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Introducción: la re-emergencia de cólera en Haití estableció un nuevo reservorio para el incremento de la séptima pandemia. Esto provocó su diseminación a República Dominicana y a otros países de la región del Caribe, como Cuba y México. Objetivo: estudiar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de aislamientos de Vibrio cholerae O1, serotipo Ogawa, biotipo El Tor aisladas de pacientes durante el evento epidemiológico de cólera ocurrido en Cuba entre junio de 2012 y agosto de 2013. Métodos: se realizó el estudio de la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro en 144 aislamientos de V. cholerae, mediante el método de Bauer-Kirby frente a nueve antimicrobianos: ampicilina, sulfonamida, trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol, cloranfenicol, tetraciclina, doxiciclina, azitromicina, ciprofloxacina y gentamicina, según las normas del Instituto de Estándares de Laboratorio Clínico de los Estados Unidos de América. Resultados: el total de los aislamientos resultaron resistentes al trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol; el 98,7 por ciento lo fue a la sulfonamida y el 90,3 por ciento a la ampicilina. Se obtuvieron valores de sensibilidad intermedia para ciprofloxacina (30,6 por ciento) y cloranfenicol (27,1 por ciento). Se apreciaron niveles de sensibilidad superior al 92 por ciento a los antimicrobianos de primera línea en el tratamiento de la enfermedad (doxiciclina, tetraciclina y azitromicina), así como también a la gentamicina. No se observaron cepas multirresistentes. Conclusiones: los datos aportados por este trabajo demuestran la efectividad in vitro de los antimicrobianos utilizados en el tratamiento la enfermedad diarreica aguda causada por V. cholerae en Cuba(AU)
Introduction: re-emergence of cholera in Haiti created a new reservoir for the increase of the seventh pandemic. This resulted in its spread to the Dominican Republic and other Caribbean countries, such as Cuba and Mexico. Objectives: study the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1, Ogawa serotype, El Tor biotype, obtained from patients during the cholera epidemiological event occurring in Cuba from June 2012 to August 2013. Methods: a study was conducted of 144 V. cholerae isolates using the Bauer-Kirby method to determine in vitro susceptibility to nine antimicrobials: ampicillin, sulfonamide, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, in compliance with standards from the U.S. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: all isolates were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; 98.7 percent to sulfonamide and 90.3 percent to ampicillin. Intermediate sensitivity values were obtained for ciprofloxacin (30.6 percent) and chloramphenicol (27.1 percent). Sensitivity levels above 92 percent were found for first-line antimicrobials (doxycycline, tetracycline and azithromycin), as well as gentamicin. Multi-drug resistant strains were not found. Conclusions: results reveal the effectiveness in vitro of the antimicrobials used in Cuba to treat acute diarrheal disease caused by V. cholerae(AU)
Assuntos
Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Vibrio cholerae O1/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Cuba , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Introducción: la neurocriptococosis resulta de la inhalación de levaduras del complejo de especies Cryptococcus neoformans y afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunocomprometidos, provocando altas tasas de mortalidad. Objetivo: describir la infección por Cryptococcus spp. en pacientes con VIH/sida de Guayaquil, Ecuador. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo, entre diciembre/2013-enero/2015. Se recopilaron 82 muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo así como los datos demográficos, clínicos y de laboratorio de igual cantidad de pacientes seropositivos al VIH ingresados en el Hospital de Infectología Dr. José Daniel Rodríguez Maridueña. La infección criptococósica se confirmó mediante examen microscópico directo del líquido cefalorraquídeo con tinta china, cultivo en agar Sabouraud y pruebas bioquímicas convencionales. El estudio cumplió con los requerimientos éticos establecidos. Resultados: el 89,02 por ciento de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fueron de género masculino y el 45,12 por ciento del grupo etario de 20-30 años. El 33 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron la infección por C. neoformans, y sus características clínicas más frecuentes fueron: impresión diagnóstica de neuroinfección (41 por ciento), cefalea (78 por ciento; 21/27), vómitos (85 por ciento; 23/27) y pérdida de peso (89 por ciento; 24/27); niveles de CD4 < 200/uL (26 por ciento; 7/27), leucocitos 5 000-10 000 cél/mm3 (63 por ciento; 17/27), hemoglobina 11-15 g/dL (44 por ciento; 12/27) y hematócrito < 35 por ciento (78 por ciento; 21/27). Se demostró además, la existencia de una asociación entre la infección y la presencia de vómitos, pérdida de peso y adenopatías (razón de prevalencias > 1). Conclusiones: La infección criptococósica es una importante micosis oportunista en pacientes VIH-SIDA, que puede ser asociada a determinadas características, lo que permite definir mecanismos de control y prevención(AU)
Introduction: neurocryptococcosis results from inhalation of yeasts from the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. The disease mainly affects immunocompromised patients, causing high mortality rates. Objective: describe infection due to Cryptococcus spp. in patients with HIV/AIDS from Guayaquil, Ecuador. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional prospective study was conducted from December 2013 to January 2015. Eighty-two cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected, as well as the demographic, clinical and laboratory data of an equal number of HIV seropositive inpatients from Dr. José Daniel Rodríguez Maridueña infectious diseases hospital. Cryptococcal infection was confirmed by India ink direct microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid, Sabouraud agar culture and conventional biochemical tests. The study met the ethical requirements established. Results: 89.02 percent of the patients included in the study were male and 45.12 percent were in the 20-30 years age group. 33 percent had infection with C. neoformans, and their most common clinical features were diagnostic impression of neuroinfection (41 percent), headache (78 percent; 21/27), vomiting (85 percent; 23/27), weight loss (89 percent; 24/27); CD4 counts < 200/uL (26 percent; 7/27), leucocytes 5 000-10 000 cells/mm3 (63 percent; 17/27), hemoglobin 11-15 g/dL (44 percent; 12/27) and hematocrit < 35 percent (78 percent; 21/27). An association was also found between infection and the presence of vomiting, weight loss and adenopathies (prevalence ratio >1). Conclusions: cryptococcal infection is an important opportunistic mycosis in HIV/AIDS patients. It may be associated with certain features, which makes it possible to define control and prevention mechanisms(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Infecções por HIV , Meningite Criptocócica/prevenção & controle , Cryptococcus/patogenicidade , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The fungal genus Colletotrichum is an uncommon cause of human infections. It has been implicated in cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, artritis and keratitis secondary to traumatic implantation. CASE PRESENTATION: We report two cases of keratitis due Colletotrichum truncatum in middle-aged, immunocompetent persons without history of trauma. The aetiological agents were identified based on DNA sequencing. Azoles and echinocandins showed high minimal inhibitory concentrations while amphotericin B was ≤ 0.25 mg l-1. Both patients failed topical antifungal treatment and needed penetrating keratoplasty with a favourable outcome. CONCLUSION: C. truncatum caused keratomycosis which did not respond to topical antifungal agents. To the best of our knowledge these are the first reported cases of keratitis due to this fungus in Cuba and Latin-America and highlights the expanding spectrum of fungal agents causing eye infections.
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Cryptococcosis has emerged as an important public health problem in Africa, Asia and the Americas due to the increasing numbers of persons at risk of this infection and the adaptation of its aetiological agents to new environments. The proper management requires early recognition of Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex infection, familiarity with the use and limitations of diagnostic tests and knowledge of the available treatment options. This review will address these issues with the goal of providing sufficient information to suspect, diagnose and treat patients with cryptococcosis based on Cuban data and review of the literature.
Assuntos
Criptococose/epidemiologia , Cryptococcus gattii/isolamento & purificação , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolamento & purificação , Criptococose/diagnóstico , Criptococose/tratamento farmacológico , Criptococose/microbiologia , Cuba/epidemiologia , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , HumanosRESUMO
Pneumocystis jirovecii is a leading cause of opportunistic infections among immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of P. jirovecii from colonized Cuban infants and toddlers by analysis of four genetic loci: mitochondrial large subunit (mtLSU) rRNA, cytochrome b (CYB), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ß-tubulin (ß-tub). We determined the multilocus profiles based on concatenated genotype data (multilocus genotype; MLG) and nucleotide sequences (multilocus sequence analysis; MLSA) respectively, calculated the discriminatory power of each analysis, and investigated possible associations with demographic and clinical data. Sixteen of 51 PCR-positive nasopharyngeal swab specimens (years 2010-2013) with high P. jirovecii load were selected for downstream analysis. In mixed allelic profiles all genotypes/nucleotide sequence patterns were considered separately. All samples could be genotyped based on mtLSU, CYB and ß-tub locus. However, the SOD locus could be successfully amplified in only 7/16 (44%) specimens. Eight different P. jirovecii MLGs were identified among the 16 cases and eight samples presented identical MLG (MLG 1). Seventeen MLSA profiles were distinguished. No statistical association between genotypes or MLGs and demographic or clinical data could be identified. For MLSA the higher discriminatory power (S=0.976) was observed. The combination of mtLSU, CYB and ß-tub loci proved to be useful for molecular epidemiology studies of P. jirovecii. A total of 17 different MLSA profiles observed in 16 specimens indicated high genetic variability of P. jirovecii circulating in colonized Cuban infants and toddlers.
Assuntos
Pneumocystis carinii/genética , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/microbiologia , Cuba/epidemiologia , DNA Fúngico/análise , DNA Fúngico/genética , Feminino , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pneumocystis carinii/classificação , Pneumocystis carinii/isolamento & purificação , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study describes the prevalence and genotype distribution of Pneumocystis jirovecii obtained from nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs from immunocompetent Cuban infants and toddlers with whooping cough (WC). A total of 163 NP swabs from 163 young Cuban children with WC who were admitted to the respiratory care units at two pediatric centers were studied. The prevalence of the organism was determined by a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the P. jirovecii mitochondrial large subunit (mtLSU) rRNA gene. Genotypes were identified by direct sequencing of mtLSU ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene amplicons. qPCR detected P. jirovecii DNA in 48/163 (29.4%) samples. mtLSU rDNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of three different genotypes in the population. Genotype 2 was most common (48%), followed in prevalence by genotypes 1 (23%) and 3 (19%); mixed-genotype infections were seen in 10% of the cases. RFLP analysis of DHPS PCR products revealed four genotypes, 18% of which were associated with resistance to sulfa drugs. Only contact with coughers (prevalence ratio [PR], 3.51 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.79 to 6.87]; P = 0.000) and exposure to tobacco smoke (PR, 1.82 [95% CI, 1.14 to 2.92]; P = 0.009) were statistically associated with being colonized by P. jirovecii. The prevalence of P. jirovecii in infants and toddlers with WC and the genotyping results provide evidence that this population represents a potential reservoir and transmission source of P. jirovecii.
Assuntos
Infecções por Pneumocystis/epidemiologia , Infecções por Pneumocystis/microbiologia , Pneumocystis carinii/classificação , Pneumocystis carinii/isolamento & purificação , Coqueluche/complicações , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cuba/epidemiologia , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Pneumocystis carinii/genética , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Prevalência , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Coqueluche/microbiologiaRESUMO
We describe the first clinical case of cryptococcosis due C. gattii in a Cuban immunocompetent patient who had a traveling history two years before to Central America. Molecular characterization of the isolate showed it to be genotype AFLP5 of which MLST sequences clustered with clinical and environmental strains from Colombia. The patient died one year after the diagnosis despite a prolonged treatment with (liposomal) amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole and gamma interferon.
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La histoplasmosis infección causada por el hongo Histoplasma capsulatum ha sido reportada en todos los continentes y se considera endémica en el continente americano, incluida Cuba. El hongo se desarrolla en el suelo con excretas de aves y murciélagos, donde es capaz de producir abundantes microconidios, que al ser inhalados por el hombre son capaces de causar la infección. El cuadro clínico puede variar, desde infecciones asintomáticas hasta cuadros diseminados graves que involucran a uno o varios órganos y sistemas y que afectan sobre todo a pacientes con sida, neoplasias hematológicas, con trasplantes u otras inmunodeficiencias. Los principales grupos de riesgo incluyen además, aquellos individuos que por razones ocupacionales se expongan los aerosoles contaminados con el hongo. El diagnóstico de laboratorio se basa en la observación de este en fluidos y tejidos orgánicos, en el cultivo de esos materiales y en la detección de anticuerpos y antígenos específicos. Los métodos moleculares, en especial mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, aunque no han sido suficientemente evaluados, pudieran representar un importante avance en el diagnóstico temprano de esta micosis. Para el tratamiento de las formas agudas moderadas, localizadas y respiratoria crónica se recomienda el itraconazol, mientras que para las formas graves y diseminadas la droga de elección es la anfotericina B, con preferencia en alguna de sus formulaciones lipídicas. La histoplasmosis representa hoy una de las micosis sistémicas más importante en las Américas, con una amplia distribución en todas las regiones de Cuba.
Histoplasmosis, an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, has been reported all over the world and is considered endemic in the American continent, including Cuba. This fungus grows on the soils contaminated with bird and bat excreta, where it produces a great number of microconidia that could cause the infection when they are inhaled. The clinical spectrum varies from asymptomatic infections to serious disseminated diseases involving one or many organ systems and affects mainly AIDS patients, patients with hematological neoplasias, transplant recipients or other immunosuppressed patients. The main risk groups include those individuals whose working activities make them be exposed to aerosols contaminated with H. capsulatum. Lab diagnosis is based on the microscopic observation, isolation and identification of the fungus in fluid or tissue samples of patients, and on specific antigen and antibodies detection. The molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have not been sufficiently defined, and they could be an important advance in the early diagnosis of this mycosis. Itraconazole is recommended for treatment of moderate, localized and chronic infection whereas amphotericin B is the drug of choice for disseminated and serious manifestations, particularly in its lipidic formulations. At present, histoplasmosis is considered one of the most important systemic mycoses in the Americas, and it is widely spread over all regions of Cuba.
Assuntos
Humanos , Histoplasmose , Histoplasmose/diagnóstico , Histoplasmose/epidemiologia , Histoplasmose/etiologia , Histoplasmose/imunologiaRESUMO
Histoplasmosis, an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, has been reported all over the world and is considered endemic in the American continent, including Cuba. This fungus grows on the soils contaminated with bird and bat excreta, where it produces a great number of microconidia that could cause the infection when they are inhaled. The clinical spectrum varies from asymptomatic infections to serious disseminated diseases involving one or many organ systems and affects mainly AIDS patients, patients with hematological neoplasias, transplant recipients or other immunosuppressed patients. The main risk groups include those individuals whose working activities make them be exposed to aerosols contaminated with H. capsulatum. Lab diagnosis is based on the microscopic observation, isolation and identification of the fungus in fluid or tissue samples of patients, and on specific antigen and antibodies detection. The molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have not been sufficiently defined, and they could be an important advance in the early diagnosis of this mycosis. Itraconazole is recommended for treatment of moderate, localized and chronic infection whereas amphotericin B is the drug of choice for disseminated and serious manifestations, particularly in its lipidic formulations. At present, histoplasmosis is considered one of the most important systemic mycoses in the Americas, and it is widely spread over all regions of Cuba.