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INTRODUCTION: Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), which include hallucinations and delusional experiences, are usually present in healthy populations, and their persistence, quality, and severity are associated with the development of psychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia and other poor psychosocial outcomes. Urbanicity, depression, and other psychosocial stressors have been associated with PLEs. However, evidence of PLEs in Latin American (LATAM) countries is still scarce, and there are no studies about PLEs in Chile. The main aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of PLEs in a nationally representative sample according to other social determinants of health. METHODS: The last results of the Chilean National Health Survey (ENS 2016-2017) were analyzed. PLEs were obtained from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 3.0 and included in this survey. Other psychosocial variables (age, sex, educational level, financial stress, depressive symptoms, and urbanicity) were also included for further analysis. Exclusion criteria were (1) > = 65 and < 18 years old, and (2) previous diagnosis or treatment for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Descriptive statistics were used to describe data, and Poisson regression models were performed to weight variables and find psychosocial correlations with PLEs. RESULTS: 2095 subjects were considered for this study (women 62.9% and mean age = 42.5, SD = 13.5). The lifetime prevalence of the PLEs (> = 1 PLE) in Chile was 12.9%. Visual hallucinations were the most common PLE (9.6%), and ideas of reference were the least common (0.4%). The Poisson regression model showed a higher prevalence of PLEs in the Gran Concepción conurbation (OR = 2.56) and Gran Valparaíso conurbation (OR = 1.69) compared with non-big cities. On the other hand, the 18-24 year group had higher PLEs prevalence compared to other age groups. No correlations were found with educational status, financial stress, or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively high prevalence of PLEs was found in the Chilean general population, particularly in youth living in large urban areas (Gran Valparaíso and Gran Concepción), which is compatible with previous research. Considering that there were no correlations between low educational level and financial or depressive symptoms, it is necessary to have more studies that correlate other urban relevant variables, such as natural disasters, drug consumption, and domestic or neighborhood violence.

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OBJECTIVE: Latin America has undergone major changes in psychiatric services over the past three decades. The authors aimed to assess the availability of service data and changes in psychiatric services in this region during the 1990-2020 period. METHODS: The authors formed a research network to collect data on psychiatric service indicators gathered between 1990 and 2020 from national registries in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. Indicators included psychiatric beds in psychiatric and general hospitals overall, for children and adolescents, and for forensic populations; residential beds for substance use treatment; treatment slots in residential facilities and day hospitals; and outpatient facilities. RESULTS: Data availability varied among countries, service indicators, and time points. The median prevalence of psychiatric beds decreased in psychiatric hospitals from 5.1 to 3.0 per 100,000 people (-42%) and in general hospitals from 1.0 to 0.8 (-24%). The median prevalence estimates of specialized psychiatric beds for children and adolescents (0.18) and for forensic populations (0.04) remained unchanged. Increases in prevalence were observed for residential beds for substance use treatment (from 0.40 to 0.57, 43% increase), available treatment slots in residential facilities (0.67 to 0.79, 17%), treatment slots in day hospitals (0.41 to 0.54, 32%), and outpatient facilities (0.39 to 0.93, 138%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that treatment capacity shifted from inpatient to outpatient and community care. Most countries had a bed shortage for acute psychiatric care, especially for children and adolescents and forensic patients. More comprehensive and standardized mental health service registries are needed.

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The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of social determinants (i.e., gender, educational vulnerability, and socioeconomic status) and resilience on the mental health of Chilean adolescents in pre-, during, and post-COVID-19 pandemic contexts. The study included a group of 684 students, ranging in age from 12 to 18 years, who were attending educational institutions in the city of Arica. The Child and Adolescent Assessment System (SENA) was used to measure mental health problems, the Brief Resilience Scale for Children and Youth (CYRM-12) was used to measure resilience, and the Vulnerability Index of Educational Institutions was used to measure educational vulnerability. The results suggest increases in depressive, anxious, and social anxiety symptomatologies over time (wave by year, 2018, 2020, and 2021). In addition, multiple linear regression models showed predictive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, gender, vulnerability index, socioeconomic status, and resilient behaviors on mental health problems. The worsening of mental health indicators over time requires the greater coordination and integration of mental health experts in the most vulnerable educational centers.

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Objective: This study seeks to describe the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health services in Chile. Methods: This study is part of ongoing multicountry research known as the Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 study (or the MASC study) that includes seven countries. Chile is the only one in Latin America. This study used a convergent mixed methods design. The quantitative component analyzed data about public mental health care collected between January 2019 and December 2021 from the open-access database at the Ministry of Health. The qualitative component analyzed data collected from focus groups of experts that included professionals in charge of mental health services, policy-makers, service users and caregivers. Finally, the data synthesis was performed by triangulation of both components. Results: By April 2020, mental health service provision had been reduced by 88% in primary care; moreover, secondary and tertiary levels had also reduced their mental health activities by, respectively, 66.3% and 71.3% of pre-COVID levels. Negative sequelae were described at the health systems level, and full recovery had not been achieved by the end of 2021. The pandemic affected the essential characteristics of community-based mental health services, with adverse impacts on the continuity and quality of care, reduced psychosocial and community support, and negative effects on health workers' mental health. Digital solutions were widely implemented to enable remote care, but challenges included the availability of equipment, its quality and the digital divide. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant and enduring adverse effects on mental health care. Lessons learned can inform recommendations for good practices for the ongoing and future pandemics and health crises, and highlight the importance of prioritizing the strengthening of mental health services in response to emergencies.

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[ABSTRACT]. Objective. This study seeks to describe the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health ser- vices in Chile. Methods. This study is part of ongoing multicountry research known as the Mental Health Care – Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 study (or the MASC study) that includes seven countries. Chile is the only one in Latin America. This study used a convergent mixed methods design. The quantitative component analyzed data about public mental health care collected between January 2019 and December 2021 from the open-access database at the Ministry of Health. The qualitative component analyzed data collected from focus groups of experts that included professionals in charge of mental health services, policy-makers, service users and caregivers. Finally, the data synthesis was performed by triangulation of both components. Results. By April 2020, mental health service provision had been reduced by 88% in primary care; moreover, secondary and tertiary levels had also reduced their mental health activities by, respectively, 66.3% and 71.3% of pre-COVID levels. Negative sequelae were described at the health systems level, and full recovery had not been achieved by the end of 2021. The pandemic affected the essential characteristics of community-based mental health services, with adverse impacts on the continuity and quality of care, reduced psychosocial and community support, and negative effects on health workers’ mental health. Digital solutions were widely imple- mented to enable remote care, but challenges included the availability of equipment, its quality and the digital divide. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant and enduring adverse effects on mental health care. Lessons learned can inform recommendations for good practices for the ongoing and future pandemics and health crises, and highlight the importance of prioritizing the strengthening of mental health services in response to emergencies.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Este estudio pretende describir los efectos adversos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los servicios de salud mental en Chile. Métodos. El estudio forma parte de una investigación multinacional en curso denominada estudio Mental Health Care – Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 (atención de salud mental: secuelas adversas de la COVID-19), o estudio MASC, en el que participan siete países. Chile es el único de América Latina. En este estudio se utilizó un diseño de métodos mixtos convergentes. En el componente cuantitativo se analizaron los datos de atención en salud mental del sector público obtenidos entre enero del 2019 y diciembre del 2021, provenien- tes de la base de datos de acceso libre del Ministerio de Salud. En el componente cualitativo se analizaron los datos obtenidos a partir de grupos focales de expertos entre los que había profesionales a cargo de servicios de salud mental, responsables de la formulación de políticas, personas usuarias de los servicios y personas prestadoras de cuidados. Por último, la síntesis de los datos se realizó mediante la triangulación de ambos componentes. Resultados. En abril del 2020, la prestación de servicios de salud mental en atención primaria había dis- minuido en un 88%; además, los niveles secundario y terciario también habían reducido sus intervenciones en salud mental en un 66,3% y un 71,3%, respectivamente, respecto a los niveles previos a la COVID-19. Se describieron secuelas negativas a nivel de los sistemas de salud, que a fines del 2021 aún no habían logrado su plena recuperación. La pandemia afectó las características esenciales de los servicios de salud mental prestados en la comunidad, con consecuencias adversas en la continuidad y la calidad de la atención, una reducción del apoyo psicosocial y comunitario, y efectos negativos en la salud mental del personal de salud. Se generalizó la adopción de soluciones digitales para posibilitar la atención a distancia, pero algunos de los principales problemas fueron la disponibilidad de equipos, su calidad y la brecha digital. Conclusiones. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido efectos adversos importantes y duraderos en la atención de salud mental. Las enseñanzas extraídas pueden servir de base para formular recomendaciones de buenas prácticas para las pandemias y crisis sanitarias presentes y futuras, a la vez que resaltan la importancia de dar prioridad al fortalecimiento de los servicios de salud mental en las situaciones de respuesta a emergencias.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever os efeitos adversos da pandemia de COVID-19 nos serviços de saúde mental do Chile. Métodos. Este estudo é parte de uma pesquisa em andamento em vários países, denominada Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 (Atenção à saúde mental: sequelas adversas da COVID-19, também conhecido como estudo MASC), que inclui sete países. O Chile é o único país da América Latina incluído. O estudo utilizou um delineamento convergente de métodos mistos. O componente quantitativo analisou dados da atenção pública à saúde mental coletados entre janeiro de 2019 e dezembro de 2021 do banco de dados de acesso livre do Ministério da Saúde. O componente qualitativo analisou dados coletados de grupos focais de especialistas que incluíam profissionais responsáveis por serviços de saúde mental, formuladores de políticas, usuários de serviços e cuidadores. Por último, os dados foram sintetizados por triangulação dos dois componentes. Resultados. Até abril de 2020, havia ocorrido uma redução de 88% na prestação de serviços de saúde mental na atenção primária; além disso, os níveis secundários e terciários também haviam reduzido suas atividades de saúde mental em 66,3% e 71,3% dos níveis pré-COVID, respectivamente. Sequelas negativas foram descritas no nível dos sistemas de saúde, e a recuperação total não havia sido alcançada até o final de 2021. A pandemia afetou as características essenciais dos serviços de saúde mental de base comunitária, com impactos adversos na continuidade e na qualidade do atendimento, redução do apoio psicossocial e comunitário e efeitos negativos na saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde. Soluções digitais foram ampla- mente implementadas para permitir o atendimento remoto, mas os desafios incluíam a disponibilidade de equipamentos, sua qualidade e a exclusão digital. Conclusões. A pandemia de COVID-19 tem tido efeitos adversos significativos e duradouros na atenção à saúde mental. As lições aprendidas podem contribuir para recomendações de boas práticas em pandemias e crises de saúde atuais e futuras. Além disso, destacam a importância de priorizar o fortalecimento dos serviços de saúde mental em resposta a emergências.

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The purpose of this study is to describe and compare the prevalence of mental health problems in Aymara and non-Aymara children and adolescent. The study sample comprised 1839 students from 8 to 19 years, from educational institutions of Northern Chile. Forty-nine percent of students identified with the Aymara ethnic group. The Child and Adolescent Evaluation System was used to evaluate internal and external problems. In Elementary school, Aymara students showed significantly lower scores in externalized problems and in high school, there were significantly lower scores in interiorized, exteriorized and other problems than Non-Aymara students. It seems that the legacy of the Aymara culture has favored the development of protective factors in relation to the mental health of these students. In a context of growing recognition and appreciation of this culture, greater involvement with Aymara culture could promote better mental health of school children.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children. DESIGN: Overview of systematic reviews (SRs). PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 12 years and under with ASD. SEARCH METHODS: In October 2021, we searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Epistemonikos placing no restrictions on language or date of publication. INTERVENTIONS: 17 non-pharmacological interventions compared with placebo, no-treatment (including waiting list) or other interventions (ie, usual care, as defined by the authors of each study). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We rated the methodological quality of the included SRs using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR 2). We reported the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) certainty of the evidence (CoE) according to the analysis conducted by the authors of the included SRs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A multidisciplinary group of experts agreed on analysing nine critical outcomes evolving core and non-core ASD symptoms. PUBLIC AND PATIENT INVOLVEMENT STATEMENT: Organisations of parents of children with ASD participated in external revision of the final version of the report. RESULTS: We identified 52 reports that were within our scope, of which 48 were excluded for various reasons. After excluding less reliable SRs, we included four SRs. Non-pharmacological interventions (ie, Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention, Applied Behaviour Analysis, Picture Exchange Communication System and Naturalistic Developmental Behavioural Interventions) may have favourable effects on some core outcomes including language, social and functioning, play or daily living skills in children with ASD (with either no GRADE assessment, very low or low CoE). In addition, we identified a lack of report for other key outcomes in the included SRs (ie, restricted, repetitive behaviour; play and sensory processing). CONCLUSIONS: Synthesised evidence regarding the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for children with ASD is scarce. High-quality SRs addressing the variety of both non-pharmacological interventions and relevant outcomes are needed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020206535.

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ABSTRACT Objective. This study seeks to describe the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health services in Chile. Methods. This study is part of ongoing multicountry research known as the Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 study (or the MASC study) that includes seven countries. Chile is the only one in Latin America. This study used a convergent mixed methods design. The quantitative component analyzed data about public mental health care collected between January 2019 and December 2021 from the open-access database at the Ministry of Health. The qualitative component analyzed data collected from focus groups of experts that included professionals in charge of mental health services, policy-makers, service users and caregivers. Finally, the data synthesis was performed by triangulation of both components. Results. By April 2020, mental health service provision had been reduced by 88% in primary care; moreover, secondary and tertiary levels had also reduced their mental health activities by, respectively, 66.3% and 71.3% of pre-COVID levels. Negative sequelae were described at the health systems level, and full recovery had not been achieved by the end of 2021. The pandemic affected the essential characteristics of community-based mental health services, with adverse impacts on the continuity and quality of care, reduced psychosocial and community support, and negative effects on health workers' mental health. Digital solutions were widely implemented to enable remote care, but challenges included the availability of equipment, its quality and the digital divide. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant and enduring adverse effects on mental health care. Lessons learned can inform recommendations for good practices for the ongoing and future pandemics and health crises, and highlight the importance of prioritizing the strengthening of mental health services in response to emergencies.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Este estudio pretende describir los efectos adversos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los servicios de salud mental en Chile. Métodos. El estudio forma parte de una investigación multinacional en curso denominada estudio Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 (atención de salud mental: secuelas adversas de la COVID-19), o estudio MASC, en el que participan siete países. Chile es el único de América Latina. En este estudio se utilizó un diseño de métodos mixtos convergentes. En el componente cuantitativo se analizaron los datos de atención en salud mental del sector público obtenidos entre enero del 2019 y diciembre del 2021, provenientes de la base de datos de acceso libre del Ministerio de Salud. En el componente cualitativo se analizaron los datos obtenidos a partir de grupos focales de expertos entre los que había profesionales a cargo de servicios de salud mental, responsables de la formulación de políticas, personas usuarias de los servicios y personas prestadoras de cuidados. Por último, la síntesis de los datos se realizó mediante la triangulación de ambos componentes. Resultados. En abril del 2020, la prestación de servicios de salud mental en atención primaria había disminuido en un 88%; además, los niveles secundario y terciario también habían reducido sus intervenciones en salud mental en un 66,3% y un 71,3%, respectivamente, respecto a los niveles previos a la COVID-19. Se describieron secuelas negativas a nivel de los sistemas de salud, que a fines del 2021 aún no habían logrado su plena recuperación. La pandemia afectó las características esenciales de los servicios de salud mental prestados en la comunidad, con consecuencias adversas en la continuidad y la calidad de la atención, una reducción del apoyo psicosocial y comunitario, y efectos negativos en la salud mental del personal de salud. Se generalizó la adopción de soluciones digitales para posibilitar la atención a distancia, pero algunos de los principales problemas fueron la disponibilidad de equipos, su calidad y la brecha digital. Conclusiones. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido efectos adversos importantes y duraderos en la atención de salud mental. Las enseñanzas extraídas pueden servir de base para formular recomendaciones de buenas prácticas para las pandemias y crisis sanitarias presentes y futuras, a la vez que resaltan la importancia de dar prioridad al fortalecimiento de los servicios de salud mental en las situaciones de respuesta a emergencias.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever os efeitos adversos da pandemia de COVID-19 nos serviços de saúde mental do Chile. Métodos. Este estudo é parte de uma pesquisa em andamento em vários países, denominada Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 (Atenção à saúde mental: sequelas adversas da COVID-19, também conhecido como estudo MASC), que inclui sete países. O Chile é o único país da América Latina incluído. O estudo utilizou um delineamento convergente de métodos mistos. O componente quantitativo analisou dados da atenção pública à saúde mental coletados entre janeiro de 2019 e dezembro de 2021 do banco de dados de acesso livre do Ministério da Saúde. O componente qualitativo analisou dados coletados de grupos focais de especialistas que incluíam profissionais responsáveis por serviços de saúde mental, formuladores de políticas, usuários de serviços e cuidadores. Por último, os dados foram sintetizados por triangulação dos dois componentes. Resultados. Até abril de 2020, havia ocorrido uma redução de 88% na prestação de serviços de saúde mental na atenção primária; além disso, os níveis secundários e terciários também haviam reduzido suas atividades de saúde mental em 66,3% e 71,3% dos níveis pré-COVID, respectivamente. Sequelas negativas foram descritas no nível dos sistemas de saúde, e a recuperação total não havia sido alcançada até o final de 2021. A pandemia afetou as características essenciais dos serviços de saúde mental de base comunitária, com impactos adversos na continuidade e na qualidade do atendimento, redução do apoio psicossocial e comunitário e efeitos negativos na saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde. Soluções digitais foram amplamente implementadas para permitir o atendimento remoto, mas os desafios incluíam a disponibilidade de equipamentos, sua qualidade e a exclusão digital. Conclusões. A pandemia de COVID-19 tem tido efeitos adversos significativos e duradouros na atenção à saúde mental. As lições aprendidas podem contribuir para recomendações de boas práticas em pandemias e crises de saúde atuais e futuras. Além disso, destacam a importância de priorizar o fortalecimento dos serviços de saúde mental em resposta a emergências.

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The study aim was to longitudinally assess internalized stigma in a sample of patients from Northern Chile with a diagnosis of schizophrenia along with indicators of patient recovery, including quality of life, psychotic symptomatology, social cognition, premorbid adjustment, and years of untreated psychosis. The 10-year follow-up of stigma measures and predictors were assessed at public outpatient mental health centers in the city of Arica, Chile, during the months of March-July 2012. A total of 26 patients successfully completed the evaluation. The results revealed that, with the exception of the self-stigma subdimension, no clinically significant changes were seen in the trajectories of internalized stigma ratings between baseline and 10-year follow-up, underscoring the importance of assessing global components such as quality of life and premorbid adjustment during the process of internalizing stigma.

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The impact of the pandemic on teachers' mental health has also been an important issue. The aim of the study was to analyze the vital impact of COVID-19, spirituality, and the use of social-emotional strategies on teacher well-being, mediated by mental health. The sample was non-random, inviting all teachers in a city North of Chile to participate in the study. The sample consisted of 624 teachers. A total of 74.4% were women and 25.6% were men. The mean age was 44.1 and the standard deviation was 11.9. A total of 56.4% belonged to public schools and 43.6% belonged to subsidized schools. Structural equations were used to analyze the data, finding a mental health mediating effect between the death of a close person, affected areas and family history with life satisfaction. Spirituality and the use of socio-emotional strategies self-applied by the teachers had no direct relationship with their mental health, so their mediating effect in relation to life satisfaction was discarded. Teachers who used social-emotional strategies, as well as those who reported higher levels of spirituality, obtained greater satisfaction with life, both general and specifically. Women had higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress symptomatology, but also higher levels of life satisfaction. The implications are discussed.

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