RESUMO
Impacts of environmental complexity on affective states in slow-growing broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are unknown. Chickens' performance in judgment bias tests (JBT) can be limited as they are tested individually, causing fear and anxiety. The objectives were to apply a social-pair JBT to assess the effect of environmental complexity on slow-growing broiler chickens` affective states, and assess the impact of fearfulness, anxiety, and chronic stress on JBT performance. Six-hundred Hubbard Redbro broilers were housed in six low-complexity (similar to commercial) or six high-complexity (permanent and temporary enrichments) pens. Twelve chicken pairs were trained (1 pair/pen, n = 24 chickens) using a multimodal approach (visual and spatial cues), with reward and neutral cues of opposing color and location. Three ambiguous cues were tested: near-positive, middle, and near-neutral cues. Approach and pecking behavior were recorded. Eighty-three percent of chickens (20/24) were successfully trained in 13 days. Fearfulness, anxiety, and chronic stress did not impact chickens' performance. Chickens successfully discriminated between cues. Low-complexity chickens approached the middle cue faster than high-complexity chickens, indicating that they were in a more positive affective state. The environmental complexity provided in this study did not improve affective states in slow-growing broiler chickens compared to a control. A social-pair JBT resulted in excellent learning and testing outcomes in slow-growing broilers.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Julgamento , Animais , Medo , Emoções , Sinais (Psicologia)RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women, and the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Among early detection methods, screening by mammography has been used in most developed countries as gold standard. The goal of this study was to evaluate the difficulties and opportunities in implementing breast cancer screening in Brazil, with an emphasis on the diagnostic methods used according to stage distribution. METHODS: Between 2007 and 2009, 248 women were diagnosed with breast cancer in the Barretos region. Most of these were interviewed in their homes using a questionnaire with sociodemographic and preventive breast cancer screening questions. All other data were obtained from Barretos Cancer Hospital (BCH) medical records. RESULTS: The screening program conducted by BCH was responsible for 46.1% of diagnosed cases, with 30.1% of these referred from the private system and 23.8% from the public system. Among asymptomatic women screened by the BCH Screening Program 70.8% had clinical stage 0-I disease, compared with 58.1% in the private and 50% in the public systems. Monthly breast self-examination was reported by 48.5% of the women. Clinical breast examinations were regularly performed by 88.9% of gynecologists in the private and 40.7% in the public health systems. Only 5.6% of the women reported difficulty in accessing mammography and this was most frequently due to fear of the disease or lack of knowledge about mammography in asymptomatic women. CONCLUSION: This breast cancer screening program resulted in a substantial number of patients presenting with clinical stage (CS) 0-I disease. The success of this program was due to intensive community interventions, free mammography, and the availability of health care and mammography close to patients' homes.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/métodos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Implementação de Plano de Saúde/organização & administração , Programas de Rastreamento/normas , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Mamografia/psicologia , Mamografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Programas de Rastreamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Programas de Rastreamento/tendências , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Setor Privado/estatística & dados numéricos , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Estudos Prospectivos , Setor Público/estatística & dados numéricos , Encaminhamento e Consulta/estatística & dados numéricos , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Since 1988 high sensitivity semiconductor dosimeter-radiometer "Liulin" worked on board of MIR space station. Device measured the absorbed dose rate and the flux of penetrating particles. The analysis of the data shows the following new results: In October 1989 and after March 24, 1991, two additional stable maximums in flux channel were observed in the southern-eastern part of South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). These two maximums existed at least several months and seem to be due to trapped high energy electron and proton fluxes. In April 1991 additional maximums were localized in the following geographical coordinates regions: latitude = (-35 degrees)-(-50 degrees) longitude = 332 degrees-l6 degrees and lat.(-46 degrees)-(-52 degrees) long. 360 degrees-60 degrees. Additional maximums diffusion occurs inside radiation belt. Appearance of these maximums seems to be closely connected with preceding powerful solar proton events and associated geomagnetic dynamics of new belt disturbances. Alter the series of solar proton events in June 1991 we observed significant enhancement of this new radiation belt formation. To achieve sufficient accuracy of dose rate predictions in low Earth orbits the structure and dynamics of new belt should be carefully analyzed to be included in a new environment model. From the inter comparison of the data from "Liulin" and French developed tissue equivalent LET spectrometer NAUSICAA in the time period August-November 1992 we come to the following conclusions: Mainly there is good agreement between both data sets for absorbed dose in the region of SAA; Different situation of the instruments on the station can explain the cases when differences up to 2 times are observed; At high latitudes usually the tissue equivalent absorbed dose observations are 2 times larger than "Liulin" doses.
Assuntos
Prótons , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Atividade Solar , Astronave/instrumentação , Oceano Atlântico , Transferência Linear de Energia , Doses de Radiação , América do SulRESUMO
Since the end of July 1992, the NAUSICAA system, a low gas pressured tissue equivalent proportional counter, recorded in real time the dose equivalent rate, the absorbed dose rate, the quality factor and the Linear Energy Transfer spectra, aboard the Russian orbital station MIR. The results since the ANTARES mission are presented. Some parameters like the proton flux, the previous solar cycles, the location of the NAUSICAA system inside the station and the South Atlantic Anomaly crossing seem to have an influence on these results. The total dose equivalent (H) during the ANTARES mission (between 1992 July the 30th and August the 10th) was 12 mSv and the total absorbed dose (D) 6.4 mGy with a quality factor (Q) equal to 1.9. The NAUSICAA system gives a good knowledge of LET spectra for the first time in space dosimetry.
Assuntos
Radiação Cósmica , Transferência Linear de Energia , Atividade Solar , Voo Espacial/instrumentação , Oceano Atlântico , Prótons , Doses de Radiação , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , América do Sul , Astronave/instrumentaçãoAssuntos
Ecocardiografia , Neoplasias Cardíacas/diagnóstico por imagem , Leiomioma/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Uterinas/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Feminino , Átrios do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Átrios do Coração/patologia , Neoplasias Cardíacas/patologia , Humanos , Leiomioma/patologia , Invasividade Neoplásica , Neoplasias Uterinas/patologia , Veia Cava Inferior/diagnóstico por imagem , Veia Cava Inferior/patologiaRESUMO
This retrospective study examines whether a relationship exists between the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR) and the presence of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast and/or thrombus (SEC/THR) as assessed by transesophageal echocardiography in 427 consecutive patients. Clinical data were evaluated in 316 of these patients. Nine percent of patients with MR < or = 2+ versus < 1% of those with MR > or = 3+ had SEC/THR (p < 0.03). Atrial fibrillation, left ventricular dysfunction, mitral stenosis, and mitral valve prosthesis were demonstrated to be independent positive predictors of left atrial SEC/THR, whereas MR > or = 3+ was an independent negative predictor of SEC/THR. SEC/THR was less common in patients with MR > or = 3+ than in patients with MR < or = 2+ for any given number of independent positive predictors of SEC/THR. This relationship did not hold true in patients with a mechanical mitral prosthetic valve. Clinical data revealed a trend towards a lower prevalence of stroke or transient ischemic attacks in patients with MR > or = 3+. Stroke and transient ischemic attacks were significantly more common in patients with SEC/THR (p < 0.001). We suggest that significant MR may be protective against the formation of left atrial SEC/THR.
Assuntos
Ecocardiografia , Cardiopatias/complicações , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/complicações , Trombose/complicações , Átrios do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/diagnóstico por imagem , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/fisiopatologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Trombose/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an embryological remnant found in 27% of adults. It is a potential right-to-left intracardiac shunt. Shunting may be the result of reversal in the interatrial pressure gradient or abnormal streaming of blood in the right atrium. The pathologic consequences of right-to-left shunting include hypoxemia and paradoxical embolism. PFO may exacerbate preexisting hypoxemia or be its primary cause. Paradoxical embolism through a PFO is well documented. Its role in cryptogenic stroke remains controversial. A PFO may be detected by both invasive and noninvasive techniques. Contrast transesophageal echocardiography with provocative maneuvers is the diagnostic method of choice allowing visualization of the shunt. Patients with cryptogenic stroke should be screened for a PFO. If detected, noninvasive studies for deep vein thrombosis are recommended. Treatment must be tailored to the presentation. Surgical or transcatheter closure is recommended for hypoxemia. Prevention of venous embolism (air or thrombus) with or without closure of the PFO is recommended for paradoxical embolism.
Assuntos
Comunicação Interatrial , Comunicação Interatrial/embriologia , Comunicação Interatrial/complicações , Comunicação Interatrial/diagnóstico , Comunicação Interatrial/terapia , Humanos , Circulação PulmonarRESUMO
Three patients with suspected persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography underwent single-plane transesophageal echocardiography. In all three patients transverse cuts through right atrium and coronary sinus demonstrated the presence of PLSVC. Agitated contrast injection into the left antecubital vein opacified PLSVC and coronary sinus in all cases. Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echo in the diagnosis of PLSVC and associated cardiac anomalies.
Assuntos
Ecocardiografia , Veia Cava Superior/anormalidades , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Veia Cava Superior/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Ninety-one patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were studied by two-dimensional, pulsed, and color Doppler echocardiography (1) to detect and quantify mitral regurgitation (MR), (2) to record apical flow velocities in systole and diastole, and (3) to detect the presence of left ventricular thrombi. MR was detected in 57% of the patients and thrombi were present in 40%, but the occurrence of both MR and thrombus was rare (8%). Apical flow velocity was significantly higher throughout the cardiac cycle in the group with MR (diastole 15 +/- 7 vs 9 +/- 7 cm/sec; systole 29 +/- 12 vs 16 +/- 13 cm/sec; p less than 0.001 for both), accounting for the rarity of thrombi in this group. Follow-up data on 89% of the patients showed markedly decreased survival in the group with MR (22% vs 60% at 32 +/- 6 months, p less than 0.005), and this was evident even in patients with mild MR. Thus although MR is a noninvasively obtainable marker of a large subgroup of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy "protected" from left ventricular thrombus formation, it is a sensitive marker of decreased survival.