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OBJECTIVE: The world has been suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic. Some COVID-19 patients develop severe viral pneumonia, requiring mechanical ventilation and measures to treat refractory hypoxemia, such as a protective ventilation strategy, prone positioning, and the use of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO). We describe a case series of 30 COVID-19 patients who needed VV-ECMO at the Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: We included all patients who required VV-ECMO due to COVID-19 pneumonia between March of 2020 and June of 2021. RESULTS: Prior to VV-ECMO, patients presented with the following median scores: SOFA score, 11; APPS score, 7; Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction score, 2; and Murray score, 3.3. The 60-day-in-hospital mortality was 33.3% (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS: Although our patients had a highly severe profile, our results were similar to those of other cohort studies in the literature. This demonstrates that VV-ECMO can be a good tool even in a pandemic situation when it is managed in an experienced center.

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BACKGROUND: Previous evidence explored predictors of hypertension (HTN) remission after bariatric but data are limited to observational studies and lack of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). This study was aimed to evaluate the rate of HTN remission after bariatric surgery using ABPM and to define predictors of mid-term HTN remission. METHODS: We included patients enrolled in the surgical arm of the GATEWAY randomized trial. HTN remission was defined as controlled blood pressure (< 130 × 80 mmHg) evaluated by 24-h ABPM while no need of anti-hypertensive medications after 36 months. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the predictors of HTN remission after 36 months. RESULTS: 46 patients submitted Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). HTN remission occurred in 39% (n = 14 out of 36 patients with complete data at 36 months). Patients with HTN remission had shorter HTN history than no remission group (5.9 ± 5.5 vs. 12.5 ± 8.1 years; p = 0.01). The baseline insulin levels were lower in patients who presented HTN remission, although not statistically significant (OR: 0.90; CI 95%: 0.80-0.99; p = 0.07). In the multivariate analysis, the HTN history (years) was the only independent predictor of HTN remission (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.70-0.97; p = 0.04). Therefore, for each additional year of HTN history, the chance of HTN remission decreases by approximately 15% after RYGB. CONCLUSION: After 3 years of RYGB, HTN remission defined by ABPM was common and independently associated with a shorter HTN history. These data underscore the need of early effective approach of obesity aiming greater impact in its comorbidities.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The world has been suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic. Some COVID-19 patients develop severe viral pneumonia, requiring mechanical ventilation and measures to treat refractory hypoxemia, such as a protective ventilation strategy, prone positioning, and the use of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO). We describe a case series of 30 COVID-19 patients who needed VV-ECMO at the Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: We included all patients who required VV-ECMO due to COVID-19 pneumonia between March of 2020 and June of 2021. Results: Prior to VV-ECMO, patients presented with the following median scores: SOFA score, 11; APPS score, 7; Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction score, 2; and Murray score, 3.3. The 60-day-in-hospital mortality was 33.3% (n = 10). Conclusions: Although our patients had a highly severe profile, our results were similar to those of other cohort studies in the literature. This demonstrates that VV-ECMO can be a good tool even in a pandemic situation when it is managed in an experienced center.

RESUMO Objetivo: O mundo vem sofrendo com a pandemia de COVID-19. Alguns pacientes com COVID-19 desenvolvem pneumonia viral grave, necessitando ventilação mecânica e medidas para tratar a hipoxemia refratária, como estratégias de ventilação protetora, posição prona e uso de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea venovenosa (ECMO-VV). Descrevemos uma série de casos de 30 pacientes com COVID-19 que necessitaram de ECMO-VV no Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, localizado na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Foram incluídos todos os pacientes que necessitaram de ECMO-VV devido à pneumonia por COVID-19 entre março de 2020 e junho de 2021. Resultados: Antes da ECMO-VV, os pacientes apresentavam as seguintes medianas: escore SOFA de 11; escore APPS de 7; escore Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction de 2; e escore de Murray de 3,3. A mortalidade hospitalar em 60 dias foi de 33,3% (n = 10). Conclusões: Apesar de nossos pacientes apresentarem um perfil de alta gravidade, nossos resultados foram semelhantes aos de outros estudos de coorte na literatura. Isso demonstra que a ECMO-VV pode ser uma boa ferramenta mesmo em uma situação de pandemia quando administrada em um centro experiente.

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Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular mortality (1). Its unfavorable impact is potentially explained by several factors, including the asymptomatic nature of this condition, poor medication adherence, and high burden of comorbid conditions, including obesity (1, 2). Hypertension occurs mostly in persons with excess weight and is often poorly controlled in patients with obesity (3, 4), and pharmacologic treatment of obesity has modest impact on blood pressure (BP) reduction (5). Bariatric surgery is the most effective method to treat obesity (6 ­ 8). Although recent research efforts have focused on metabolic improvement and diabetes resolution (9 ­12), growing interest has been devoted to evaluating the effects of this surgery on hypertension (13­15). The GATEWAY (Gastric Bypass to Treat Obese Patients With Steady Hypertension) trial focused on hypertension and included patients with mild obesity (body mass index [BMI], 30 to 34.9 kg/m2 ) and those with a BMI greater than 35 kg/m2 per current guidelines. The 1-year results showed that patients with coexisting obesity and hypertension were able to reduce or completely discontinue their antihypertensive medications after surgery, while maintaining a controlled BP and a similar 24-hour BP profile (16, 17). However, midterm effects of bariatric surgery on office and 24-hour BP measurements in a broad population of patients with obesity and hypertension remain uncertain. Here, we present the 3-year results from the GATEWAY trial. METHODS The GATEWAY trial is a randomized, nonblinded, single-center, investigator-initiated clinical trial performed at Heart Hospital in Sa˜ o Paulo, Brazil. Study design (18) and 1-year results (16) were previously pub lished; the full protocol, approved by the Research Ethics Board at the Heart Hospital (HCor), and the statistical analysis plan are available in Supplements 1 and 2 (available at Annals.org). The follow-up period for the primary end point was 12 months, but we prespecified that all patients would be scheduled for a 3-year and 5-year extension study. Here, we present the 3-year outcomes.

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Bariatric surgery is an effective strategy for blood pressure (BP) reduction, but most of the evidence relies on office BP measurements. In this study, we evaluated the impact of bariatric surgery on 24-hour BP profile, BP variability, and resistant hypertension prevalence. This is a randomized trial including obese patients with grade 1 and 2 using at least 2 antihypertensive drugs at maximal doses or >2 at moderate doses. Patients were allocated to either Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) combined with medical therapy or medical therapy alone for 12 months. The primary outcome was the 24-hour BP profile and variability (average real variability of daytime and night time BP). We evaluated the nondipping status and prevalence of resistant hypertension as secondary end points. We included 100 patients (76% female, body mass index, 36.9±2.7 kg/m2). The 24-hour BP profile (including nondipping status) was similar after 12 months, but the RYGB group required less antihypertensive classes as compared to the medical therapy alone (0 [0­1] versus 3 [2.5­4] classes; P<0.01). The average real variability of systolic nighttime BP was lower after RYGB as compared to medical therapy (between-group difference, −1.63; 95% CI, −2.91 to −0.36; P=0.01). Prevalence of resistant hypertension was similar at baseline (RYGB, 10% versus MT, 16%; P=0.38), but it was significantly lower in the RYGB at 12 months (0% versus 14.9%; P<0.001). In conclusion, RYGB significantly reduced antihypertensive medications while promoting similar 24-hour BP profile and nondipping status. Interestingly, bariatric surgery improved BP variability and may decrease the burden of resistant hypertension associated with obesity. (AU)

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Bariatric surgery is an effective strategy for blood pressure (BP) reduction, but most of the evidence relies on office BP measurements. In this study, we evaluated the impact of bariatric surgery on 24-hour BP profile, BP variability, and resistant hypertension prevalence. This is a randomized trial including obese patients with grade 1 and 2 using at least 2 antihypertensive drugs at maximal doses or >2 at moderate doses. Patients were allocated to either Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) combined with medical therapy or medical therapy alone for 12 months. The primary outcome was the 24-hour BP profile and variability (average real variability of daytime and night time BP). We evaluated the nondipping status and prevalence of resistant hypertension as secondary end points. We included 100 patients (76% female, body mass index, 36.9±2.7 kg/m2). The 24-hour BP profile (including nondipping status) was similar after 12 months, but the RYGB group required less antihypertensive classes as compared to the medical therapy alone (0 [0-1] versus 3 [2.5-4] classes; P<0.01). The average real variability of systolic nighttime BP was lower after RYGB as compared to medical therapy (between-group difference, -1.63; 95% CI, -2.91 to -0.36; P=0.01). Prevalence of resistant hypertension was similar at baseline (RYGB, 10% versus MT, 16%; P=0.38), but it was significantly lower in the RYGB at 12 months (0% versus 14.9%; P<0.001). In conclusion, RYGB significantly reduced antihypertensive medications while promoting similar 24-hour BP profile and nondipping status. Interestingly, bariatric surgery improved BP variability and may decrease the burden of resistant hypertension associated with obesity. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01784848.

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BACKGROUND: Recent research efforts on bariatric surgery have focused on metabolic and diabetes mellitus resolution. Randomized trials designed to assess the impact of bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and hypertension are needed. METHODS: In this randomized, single-center, nonblinded trial, we included patients with hypertension (using ≥2 medications at maximum doses or >2 at moderate doses) and a body mass index between 30.0 and 39.9 kg/m2. Patients were randomized to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass plus medical therapy or medical therapy alone. The primary end point was reduction of ≥30% of the total number of antihypertensive medications while maintaining systolic and diastolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg and 90 mm Hg, respectively, at 12 months. RESULTS: We included 100 patients (70% female, mean age 43.8±9.2 years, mean body mass index 36.9±2.7 kg/m2), and 96% completed follow-up. Reduction of ≥30% of the total number of antihypertensive medications while maintaining controlled blood pressure occurred in 41 of 49 patients from the gastric bypass group (83.7%) compared with 6 of 47 patients (12.8%) from the control group with a rate ratio of 6.6 (95% confidence interval, 3.1-14.0; P<0.001). Remission of hypertension was present in 25 of 49 (51%) and 22 of 48 (45.8%) patients randomized to gastric bypass, considering office and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, respectively, whereas no patient submitted to medical therapy was free of antihypertensive drugs at 12 months. A post hoc analysis for the primary end point considering the SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) target reached consistent results, with a rate ratio of 3.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.4-10.6; P=0.005). Eleven patients (22.4%) from the gastric bypass group and none in the control group were able to achieve SPRINT levels without antihypertensives. Waist circumference, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, glycohemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and 10-year Framingham risk score were lower in the gastric bypass than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery represents an effective strategy for blood pressure control in a broad population of patients with obesity and hypertension. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01784848.

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BACKGROUND: Recent research efforts on bariatric surgery have focusedon metabolic and diabetes mellitus resolution. Randomized trials designedto assess the impact of bariatric surgery in patients with obesity andhypertension are needed.METHODS: In this randomized, single-center, nonblinded trial, we includedpatients with hypertension (using ≥2 medications at maximum doses or >2 atmoderate doses) and a body mass index between 30.0 and 39.9 kg/m2. Patientswere randomized to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass plus medical therapy or medicaltherapy alone. The primary end point was reduction of ≥30% of the totalnumber of antihypertensive medications while maintaining systolic and diastolicblood pressure <140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively, at 12 months. RESULTS: We included 100 patients (70% female, mean age 43.8±9.2 years,mean body mass index 36.9±2.7 kg/m2), and 96% completed follow-up.Reduction of ≥30% of the total number of antihypertensive medicationswhile maintaining controlled blood pressure occurred in 41 of 49 patientsfrom the gastric bypass group (83.7%) compared with 6 of 47 patients(12.8%) from the control group with a rate ratio of 6.6 (95% confidenceinterval, 3.1–14.0; P<0.001). Remission of hypertension was present in 25of 49 (51%) and 22 of 48 (45.8%) patients randomized to gastric bypass,considering office and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring...

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Obesity and hypertension are growing epidemics in the modern world. Lifestyle changes and medical treatment for obesity have disappointing long-term results and albeit drugs for hypertension are usually very effective, the necessity of multiple pills and frequent side effects make the adherence to treatment a huge challenge for healthcare systems. Bariatric/metabolic surgery is a very effective treatment and an exponential number of studies have been showing its positive impact beyond weight loss, mainly on type 2 diabetes. There is also growing evidence suggesting that bariatric/metabolic surgery is associated with reduced incidence of cardiovascular events, but the impact on hypertension and other components of metabolic syndrome usually derive from trials' secondary end points. Taking this limitation in mind, bariatric/metabolic surgery action on blood pressure is reaching a significant proportion of hypertension resolution or improvement. In this review, we discussed the current evidence on the impact of bariatric/metabolic surgery on blood pressure control and pointed out perspectives in this research area.

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Obesity and hypertension are growing epidemics inthe modern world. Lifestyle changes and medical treatmentfor obesity have disappointing long-term results and albeitdrugs for hypertension are usually very effective, the necessityof multiple pills and frequent side effects make the adherenceto treatment a huge challenge for health care systems. Bariatric/metabolic surgery is a very effective treatment andan exponential number of studies have been showing its positiveimpact beyond weight loss, mainly on type 2 diabetes. There is also growing evidence suggesting that bariatric/metabolic surgery is associated with reduced incidence of cardiovascular events, but the impact on hypertension and other components of metabolic syndrome usually derive from trials’secondary end points. Taking this limitation in mind, bariatric/metabolic surgery action on blood pressure is reaching a significant proportion of hypertension resolution or improvement. In this review, we discussed the current evidence onthe impact of bariatric/metabolic surgery on blood pressurecontrol and pointed out perspectives in this research area...

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