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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Managed entry agreements (MEAs) consist of a set of instruments to reduce the uncertainty and the budget impact of new high-priced medicines; however, there are concerns. There is a need to critically appraise MEAs with their planned introduction in Brazil. Accordingly, the objective of this article is to identify and appraise key attributes and concerns with MEAs among payers and their advisers, with the findings providing critical considerations for Brazil and other high- and middle-income countries. METHODS: An integrative review approach was adopted. This involved a review of MEAs across countries. The review question was 'What are the health technology MEAs that have been applied around the world?' This review was supplemented with studies not retrieved in the search known to the senior-level co-authors including key South American markets. It also involved senior-level decision makers and advisers providing guidance on the potential advantages and disadvantages of MEAs and ways forward. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies were included in the review. Most MEAs included medicines (96.8%), focused on financial arrangements (43%) and included mostly antineoplastic medicines. Most countries kept key information confidential including discounts or had not published such data. Few details were found in the literature regarding South America. Our findings and inputs resulted in both advantages including reimbursement and disadvantages including concerns with data collection for outcome-based schemes. CONCLUSIONS: We are likely to see a growth in MEAs with the continual launch of new high-priced and often complex treatments, coupled with increasing demands on resources. Whilst outcome-based MEAs could be an important tool to improve access to new innovative medicines, there are critical issues to address. Comparing knowledge, experiences, and practices across countries is crucial to guide high- and middle-income countries when designing their future MEAs.

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BACKGROUND: There are many health benefits since 31 years after the foundation of the National Health Service (NHS) in Brazil, especially the increase in life expectancy. However, family-income inequalities, insufficient funding, and suboptimal private sector-public sector collaboration are still areas for improvement. The efforts of Brazil to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) for medicines have resulted in increased public financing of medicines and their availability, reducing avoidable hospitalization and mortality. However, lack of access to medicines still remains. Due to historical reasons, pharmaceutical service organization in developing countries may have important differences from high-income countries. In some cases, developing countries finance and promote medicine access by using the public infrastructure of health care/medical units as dispensing sites and cover all costs of medicines dispensed. In contrast, many high-income countries use private community pharmacies and cover the costs of medicines dispensed plus a fee, which includes all logistic costs. In this study, we will undertake an economic evaluation to understand the funding needs of the Brazilian NHS to reduce inequalities in access to medicines through adopting a pharmaceutical service organization similar to that seen in many high-income countries with hiring/accrediting private pharmacies. METHODS: We performed an economic evaluation of a model to provide access to medicines within public funds based on a decision tree model with two alternative scenarios public pharmacies (NHS, state-owned facilities) versus private pharmacies (NHS, agreements). The analysis assumed the perspective of the NHS. We identified the types of resources consumed, the amount, and costs in both scenarios. We also performed a budget impact forecast to estimate the incremental funding required to reduce inequalities in access to essential medicines in Brazil. FINDINGS: The model without rebates for medicines estimated an incremental cost of US$3.1 billion in purchasing power parity (PPP) but with an increase in the average availability of medicines from 65% to 90% for citizens across the country irrespective of family income. This amount places the NHS in a very good position to negotiate extensive rebates without the need for external reference pricing for government purchases. Forecast scenarios above 35% rebates place the alternative of hiring private pharmacies as dominant. Higher rebate rates are feasible and may lead to savings of more than US$1.3 billion per year (30%). The impact of incremental funding is related to medicine access improvement of 25% in the second year when paying by dispensing fee. The estimate of the incremental budget in five years would be US$4.8 billion PPP. We have yet to explore the potential reduction in hospital and outpatient costs, as well as in lawsuits, with increased availability with the yearly expenses for these at US$9 billion and US$1.4 billion PPP respectively in 2017. INTERPRETATION: The results of the economic evaluation demonstrate potential savings for the NHS and society. Achieving UHC for medicines reduces household expenses with health costs, health litigation, outpatient care, hospitalization, and mortality. An optimal private sector-public sector collaboration model with private community pharmacy accreditation is economically dominant with a feasible medicine price negotiation. The results show the potential to improve access to medicines by 25% for all income classes. This is most beneficial to the poorest families, whose medicines account for 76% of their total health expenses, with potential savings of lives and public resources.

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BACKGROUND: In Colombia, smoking is the second leading modifiable risk factor for premature mortality. In December 2016, Colombia passed a major tax increase on tobacco products in an effort to decrease smoking and improve population health. While tobacco taxes are known to be highly effective in reducing the prevalence of smoking, they are often criticised as being regressive in consumption. This analysis attempts to assess the distributional impact (across socioeconomic groups) of the new tax on selected health and financial outcomes. METHODS: This study builds on extended cost-effectiveness analysis methods to study the new tobacco tax in Colombia, and estimates, over a time period of 20 years and across income quintiles of the current urban population (80% of the country population), the years of life gained with smoking cessation and the increased tax revenues, all associated with a 70% relative price increase of the pack of cigarettes. Where possible, we use parameters that vary by income quintile, including price elasticity of demand for cigarettes (average of -0.44 estimated from household survey data). FINDINGS: Over 20 years, the tax increase would lead to an estimated 191 000 years of life gained among Colombia's current urban population, with the largest gains among the bottom two income quintiles. The additional annual tax revenues raised would amount to about 2%-4% of Colombia's annual government health expenditure, with the poorest quintiles bearing the smallest tax burden increase. CONCLUSIONS: The tobacco tax increase passed by Colombia has substantial implications for the country's population health and financial well-being, with large benefits likely to accrue to the two poorest quintiles of the population.

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Aborda os aspectos microeconômicos da saúde ocupando-se da concepção econômica dos custos e introduz o leitor em outros conceitos básicos tais como custo-oportunidade (ou custo social), custo médio marginal e as diferenças entre custo econômico e custo contábil.

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Aborda os aspectos conceituais da demanda global e da demanda em saúde, seus determinantes e o conflito, ou as diferenças entre demanda (procura do serviço) e "necessidade".

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Procurou-se obter uma primeira estimativa do impacto econômico das lesöes e envenenamentos no Brasil, medido através dos gastos hopitalares com internaçäo - dias de permanência geral e em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Säo analisadas internaçöes em hospitais conveniados com o Sistema Unico de Saúde, através das AIH - Autorizaçäo de Internaçäo Hospitalar, sendo verificado que essas internaçöes geram um gasto anual, correspondendo a, aproximadamente, 0,07 do Produto Interno Bruto do País. Com relaçäo à mortalidade, o impacto econômico foi analisado por meio do indicador Anos Potenciais de Vida Perdidos. Os acidentes e violências representaram cerca de 2,6 milhöes de anos de vida perdidos, em 1981, e 3,4 milhöes, em 1991. O aumento verificado foi cerca de 30 por cento, enquanto que para o conjunto de dados os óbitos apresentaram-se em queda. Apesar de algumas limitaçöes, é possível estimar a dimensäo geral do impacto econômico das causas externas. Espera-se que essas limitaçöes sirvam de estímulo a novas investigaçöes e aprofundamentos.

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Procurou-se obter uma primeira estimativa do impacto econômico das lesões e envenenamentos no Brasil, medido através dos gastos hospitalares com internação - dias de permanência geral e em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. São analisadas internações em hospitais conveniados com o Sistema Unico de Saúde, através das AIH - Autorização de Internação Hospitalar, sendo verificado que essas internações geram um gasto anual, correspondendo a, aproximadamente, 0,07 do Produto Interno Bruto do País. Com relação à mortalidade, o impacto econômico foi analisado por meio do indicador Anos Potenciais de Vida Perdidos. Os acidentes e violências representaram cerca de 2,6 milhões de anos de vida perdidos, em 1981, e 3,4 milhões, em 1991. O aumento verificado foi cerca de 30(por cento), enquanto que para o conjunto de dados os óbitos apresentaram-se em queda. Apesar de algumas limitações, é possível estimar a dimensão geral do impacto econômico das causas externas. Espera-se que essas limitações sirvam de estímulo a novas investigações e aprofundamentos

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Sintetiza os resultados principais do projeto de pesquisa "A trajetória do desenvolvimento social no Brasil nas décadas de 70 e 80: a história contada pela evolução dos indicadores de saúde e nutrição da população

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Sintetiza os resultados principais do projeto de pesquisa "A trajetória do desenvolvimento social no Brasil nas décadas de 70 e 80: a história contada pela evoluçäo dos indicadores de saúde e nutriçäo da populaçäo (AU)

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