RESUMO
We enrolled 427 consecutive patients with tuberculosis diagnosed in Cité Soleil, Haiti in a trial of short-course intermittent therapy. All patients received supervised therapy with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol thrice weekly for 8 wk, followed by isoniazid and rifampin thrice weekly for 18 wk. At entry, the 177 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (42%) were found significantly more likely to have extrapulmonary tuberculosis and negative tuberculin skin tests (p < 0.05). Treatment was well tolerated by both groups of patients, and adherence to the treatment regimen was over 90%. Among patients with pulmonary or intrathoracic tuberculosis, 9% of HIV-seropositive and 1% of HIV-seronegative patients died during therapy (p < 0.001), whereas 81% and 87%, respectively, of those in the two groups were cured. Relapses occurred in 5.4% of HIV-seropositive and 2.8% of HIV-seronegative patients who completed treatment (p = 0.36). Survival after tuberculosis was poorer in HIV-seropositive patients, whose probability of dying was 33% at 18 mo after diagnosis as compared with 3% for HIV-seronegative patients (p < 0.001). HIV-seropositive patients who died had significantly lower median CD4 lymphocyte counts than did HIV-seropositive patients who survived (p < 0.001). Treatment of tuberculosis with short-course, thrice-weekly, supervised therapy in the setting of a developing country is highly efficacious in both HIV-seropositive and -seronegative patients.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/mortalidade , Adulto , Antituberculosos/administração & dosagem , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Esquema de Medicação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Soronegatividade para HIV , Soropositividade para HIV , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Cooperação do Paciente , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Pulmonar/complicações , Tuberculose Pulmonar/mortalidadeRESUMO
Antibody responses following vaccination usually are analysed by comparing geometric mean concentrations across levels of relevant covariates and by comparing the proportions of vaccinees responding. In the regression setting, the analyses are done on log-transformed concentrations, estimating geometric mean responses conditional on a vector of covariates. More detailed analyses examining the relationship of covariates to different parts of the response distribution may be performed through the application of asymmetric least squares estimation of regression percentiles. We present a method for accounting for correlation in percentile regression analyses of longitudinal antibody response data. We illustrate the procedures with measles antibody response data from Haitian children who participated in a randomized trial of high titre vaccines. The strongest dose and strain effects were seen in the low end of the antibody concentration distributions.
Assuntos
Formação de Anticorpos , Modelos Estatísticos , Análise de Regressão , Vacinação , Fatores Etários , Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Haiti , Humanos , Esquemas de Imunização , Lactente , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Vacina contra Sarampo/administração & dosagem , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Mortality was evaluated in 1972 children who had received measles vaccines at 6-11 months of age that were 10-fold (medium titer) or 100-fold (high titer) greater than standard titer. Mortality among boys did not differ by vaccine titer and was similar to mortality in children who received standard-titer vaccine. Girl recipients of high-titer vaccine had somewhat greater mortality than girls who received medium-titer vaccine (risk ratio = 1.71, 95% confidence interval = 0.91-3.24). Increased mortality was associated with high-titer vaccine for girls but not for boys (P = .04). There was no evidence of selection bias or preferential health care by sex that might explain the differential mortality. This mortality pattern has been noted in two other populations with high background infant and childhood mortality. The biologic basis for this effect on mortality has not been determined. Data from this and other studies have resulted in discontinuation of the use of high-titer measles vaccines.
Assuntos
Vacina contra Sarampo/efeitos adversos , Sarampo/prevenção & controle , Caracteres Sexuais , Vacinação/mortalidade , Demografia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Seguimentos , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Vacina contra Sarampo/administração & dosagem , Estado Nutricional , População Suburbana , Análise de Sobrevida , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether deaths among Haitian infants born to HIV-1-seronegative women could be distinguished from deaths among children born to HIV-1-seropositive women using the verbal autopsy technique. METHODS: Mothers of 315 Haitian children who died were interviewed about events leading to the child's death. Three physicians independently reviewed interview data and determined the probable cause of death without knowledge of maternal HIV-1 status or hospital records. The underlying causes of death assigned to the infants were analyzed to determine whether maternal HIV status could be predicted. RESULTS: There was good agreement among the physicians (kappa = 0.62) and 90% agreement between hospital records and the verbal autopsy diagnosis. Compared with children born to HIV-1-seronegative women, deaths in children born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers were more likely to be ascribed to a presumptive diagnosis of AIDS (37 versus 21%; P = 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of verbal autopsies for identifying deaths associated with maternal HIV-1 infection ranged from 37 to 59% and from 69 to 79%, respectively, depending on the classification system used. The predictive positive value of a death believed to be consistent with pediatric HIV-1 infection was 26-30% and the predictive negative value was 85-90%. CONCLUSION: Verbal autopsies may be useful for distinguishing certain causes of death, but have limited utility for distinguishing deaths associated with maternal HIV-1 infection from deaths among children born to HIV-1-seronegative women.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/mortalidade , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/patologia , Autopsia/métodos , Causas de Morte , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Soropositividade para HIV , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
To evaluate the impact of measles vaccination on survival of children residing in a periurban slum in Haiti, a total-population survey was conducted 2.5 years after completion of a one-time study of the serologic response to measles vaccine administered in the same population. Pregnancy histories from the 16,400 women in the population revealed that 1499 children had been born during a 7-month interval that would have made them eligible for participation in the measles vaccine program. Of these children, 1381 (92.1%) survived to 9 months of age, the median age that measles vaccine had been administered. Seventy-three infants had died between 9 and 39 months of age. Mortality of infants who were seronegative before receiving measles vaccine was significantly lower (P = .0013) than that of unvaccinated infants (3/235 vs 70/1056, respectively). Other factors positively associated with survival between 9 and 39 months of age included socioeconomic status (P = .0002), maternal literacy (P = .0020), maternal knowledge and use of oral rehydration solution (P = .0002), and an interval of greater than 24 months to the birth of the next younger sibling (P = .0012). Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent association of measles vaccination by adjusting for other factors that also correlated with survival and that might have been associated with maternal seeking of vaccinations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)