RESUMO
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the pathogen causing Piscirickettsiosis. For treatment, the industry mainly uses oxytetracycline and florfenicol, so it is essential to understand the degree of susceptibility of this pathogen to these drugs. But this is still unknown for a large number of P. salmonis strains, as are the molecular mechanisms responsible for greater or lesser susceptibility. However, genes that confer resistance to these antimicrobials have been reported and characterized for this and other bacterial species, among which are membrane proteins that take out the drug. Our results identified differences in the degree of susceptibility to both antibiotics among different Chilean isolated of these bacteria. We analysed 10 available genomes in our laboratory and identified ~140 genes likely to be involved in antibiotic resistance. We analysed six specific genes, which suggests that some of them would eventually be relevant in conferring resistance to both antibiotics, as they encode for specific transporter proteins, which increase the number of transcripts when grown in media with these antibiotics. Our results were corroborated with EtBr permeability analysis, which revealed that the LF-89 strain accumulates this compound and has a reduced capacity to expulse it compared with the field strains.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Oxitetraciclina/farmacologia , Piscirickettsia/efeitos dos fármacos , Piscirickettsia/genética , Infecções por Piscirickettsiaceae/veterinária , Tianfenicol/análogos & derivados , Animais , Chile , Infecções por Piscirickettsiaceae/microbiologia , Tianfenicol/farmacologiaRESUMO
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infection by pathogens. It consists of various elements, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens and trigger the immune response, through activation of important transcription factors such as NF-κB, which are usually found sequestered in the cytoplasm by IκBα until it receives the release signal. Piscirickettsia salmonis causes piscirickettsiosis or salmonid rickettsial septicemia, a disease of great importance in Chile, representing 79.4% of the secondary mortality in important species such as Salmo salar, which is reflected in the Chilean economy. Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone which has immunomodulating functions in mammals and some fish. Olavarría et al. (2010, J Immunol 185:3873-3883) determined its ability to increase the respiratory burst, its relationship with the JAK/STAT pathway, and the expression of interleukin IL-1ß in Sparus aurata. Therefore, the present study was intended to establish a possible correlation and modulation between the signal transduction pathway of PRL (JAK/STAT), the pathways of NF-κB, and TLRs, in an infection caused by P. salmonis in salmon head kidney (SHK1) cells of S. salar. Stimulus with native PRL from S. salar was performed, and gene expression was analyzed for IL-1ß, IκBα, TLR1, and TLR5M (membrane-bound form). In addition, the effect of PRL in the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB and the possible involvement of JAK2 were analyzed by using a pharmacological inhibitor of this kinase. The results show a positive modulation of PRL in all analyzed genes and a significant increase in the translocation of NF-κB, recording a maximum at 2 h post-treatment, supporting the stimulatory hypothesis of PRL.
Assuntos
Piscirickettsia/fisiologia , Prolactina/farmacologia , Receptor 1 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Receptor 5 Toll-Like/classificação , Receptor 5 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Rim Cefálico/citologia , NF-kappa B , Salmão , Receptor 1 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 5 Toll-Like/genéticaRESUMO
In aquaculture, antibiotics are the traditional treatment used against bacterial infections. However, their use has increasingly come into question given their effects on fish and, possibly, on human health. Consequently, there is interest in developing alternative treatments aimed at stimulating the innate immune response of fish, which is the first line of defense against pathogens. In relation to this, the Toll-like receptors (TLR) aid in the selective identification of pathogens. The present study evaluated immunostimulatory activity of prolactin (PRL) hormone on expression levels of TLR1, 9, and 22, MyD88, and IL-1ß during in vitro infection with the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis, in primary cultures of Oncorhynchus mykiss head kidney cells. Results indicated that PRL increased expression of TLRs and MyD88 during the first hours of bacterial infection, while a constant increase in expression was found for IL-1ß. These findings suggest that PRL indirectly modulates expression of TLRs by activating expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling, thereby regulating immune response over long periods of time during bacterial infection.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/imunologia , Infecções por Piscirickettsiaceae/imunologia , Prolactina/farmacologia , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Animais , Aquicultura , Rim Cefálico/citologia , Imunidade Inata/fisiologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/microbiologia , PiscirickettsiaRESUMO
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the pathogen responsible for salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), a disease that affects a wide variety of marine cultivated fish species and causes economic losses for the aquaculture industry worldwide. Many in vitro studies have reported on the capacity of this microorganism to replicate in the interior of cytoplasmic vesicles from varied fish cell lines. However, the mechanisms used by this bacteria to survive, replicate, and propagate in cell lines, especially in macrophages and monocytes, are unknown. A number of studies have described the diverse proteins in pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila, Coxiella burnetii, and Francisella tularensis which allow these to evade the cellular immune response and replicate in the interior of macrophages in different hosts. Some of these proteins are the virulence factor BipA/TypA and the heat shock protein ClpB, both of which have been widely characterized. The results of the current study present the complete coding sequence of the genes clpB and bipA from the P. salmonis genome. Moreover, the experimental results suggest that during the infectious process of the SHK-1 cellular line in P. salmonis, the pathogen significantly increases the expression of proteins ClpB and BipA. This would permit the pathogen to adapt to the hostile conditions produced by the macrophage and thus evade mechanisms of cellular degradation while facilitating replication in the interior of this salmon cell line.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Piscirickettsia/genética , Infecções por Rickettsiaceae/veterinária , Salmonidae , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Aquicultura , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/metabolismo , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular , Biologia Computacional , Sequência Conservada/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Piscirickettsia/fisiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterináriaRESUMO
Bronchoesophageal fistula secondary to lymphoma is a very rare condition, usually associated with chemo-radiotherapy. We report a case of a patient with a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) who, after chemotherapy, developed an oesophago-tracheal fistula. Initially it was treated conservatively but due to the lack of response, a stent was inserted. After nearly one year without success, surgery was considered. Right thoracotomy oesophagectomy and closure of the tracheal defect with an intercostal muscle flap and pericardial patch was performed. This was followed by laparoscopic creation of a gastric tube, which was successfully anastomosed to the cervical oesophagus through a cervicotomy. Unlike oesophageal cancer, NHL can have a good prognosis, so curative treatment of the fistula can be considered. Conservative treatment must always be the first option, leaving stenting or surgery for when the problem persists.
Assuntos
Fístula Brônquica/etiologia , Fístula Brônquica/cirurgia , Linfoma não Hodgkin/complicações , Fístula Traqueoesofágica/etiologia , Fístula Traqueoesofágica/cirurgia , Idoso , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Linfoma não Hodgkin/tratamento farmacológico , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To propose a new approach to the study of the fetal heart using free-hand three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound software. METHODS: We studied a total of 28 fetuses, of which 26 were normal and two were known to have heart pathology. In all of them a B-mode scan was performed. After obtaining a four-chamber view, and keeping the transducer in the same position, the free-hand 3D-View software was activated. A sequence of frames was stored. Additional information was recorded looking from the four-chamber view towards the outflow tract, and also adding color Doppler. RESULTS: We obtained a multiplanar display of one B-mode and two perpendicular M-modes in all cases studied. In this multiplanar mode, Y and X axes represent distance and Z axis represents time. We were able to obtain M-modes and a variation of color-M-mode in any desired position. Moving the information along the Z axis, a frame sequence of the B-mode was obtained. Using this approach we observed one case of fetal supraventricular extrasystoles and other having an interventricular septum defect. CONCLUSIONS: This modality gives a new perspective of fetal heart scanning using the free-hand 3D-View software, in which there is benefit from many of the advantages of the 3D software, although the power of this procedure must be improved.
Assuntos
Coração Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Software , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodos , Doenças Fetais/diagnóstico por imagem , Comunicação Interventricular/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Ultrassonografia Doppler em Cores/métodos , Complexos Ventriculares Prematuros/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
309 gastrostomías percutáneas sucesivas fueron realizadas en 206 pacientes por un solo operador en el Servicio de Endoscopía del Hospital DIPRECA durante los años 1993 al 1998. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 71 años (18-91 años). El 15 por ciento requirió al menos de un recambio. El seguimiento fluctuó entre 4 y 20 meses. Hubo un 3.87 por ciento de morbilidad y 0 por ciento de mortalidad. La indicación más frecuente son las enfermedades neurológicas
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal , Gastrostomia , Gastroenteropatias , Gastrostomia , Estudos Retrospectivos , TransiluminaçãoRESUMO
Presentamos nuestra experiencia quirúrgica en el manejo del quiste pilonidal, con especial hincapié en la plastia de Dufourmentel. El grupo está constituido por 81 pacientes operados entre 1985 y 1996, 46 hombres (56 por ciento) y 35 mujeres (44 por ciento) con un promedio de edad de 22 años. Se practicaron 86 intervenciones, 68 de las cuales fueron realizadas con técnica Dufourmentel y 18 con otro tipo (abierta, semicerrada o cerrada sin plastia). En todos los casos el diagnóstico fue confirmado por anatomía patológica. El tiempo postoperatorio fue significativamente menor (5,8 vs 9,5 días) para la técnica con plastia y con menores complicaciones (11 por ciento vs 33 por ciento). La cicatrización completa se obtuvo antes de los 12 días en el 94 por ciento de los pacientes tratados con técnica de Dufourmentel. Se observaron 3 recidivas en el grupo con plastia de Dufourmentel (4,7 por ciento), que fueron reintervenidas mediante la misma técnica, demostrando el estudio histológico persistencia de trayecto fistuloso. Concluimos que la técnica cerrada con plastia de Dufourmentel es la más adecuada para la gran mayoría de los casos, incluyendo los quistes recidivados, activos o infectados
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Seio Pilonidal/cirurgia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Região Sacrococcígea/cirurgia , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Seio Pilonidal/diagnóstico , Complicações Pós-OperatóriasRESUMO
56 patients were surveyed and reexamined at the Center for Medical and Surgical Research (CMSR) a year after the onset of the neuropathy epidemic. The possible factors associated with the occurrence were investigated to be studied together with the disease persistence, including the antibody titre of 33 of them, who had a previous serology against the biological agent (strain 47/IPK) isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a sick patient. A fourth of the patients (15 cases) were still ill. The loss of weight and the smoking habit were stressed as the factors most associated with the persistence of the clinical manifestations of epidemic neuropathy. In spite of the fact that the small number of patients who underwent the checkup limited the study, this is a basic document about the existent situation a year after the problem happened.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Doenças do Nervo Óptico/epidemiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Comorbidade , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/virologia , Cuba/epidemiologia , Enterovirus/isolamento & purificação , Enterovirus/patogenicidade , Comportamento Alimentar , Seguimentos , Humanos , Doenças do Nervo Óptico/terapia , Doenças do Nervo Óptico/virologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico/terapia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico/virologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Redução de PesoRESUMO
Food-induced changes on bioavailability of 2 sustained release theophylline matrix tablets, which uses an hydrophilic matrix of Carbopol 974P and lipid matrix of hydrogenated castor oil (Cutina HR) as sustaining agents, have been studied in 2 different groups of 12 healthy male volunteers. The study design was a 4 x 4 Latin square involving 12 subjects who received a single dose of the tablet while fasting or with a standarized normal, high fat or high fat/high protein meal. The results for both formulations showed no differences in t1/2 and MRT when the tablets were administered with any type of diet. No differences in tmax and AUC were found when the Carbopol matrix tablet was administered with any class of diet. Higher Cmax were obtained when the tablet was administered with any class of meal. The analysis of the ratio Cmax/AUC evidenced that changes in Cmax for normal and high fat diet were attributable to higher rate of absorption, probably due to a delay in gastric emptying, thus avoiding the rapid formation of the gel structure which controls the liberation of theophylline. Three subjects showed a probable bioadhesive behavior of the formulation in the fasted condition. The lipid matrix tablet showed a statistical significant delay in tmax comparing the fasted condition with the different diets. AUC, Cmax, and the ratio Cmax/AUC did not change when the tablet was administered with the normal diet. High fat and high fat/high protein diets produced higher AUC (31% and 40%, respectively) and Cmax (40% and 56%, respectively) than under fasting condition. The analysis of the ratio Cmax/AUC indicated that changes in Cmax were more probably due to changes in the amount absorbed. In conclusion, a sustained-release theophylline tablet formulated as a lipid matrix is affected by any meal with a high fat content, probably because of the increase of pancreatic and biliary secretions promoted by the meal that would affect the matrix itself. Normal diet showed this behavior but only as a nonsignificant trend. It seems appropiate to recommend to dose both formulations at least 2 hours before meal, or under consistent conditions of fasting or nonfasting state to assure reproducible absorption or clinical response.