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Introduction: There are multiple mechanisms by which HbA1c values can be altered in chronic kidney disease (CKD), which limits its usefulness as a strategy to assess glycemic control in this population. Methods: Concordance and agreement study between two diagnostic tests: HbA1c and glucose management indicator (GMI) measured by intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM), based in a prospective cohort of patients with diabetes, CKD (glomerular filtration rate between 15 and 60 ml/min/1.73 m²), and anemia. The isCGM was performed for 3 months, and the GMI was compared with the HbA1c levels taken at the end of isCGM. Agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman graph analysis and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). The concordance of the measures with good glycemic control (<7%) was also evaluated. Results: A total of 74 patients were enrolled (median age 68.5 years, 51.3% female, 64.9% with CKD stage 3, hemoglobin 11.1 ± 1.2 g/l). The Bland-Altman analysis shows a mean difference between GMI and HbA1c of 0.757 ± 0.687% (95% limits of agreement: -0.590 and 2.105). Difference was greater as the values of GMI and HbA1c increased. The agreement was poor [CCC 0.477; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.360-0.594], as well as the concordance of values with good glycemic control according to GMI versus HbA1c (67.5% versus 29.7%, p < 0.001) (Kappa 0.2430; 95% CI: 0.16-0.32). Conclusion: The HbA1c overestimates the GMI values with highly variable ranges of difference, which prevents a precise correction factor. isCGM probably is a safer option for monitoring and decision-making in this population, especially in patients treated with insulin where the risk of hypoglycemia is greater.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Evidence supports the efficacy and safety of the Hybrid Close loop (HCL) system in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, limited data are available on the long-term outcomes of patients on HCL with telemedicine follow-up. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study including T1D patients, who were upgrading to HCL system. Virtual training and follow-up were done through telemedicine. CGM data were analyzed to compare the baseline time in range (TIR), time below range (TBR), glycemic variability and auto mode (AM), with measurements performed at 3, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: 134 patients were included with baseline A1c 7.6% ± 1.1. 40.5% had a severe hypoglycemia event in the last year. Baseline TIR, measured two weeks after starting AM was 78.6 ± 9.94%. No changes were evident at three (Mean difference - 0.15;CI-2.47,2.17;p = 0.96), six (MD-1.09;CI-3.42,1.24;p = 0.12) and 12 months (MD-1.30;CI-3.64,1.04;p = 0.08). No significant changes were found in TBR or glycemic variability throughout the follow-up. Use of AM was 85.6 ± 17.5% and percentage of use of sensor was 88.75 ± 9.5% at 12 months. No severe hypoglycemic (SH) events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: HCL systems allow to improve TIR, TBR and glycemic variability safely, early and sustained up to 1 year of follow-up in patients with T1D and high risk of hypoglycemia followed through telemedicine.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Hipoglicemia , Telemedicina , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/etiologia , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Glicemia , Estudos Prospectivos , Sistemas de Infusão de Insulina/efeitos adversos , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemia/etiologia , Hipoglicemia/induzido quimicamente , Automonitorização da GlicemiaRESUMO
Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant forms of neoplasia worldwide; programmed death protein 1 (PD-1), an inhibitory receptor of T lymphocytes, and its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), play an important role in the ability of tumor cells to evade the host's immune system. Methods: We conducted a descriptive, observational study using retrospective data and an open evaluation using immunohistochemistry to determine the general prevalence of PD-L1 expression in 63 women with breast cancer who underwent a modified radical mastectomy, or quadrantectomy, with axillary lymph node removal. Results: The prevalence of PD-L1 expression was 32% in patients with breast cancer treated with radical mastectomy. PD-L1 expression was higher in patients with large tumor size (19% for pT1, 37% for pT2, 50% for pT3, and 100% for pT4), metastasis in regional lymph nodes (25% for N0, 38% for N1, 75% for pN2, and 38% for pN3), and higher histological grade carcinoma (0% for grade 1, 23% for grade 2, and 50% for grade 3). Conclusions: These findings suggest that PD-L1 expression is heterogeneous in breast cancer tumors and that its expression varies highly in tumor regions over time. The evaluation of PD-L1 expression is significant, because of the therapeutical implications that could improve the outcomes and prognosis of these patients.
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BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have attempted to elucidate the relationship between chronic hypoxia and SARS-CoV-2 infection. It seems that high-altitude is associated with lower COVID-19 related mortality and incidence rates; nevertheless, all the data came from observational studies, being this the first one looking into prospectively collected clinical data from severely ill patients residing at two significantly different altitudes. METHODS: A prospective cohort, a two-center study among COVID-19 confirmed adult patients admitted to a low (sea level) and high-altitude (2,850 m) ICU unit in Ecuador was conducted. Two hundred and thirty confirmed patients were enrolled from March 15th to July 15th, 2020. RESULTS: From 230 patients, 149 were men (64.8%) and 81 women (35.2%). The median age of all the patients was 60 years, and at least 105 (45.7%) of patients had at least one underlying comorbidity, including hypertension (33.5%), diabetes (16.5%), and chronic kidney failure (5.7%). The APACHE II scale (Score that estimates ICU mortality) at 72 hours was especially higher in the low altitude group with a median of 18 points (IQR: 9.5-24.0), compared to 9 points (IQR: 5.0-22.0) obtained in the high-altitude group. There is evidence of a difference in survival in favor of the high-altitude group (p = 0.006), the median survival being 39 days, compared to 21 days in the low altitude group. CONCLUSION: There has been a substantial improvement in survival amongst people admitted to the high-altitude ICU. Residing at high-altitudes was associated with improved survival, especially among patients with no comorbidities. COVID-19 patients admitted to the high-altitude ICU unit have improved severity-of-disease classification system scores at 72 hours.
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COVID-19 , Adulto , Altitude , Estado Terminal , Feminino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Few studies have reported on the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during the Covid-19 pandemic. We aimed to examine glycemic control metrics using flash glucose monitoring during insulin treatment and the clinical outcome in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Prospective, single-center cohort of adult patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or hyperglycemia and COVID-19 infection treated with basal bolus insulin regimen. Glycemic control was assessed with the use of intermittent Freestyle Libre flash glucose monitoring during the hospital stay. Outcome of interest were time in range [TIR], time above [TAR] and below [TBR] range, glycemic variability [coefficient of variation [% CV]), and differences in a composite of complications including ICU admission, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute kidney injury. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were included (44 known diabetes and 16 new onset hyperglycemia). In total 190,080 data points of CGM were available, of which 72.5% of values were within the target area [TIR (70-180 mg/dL)], 22% TAR (>180 mg/dL), and 3% were TBR (<70 mg/dL). During treatment, the coefficient of variation (% CV) was 30%. There were no association with TIR, but patients with TAR >180 mg/dl had higher rates of a composite of complications (22.5% vs 16%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Basal bolus insulin regimen was safe and effective in achieving inpatient glycemic control in most patients with COVID-19. The association between TAR and complications indicates the need for improved inpatient glycemic control in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
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Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Glicemia/metabolismo , COVID-19/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/epidemiologia , Idoso , COVID-19/complicações , Estudos de Coortes , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Controle Glicêmico , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperglicemia/etiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monitorização Fisiológica , Projetos Piloto , Testes Imediatos , Estudos Prospectivos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Resumen El síndrome de embolia grasa es una complicación potencialmente catastrófica de las fracturas de huesos largos. La tríada clásica de síntomas son erupciones cutáneas petequiales, hipoxemia y anomalías neurológicas, que generalmente ocurren dentro de las 24 a 72 horas posteriores a la fractura. El componente respiratorio se presenta en prácticamente la totalidad de los reportes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con embolia grasa postraumática con clínica neurológica preponderante, sin afectación respiratoria en ausencia de foramen oval permeable.
Abstract Fat embolism syndrome is a potentially catastrophic complication of long-bone fractures. The classic triad of symptoms are petechial skin rashes, hypoxemia, and neurological abnormalities, which usually occur within 24 to 72 hours after the fracture. The respiratory component occurs in practically all of the reports. We present the case of a patient with posttraumatic fat embolism with predominant neurological symptoms, without respiratory involvement in the absence of patent foramen ovale.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: El tumor phyllodes representa menos del 1 % de los tumores mamarios, con una incidencia de 2.1 por millón a nivel mundial, la edad de presentación es entre los 35 a 55 años. Las mujeres latinas tienen mayor riesgo de tumor phyllodes que otros grupos étnicos. En Ecuador las ciudades con mayor incidencia son Quito, Guayaquil y Loja según el Registro Nacional de Tumores; en Cuenca se presenta un caso por año. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente femenino de 46 años, con antecedente de resección de fibroadenoma en mama derecha 2 años antes, quien hace seis meses atrás, presenta tumor multilobulado de crecimiento rápido, móvil, definido, que ocupa el 80 % de la mama derecha, ecografía BIRADS II; mamografía BIRADS 0. Biopsia con aguja fina presenta resultado histopatológico de tumor phyllodes limítrofe. EVOLUCIÓN: Con el reporte de patología de tumor phyllodes maligno de alto grado con límites negativos, se realizó mastectomía; posteriormente paciente no necesito tratamiento adyuvante, al momento con buen pronóstico. CONCLUSIÓN: El tumor phyllodes maligno es poco frecuente, pero debe considerarse como diagnóstico diferencial en pacientes mayores de 35 años, su tratamiento estandarizado es quirúrgico, sin haberse demostrado que un tratamiento adyuvante pueda disminuir la recurrencia loco regional o a distancia.
BACKGROUND: The phyllodes tumor represents less than 1 % of mammary tumors, with an incidence of 2.1 per million worldwide, the age of presentation is between 35 to 55 years. Latina women are at higher risk of phyllodes tumor than other ethnic groups. In Ecuador, the cities with the highest incidence are Quito, Guayaquil and Loja according to the National Registry of Tumors. In Cuenca, one case is presented per year. CASE REPORT: Female patient of 46-year-old woman with a history of resection of fibroadenoma in the right breast 2 years; who 6 months ago, presented a rapidly growing, mobile, defined multi-lobed tumor that occupies 80 % of the right breast, BIRADS II ultrasound; mammography BIRADS 0. Fine needle biopsy presents histopathological result of phyllodes borderline tumor. EVOLUTION: Mastectomy was performed with high-grade malignant phyllodes tumor pathology report with negative limits, the patient does not need adjuvant treatment, and it remains good prognosis. CONCLUSION: Malignant phyllodes tumor is rare, but it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients older than 35 years, it is standardized treatment surgical, without having demonstrated that an adjuvant treatment can reduce loco or regional recurrence.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias da Mama/classificação , Tumor Filoide/diagnóstico , Administração de Caso , MastectomiaRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: El carcinoma papilar sólido de mama es un subtipo poco frecuente de carcinomas mamarios representando el 1 2 % y principalmente en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Su diagnóstico desde el punto de vista clínico, imagenológico y patológico es difícil. El tratamiento no está estandarizado por el bajo porcentaje de casos reportados, actualmente es aceptada la cirugía conservadora, la radioterapia, existiendo controversia en la hormonoterapia y el vaciamiento axilar, pues las metástasis ganglionares ascienden únicamente al 2 %. Su pronóstico es bueno y la complicación más común es la recidiva local. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente femenina de 80 años, acudió a consulta por presentar una masa a nivel de mama izquierda al realizarse una autoexploración, donde identificó un nódulo de 2 cm aproximadamente. EVOLUCIÓN: Se realizó una mamografía, ecografía mamaria y la citología mamaria que dio como resultado un tumor, inicialmente se consideró como Phyllodes. Tras el diagnóstico se realizó una lumpectomía, y la patología de la pieza quirúrgica fue de un carcinoma papilar sólido, luego recibió radioterapia y vigilancia médica. CONCLUSIÓN: La autoexploración fue un pilar fundamental en el diagnóstico de este caso y alertó a la paciente a buscar valoración médica. Al tratarse de un caso poco frecuente el diagnóstico definitivo fue la patología.
BACKGROUND: Solid papillary carcinoma of the breast is a rare subtype of mammary carcinomas corresponding to 1 2 % and mainly in postmenopausal women. It is diagnosis from the clinical, imaging and pathological point of view is difficult. The treatment is not standardized due to the low percentage of cases reported, conservative surgery, radiotherapy is currently accepted, and controversy exists in hormone therapy and axillary emptying, as lymph node metastases amount to only 2 %. It is prognosis is good and the most common complication is local recurrence. CASE REPORT: An 80-year-old female patient attended the consultation by presented a mass at the level of the left breast when performing the self-examination, where identified a 2 cm nodule. EVOLUTION: Mammography, mammary ultrasound and mammary cytology outcome in a tumor, was initially considered as Phyllodes. After the diagnosis a lumpectomy was performed, and the pathology of the surgical piece was of a solid papillary carcinoma, then received radiotherapy and surveillance. CONCLUSIONS: Self-examination was a fundamental pillar in the diagnosis of this case and alerts the patient to seek medical assessment. Being a rare case, the definitive diagnosis was pathology.