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One of the main challenges in the food industry is to design strategies for the successful incorporation of natural sources of bioactive compounds. Recently, yogurts and other fermented dairy beverages have been proposed as ideal carriers of such bioactive compounds such as fatty acids and antioxidants that could improve consumers' health. However, the incorporation of new ingredients causes functional and structural modifications that may affect the consumers' preferences. In this work, a dairy beverage model supplemented with oleic acid has been designed by partial substitution of milk by Candida utilis single-cell protein extract. The changes in the structural properties of this new beverage were evaluated by following the fermentation process, pH, aggregate size, microstructure, and changes in rheological properties. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to analyze the interaction between its main components. Our data revealed that samples with a percentage of milk substitution of 30% showed a higher viscosity as compared with the other percentages and less viscosity than the control (no substitution). These samples were then selected for fortification by incorporating oleic acid microcapsules. A concentration of 1.5 g/100 g was shown to be the optimal quantity of microcapsules for oleic acid supplementation. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed glutathione as an important component of the micro-gel structure. The present study forms the basis for novel studies where Candida utilis single-cell protein and microencapsulated essential oils could be used to design innovative bioproducts.

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BACKGROUND: Determine the behavior of the maxillofacial trauma of adults treated in 3 tertiary care centers in the central zone of Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study, based on the prospective records of maxillofacial trauma cases attended between May 2016 and April 2017 by dental and maxillofacial clinical teams of Adult Emergency Units of hospitals Dr. Sótero del Río (metropolitan region), Carlos Van Buren and Dr. Gustavo Fricke (region V). Age, sex, date of occurrence, type of trauma according to ICD-10, etiology, legal medical prognosis and associated injuries were recorded, stratifying by sex and age. Chi square and unpaired Wilcoxon tests were used to compare by groups. RESULTS: 2.485 cases and 3.285 injuries were investigated. The male: female ratio was 1.7: 1 with age under 30 predominant, followed by older adults. Variability was observed in the yearly, weekly and daily presentation. The highest frequencies were in January and September, weekends and at night. The main etiologies were violence (42.3%), falls (13.1%) and road traffic crashes (12.9%) with differences by age and sex (p <0.05). 31,9% of the injuries occurred in hard tissue, being fractures in nasal bones predominant (S02.2). CONCLUSIONS: the profile of the maxillofacial trauma in Chile seems to be mixed by age, affecting young people and the elderly. The male sex predominates; the main cause, which varies by age group, is violence. Their surveillance is possible from hospital emergency records.

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El primer paso en el cuidado del accidente cerebrovascular isquémico es la clasificación (\r\ntriaje\r\n) en la sala de emergencias para \r\nidentificar rápidamente sujetos que sufran esta condición, con el fin de iniciar un tratamiento inmediato. El objetivo de esta inves\r\n-\r\ntigación fue evaluar la prioridad que se da en el \r\ntriaje\r\n a esta condición, la concordancia de los datos aportados por neurología y \r\nenfermería, así como su relación con la evaluación y tratamiento en la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Se trató de un estudio clínico \r\nde corte transversal. El tiempo de inicio de los síntomas se describió según datos de enfermería en el \r\ntriaje\r\n no estandarizado en \r\nel periodo 2007-2008 y con los datos reportados en la primera evaluación neurológica. Se incluyeron 86 pacientes. La correcta \r\nclasificación en el \r\ntriaje\r\n estuvo presente en 74,4% de los pacientes de acuerdo con los datos de enfermería y en el 64% según \r\nneurología, lo que muestra una concordancia moderada dado el coeficiente de correlación (coeficiente kappa = 0,48, p <0,001). \r\nLos datos recolectados en el \r\ntriaje\r\n no fueron homogéneos entre las enfermeras de \r\ntriaje\r\n y los médicos de guardia de neurología \r\n(residente de segundo año de neurología). La descripción del inicio de síntomas incluidos la fecha y hora es esencial para una \r\ncorrecta clasificación. El uso de un código de accidente cerebrovascular podría optimizar el tratamiento hospitalario, además de \r\nutilizar escalas de reconocimiento como Cincinnati.

The first step in ischemic stroke care is the triage classification at \r\nthe emergency room to quickly identify subjects who suffer this \r\ncondition in order to establish an immediate treatment. Objective:\r\nto assess the priority given to this condition in triage, the concor\r\n-\r\ndance to the data provided by the neurology and nursing \r\ndepartments, and its relationship with assessment and treat\r\n-\r\nment at the Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Methods: A clinical \r\ncross-section study was performed. The symptom's onset time \r\nwas described according to nurse's non-standardized triage \r\ndata and data reported in the first neurological assessment \r\nthrough the study period 2007-2008. Results: 86 patients were \r\nincluded. According to nurses' records 74.4% of triage classifica\r\n-\r\ntions were correct and 64% according to neurology records; it \r\nshowed a moderate correlation agreement (kappa coefficient \r\n= 0.48, p <0.001). Conclusions: Stroke patient's data collected at \r\ntriage were not consistent between nurses and the attending \r\nneurologist (second year neurology resident). Description of \r\nthe symptoms' onset including date and time is essential for a \r\nproper triage classification. Use of stroke codes could optimize \r\nthe inpatient treatment, in addition to the use of recognition \r\nscales like Cincinnati's.

O primeiro passo no tratamento do acidente vascular cerebral \r\né a classificação dos doentes na triagem da sala de emergência, \r\npara identificar rapidamente indivíduos com esta condição, \r\nvisando o tratamento imediato. Objetivos: avaliar a prioridade \r\ndada a esta condição na triagem, a concordância dos dados \r\nfornecidos pela neurologia e enfermagem e sua relação com \r\na avaliação e tratamento, na Fundação Santa Fé de Bogotá. \r\nMétodos: estudo clínico de seção transversal. O tempo de \r\ninício dos sintomas foi descrito pelos dados da enfermagem \r\nna triagem, não padronizada, no período 2007 ­ 2008, e pelos \r\ndados da primeira avaliação da neurologia. Foram incluídos \r\n86 doentes. A classificação na triagem foi dada como apro\r\n-\r\npriada em 74,4% dos doentes, de acordo com os dados da \r\nenfermagem, e em 64% pela avaliação da neurologia, apre\r\n-\r\nsentando uma concordância moderada (coeficiente kappa = \r\n0,48, p <0,001). Conclusões: os dados coletados pelas enfer\r\n-\r\nmeiras da triagem e pelos neurologistas de plantão (residentes \r\nde segundo ano de neurologia) não foram homogêneos. A \r\ndescrição do tempo exato do inicio dos sintomas, incluindo \r\ndata e hora, é essencial para uma apropriada classificação dos \r\ndoentes com AVC.

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Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de niños con sepsis y ventilación mecánica. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, multicéntrico, de un año de duración, en 19 Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Los datos se recolectaron a través de la página www.sepsisencolombia.com. Los pacientes fueron clasificados por diagnósticos, según tuvieran criterios de sepsis, sepsis grave, choque séptico y falla orgánica múltiple, y la necesidad o no de ventilación mecánica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1051 pacientes con sepsis y el 67,7% de ellos requirió ventilación mecánica. El 43,1% eran niñas, la mediana de la edad era de 12 meses (rango intercuartílico 1-59). La mediana de estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de los pacientes ventilados fue de 8 días (rango intercuartílico 5-15) y de 4 días (rango intercuartílico 3-6) de los no ventilados. En el 97,1%, se conoció el origen de la sepsis, el más frecuente fue el aparato respiratorio. Se encontró relación entre tener sepsis y no requerir ventilación mecánica (rango intercuartílico 0,279-0,439) (p = 0,0000) y de requerirla, si había choque séptico (rango intercuartílico 0,694-0,781) (p = 0,0000). Los pacientes que requirieron ventilación mecánica tuvieron más probabilidad de morir (odds ratio 30,0; rango intercuartílico 11,5-78,6). Conclusiones: La sepsis y desarrollar choque séptico hacen más probable la necesidad de ventilación mecánica y hay una asociación entre ésta y mayor probabilidad de muerte.(AU)

Objective: To describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of children with sepsis and mechanical ventilation. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study in 19 pediatric intensive care units. Data were collected through the website www. sepsisencolombia.com. Patients were classified by diagnosis, according to the following criteria: sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ failure, with or without mechanical ventilation. Results: 1051 patients with sepsis were included and 67.7% of them required mechanical ventilation. 43.1% were female, median age: 12 months (interquartile range 1-59). The median stay in the PICU of ventilated patients was 8 days (interquartile range 5-15) and 4 days (interquartile range 3-6) of those without ventilation. The origin of sepsis was known in 97.1%, the most frequent source was the respiratory system. Relationship was found between having sepsis and not requiring mechanical ventilation (interquartile range 0.279 to 0.439) (p = 0.0000) and requiring it was found, if there was septic shock (interquartile range 0.694 to 0.781) (p = 0.0000). Patients who required mechanical ventilation were more likely to die (odds ratio 30.0; interquartile range 11.5 to 78.6. Conclusions: Sepsis and the development of septic shock make it more likely to need mechanical ventilation and there is an association between this and increased probability of death.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: The meaning of biopsy C4d detection in heart allografts without dysfunction or morphologic changes suggesting antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is not clear. The aim of this study was to search for an association between C4d detection in allograft biopsies of well-functioning hearts without changes suggestive of AMR, and clinical outcomes. METHODS: Endomyocardial protocol biopsies from 44 heart transplant patients with well-functioning grafts and without changes suggesting AMR were performed at 1 month and 1 year after transplantation and analyze the presence of C4d deposition using immunohistochemistry. Two-year follow-up was based on clinical parameters and echocardiographic information. Heart graft function was categorized as good vs. poor. The presence of C4d, using diverse schemes to graduate the extension of the deposition, was correlated with clinical graft outcomes. RESULTS: C4d deposition was observed in the capillary walls of 33 biopsies (37.5%; n = 25 patients; 56.8%). No biopsy had diffuse (>50%) immunostaining. Six patients presented with multifocal capillary C4d immunostaining in at least 1 biopsy. Capillary positivity for C4d (if focal or multifocal) showed no statistical association with cellular rejection or graft function. Perimyocytic C4d detection was neither associated with rejection nor graft outcome. CONCLUSION: Our work failed to demonstrate an association between C4d detection in protocol biopsies of heart grafts and clinical outcomes. The clinical utility of C4d staining in solid organ transplantation may vary by organ. Our results suggest that C4d did not have clinical utility in surveillance biopsies of well-functioning heart grafts without morphological changes suggesting AMR.

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The potential of the eulophid parasitoid Phymastichus coffea LaSalle to control coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) populations under field conditions in Colombia was evaluated. Parasitoid adults were released one, five and nine days after artificial infestations of 90-, 150- and 210-day-old coffee berries with H. hampei females. The position of the beetle inside the berry and the parasitism levels were assessed ten days after each P. coffea release. Parasitism of H. hampei by P. coffea was significantly affected by the age of the berries at the time of infestation, and by the position of the beetle inside the berries. Highest levels of parasitism were recorded in 150-day-old berries (75-85%) and in 90-day-old berries (75%) when P. coffea were released one day after the artificial infestation with H. hampei. In 150-day-old berries, highest levels of parasitism were recorded for H. hampei found in the outer layer of the endosperm followed by beetles penetrating the exocarp. Increasing the time of P. coffea releases after the artificial infestations with H. hampei led to decreased levels of parasitism in beetles attacking 90- and 150-day-old coffee berries. Low levels of parasitism were recorded in H. hampei females infesting older coffee berries because most of the beetles had already constructed galleries deep in the endosperm of the berries, i.e. out of reach of the parasitoid. The potential of P. coffea for biological control of coffee berry borer in Colombia is discussed.

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Chromosome 3 rearrangements were studied in five Drosophila pseudoobscura populations from the high plateau of the Colombian Andes. As in previous studies, the Santa Cruz and Tree Line rearrangements were predominant in these populations, but for the first time other rearrangements such as the Olympic, Cuernavaca and a rearrangement similar to the endemic Mexican Amecameca rearrangement were also discovered. Researchers in the early 1960's showed that Colombian D. pseudoobscura populations were not in accordance with Carson's theory. They found a special heterotic system in this geographically isolated population. Our current results do not support these findings but instead favor Carson's theory, because in practically all the populations studied the homokaryotype excess was close to fixation. These new results indicate that some stabilizing selective pressures in favor of the homokaryotypes (especially Santa Cruz) have appeared in the Colombian plateau during the last 10-12 years. These new changes may be related to deforestation and habitat destruction by human beings and/or climatic changes motivated by the El Niño phenomenon. Genetic heterogeneity between populations was not significant and there was no isolation-by-distance between them, findings which are contrary to those observed in some North American populations and which show that the Colombian populations now have rigid genetic systems. The frequency of the Santa Cruz rearrangement was also found to have increased in some populations over the last few years

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