populations that represent eight varieties in Nicaragua were investigated using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 24 alleles were obtained from the 12 loci investigated across 260 individual plants. The total Nei's gene diversity (H(T)) and the within-population gene diversity (H(S)) were 0.35 and 0.29, respectively, which is comparable with that previously reported from other countries and regions. Among the varieties, the highest diversity was recorded in the variety Catimor. Analysis of variance (AMOVA) revealed that about 87% of the total genetic variation was found within populations and the remaining 13% differentiate the populations (F(ST) = 0.13; P < 0.001). The variation among the varieties was also significant. The genetic variation in Nicaraguan coffee is significant enough to be used in the breeding programs, and most of this variation can be conserved through ex situ conservation of a low number of populations from each variety.

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Viability of 6 mushrooms strains of the Pleurotus genus (2 from P. djamor var. djamor, 1 from P. ostreatus var. ostreatus, 2 from P. ostreatus var. columbinus and 1 from P. pulmonarius) after liquid nitrogen cryopreservation (-196§) was evaluated. The contact time for the mycelia of these strains with the cryoprotectant (glycerol) was studied 1,2 and 3 hours before freezing. We also tested the effect of different times (5, 10 and 15 minutes) and temperatures (30, 45 and 60§C) of the thawing system for mycelial recovery. The results showed a marked tendency toward faster mycelial recovery when samples were thawed at 30§C, while at 60§C no recovery was observed. A change in thawing and contact times with the cryoprotectant did not affect the results significantly, as the thawing temperature and strain employed affected

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Se evalúa la curva de aprendizaje de la cirugía de la catarata con facoemulsificación a través de los resultados y las complicaciones de los primeros 50 casos. Durante un período de 7 meses se operaron 50 ojos de 43 pacientes. La AV preoperatoria promedio fue de 0,06. El 92 por ciento de los casos presentaban AV menor o igual a 0,1. Se implantaron LIO de 7mm, 6mm, ovales de 5 x 6mm, y LIO plegables de silicona. La extensión de la incisión varió entre 3.2 a 7mm. El cierre de la incisión se efectuó con puntos radiales de monofilamento 10/0 en todas las incisiones de 6 y 7mm. Para incisiones de 5mm, se usó suturas radiales (36 por ciento) y sutura horizontal (14 por ciento). En un 10 por ciento no se usó sutura. Tampoco se usó sutura en incisiones de 3.2mm (4 por ciento). La AV no corregida a los 7 días fue en promedio 0.52 y a las 4 semanas de 0.64. La AV corregida a los 2 meses fue en promedio 0.79 (rango 0.5 a 1.25). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las AV no corregidas a los 7 días y al mes entre los primeros 25 casos y los últimos 25 casos (p<0.05). Las complicaciones se presentaron 8 casos. Hubo un 6 por ciento de rotura capsular con pérdida vítrea, 6 por ciento de rotura capsular sin vítreo, 2 por ciento de hifema el primer día de postoperatorio y un 2 por ciento de edema corneal presente al séptimo día postoperatorio. Estas complicaciones ocurrieron al azar entre los primeros 32 casos. Se concluye que la transición desde la EEC planeada hacia la facoemulsificación puede realizarse sin comprometer el pronóstico visual de los primeros casos

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