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Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection was discovered over 50 years ago; however, the serious clinical changes associated with FeLV infection still have great importance in the diagnosis, prevention, and clinical management of symptomatic patients. Progressive infection with FeLV leads to a reduction in the patient's life expectancy and quality of life. This report describes the use of an antiretroviral integrase inhibitor, raltegravir, in two cats with natural FeLV infection. Raltegravir was administered orally at a dose of 40 mg/cat every 12 h in both cases. In case one, 13 weeks after starting raltegravir, RNA loads were undetectable, while proviral DNA loads were still detectable. In case two, proviral DNA loads were undetectable after 32 weeks of medication, while RNA loads were undetectable throughout the treatment. No adverse effects or laboratory test abnormalities were detected with the use of raltegravir in either patient. The patients are currently clinically healthy, still receiving the drug, and are under close observation. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the use of raltegravir in naturally infected FeLV-positive cats and its effects on circulating viral load. Moreover, the patients described here were followed-up for a longer period than those in previously reported cases.

A infecção pelo vírus da leucemia felina foi descoberta há mais de 50 anos, mas as graves alterações clínicas associadas à infecção pelo FeLV, ainda denotam grande importância no diagnóstico, nas medidas de prevenção e no manejo clínico de pacientes sintomáticos. A infecção progressiva pelo FeLV acarreta na redução do tempo e qualidade de vida do paciente. Este relato descreve o uso de um antirretroviral inibidor da integrase, o raltegravir, em dois gatos com infecção natural pelo FeLV. O raltegravir foi utilizado na dose de 40 mg/gato por via oral a cada 12 horas em ambos os casos. No primeiro caso após treze semanas do uso do raltegravir, a quantificação de RNA foi indetectável e no segundo caso, após trinta e duas semanas o número de cópias de DNA pró-viral foi indetectável. A carga de RNA nunca foi detectada neste paciente. Nenhum efeito adverso, nem alterações laboratoriais foram detectadas com o uso do raltegravir em ambos os casos. Atualmente, os pacientes encontram-se clinicamente saudáveis, fazem uso do antiretroviral com monitorização contínua. Este é o primeiro relato que descreve o uso do raltegravir em gatos infectados naturalmente pelo FeLV e seus efeitos na carga viral circulante. Além disso, os pacientes descritos aqui foram acompanhados por um período maior que os trabalhos anteriores descritos.

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Background: Fibrosarcomas are malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin and can have different symptoms depending on the species, age, location and etiopathogenesis. Intestinal tumors in domestic cats are common and the small intestine is the most common site; however, fibrosarcomas are rare in the intestine of all animal species. This work reports intestinal fibrosarcoma in 2 domestic cats and aims to clarify and present information concerning this neoplastic type in the gastrointestinal tract of this species. Cases: We report 2 cases of intestinal fibrosarcoma in domestic felines (Felis catus). Cat 1. A 14-year-old female Persian breed, domestic cat, was taken to the Feline Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of Small Animals (HVPA) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). The main complaint was chronic constipation and rectal prolapse. The clinical examination revealed an ulcerated mass, measuring 4.0 cm x 1.7 cm. Cat 2. A 10-year-old female undefined breed, domestic cat, was taken to the private clinic. The main complaint was diarrhea with bloody and rectal prolapse. The clinical examination revealed nodule measuring 2.5 cm in diameter. The surgical option decided upon was to use the rectal pull-through technique in both animals. The patients had no trans-surgical or postoperative complications. The material collected during the surgical interventions was analyzed macroscopically and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 h and then sent to the Histopathology Laboratory of the Pathological Anatomy Sector (SAP) at UFRRJ for the cat 1 and in private laboratory for the cat 2. After fixation, it was cleaved for routine microscope exam using Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) stains and for the histochemical method of Masson's Trichrome staining technique. Complementary immunohistochemistry tests and electron microscopy were also performed. The patients were followed up clinically, showing complete remission of the clinical signs and survival for approximately 1 year after the neoplastic resection. Discussion: There are few reports of intestinal fibrosarcomas in veterinary medicine, therefore, little is known about racial predilection, age, sex or biological behavior. As far as these authors know, this is the 6th and 7th report of this neoplasm with a primary site in the large intestine in this species. The morphological diagnosis of fibrosarcoma is relatively simple, whereas, in some cases the differential diagnosis for tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath, leiomyosarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) can be extremely difficult. The immunohistochemistry technique in these cases may not be particularly useful. The fibrosarcoma diagnosis was also confirmed by electron microscopy since no evidence was found that could lead to a neuronal origin, thus excluding tumors such as neurofibrosarcoma and schawnoma, corroborating the immunohistochemical examination. The surgical management of tumor resection with wide safety margins (minimum 2 cm) remains the "gold standard" therapy for dealing with fibrosarcomas since they have a low response rate to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and the use of these therapies as an adjuvant is controversial. The advantages of this technique are related to the surgical time, simplicity, easy access and reduction in the risk of abdominal contamination. Histopathological, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy evaluations were sufficient to enable the diagnosis of an intestinal fibrosarcoma in both cats. The occurrence of this neoplasm with intestinal involvement in the feline species is rare; therefore, this description is important as it provides information about epidemiology, associated signs, differential diagnoses, biological behavior, treatment and prognosis.

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Background: Cholangiocellular carcinoma is a malignant tumor that occurs mainly in elderly dogs and cats. Primaryhepatobiliary neoplasms are considered rare in felines, although cholangiocarcinoma is the most common tumor typeamong malignant liver tumors in the species. The objective of this work is to report two cases of cholangiocarcinoma inyoung domestic cats, with three years old, and to approach clinical and pathological aspects to promote awareness of thistype of injury in young animals, with a focus on prevention of predisposing factors.Cases: A 3-year-old male domestic cat (cat 1) had a history of progressive weight loss, persistent vomiting, diarrhea,and episodes of seizure. At the clinical examination was noted moderate degree of jaundice. In the biochemical exams itwas verified as alteration hypoproteinemia, increase of urea and hyponatremia. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed aformation in the left epigastric region measuring 8.0 x 5.0 cm, with a diffusely heterogeneous parenchyma, suggestive ofhepatic neoplasia, in addition to the presence of free abdominal fluid. Cavity fluid analysis was suggestive of carcinoma.A 3-year-old male domestic cat (cat 2), with history of hyporexia, emaciation and vomiting was taken to care. Physicalexamination showed moderate dehydration, hypocorous mucosa and presence of abdominal mass on palpation. The animals serum biochemical assessment were verified as changes, increasing AST. Ultrasonographic examination showedan abdominal mass, located caudally to the spleen, with irregular shape, measuring approximately 4.7 cm suggestive ofhepatic neoplasia, in addition to the presence of abdominal fluid. The hepatic cytology performed by fine needle aspiration was suggestive of carcinoma. After the clinical worsening of two cats and due unfavorable prognosis, euthanasia andnecropsy were performed. In the macroscopic...(AU)

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Background: Cholangiocellular carcinoma is a malignant tumor that occurs mainly in elderly dogs and cats. Primaryhepatobiliary neoplasms are considered rare in felines, although cholangiocarcinoma is the most common tumor typeamong malignant liver tumors in the species. The objective of this work is to report two cases of cholangiocarcinoma inyoung domestic cats, with three years old, and to approach clinical and pathological aspects to promote awareness of thistype of injury in young animals, with a focus on prevention of predisposing factors.Cases: A 3-year-old male domestic cat (cat 1) had a history of progressive weight loss, persistent vomiting, diarrhea,and episodes of seizure. At the clinical examination was noted moderate degree of jaundice. In the biochemical exams itwas verified as alteration hypoproteinemia, increase of urea and hyponatremia. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed aformation in the left epigastric region measuring 8.0 x 5.0 cm, with a diffusely heterogeneous parenchyma, suggestive ofhepatic neoplasia, in addition to the presence of free abdominal fluid. Cavity fluid analysis was suggestive of carcinoma.A 3-year-old male domestic cat (cat 2), with history of hyporexia, emaciation and vomiting was taken to care. Physicalexamination showed moderate dehydration, hypocorous mucosa and presence of abdominal mass on palpation. The animal’s serum biochemical assessment were verified as changes, increasing AST. Ultrasonographic examination showedan abdominal mass, located caudally to the spleen, with irregular shape, measuring approximately 4.7 cm suggestive ofhepatic neoplasia, in addition to the presence of abdominal fluid. The hepatic cytology performed by fine needle aspiration was suggestive of carcinoma. After the clinical worsening of two cats and due unfavorable prognosis, euthanasia andnecropsy were performed. In the macroscopic...

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A esporotricose nasal é uma afecção de difícil resolução clínica, muitas vezes refratária ao tratamento e possivelmente recidivante em gatos. Neste caso, a anfotericina B foi utilizada por via intralesional em associação ao itraconazol (100 mg/gato/via oral a cada 24 horas) em felino com recidiva de esporotricose nasal. Durante o tratamento foram realizados exames laboratoriais para garantir a segurança do protocolo utilizado. O novo biomarcador para função renal SDMA IDEXXTM foi empregado antes e após o término do protocolo para monitorar a função renal. Os efeitos adversos encontrados foram edema e desconforto no local de aplicação. O tempo total de tratamento foi de três meses e não se observou efeito tóxico renal. Dessa maneira o protocolo utilizado mostrou-se eficaz e seguro no tratamento da esporotricose nasal.(AU)

Nasal sporotrichosis is a condition of difficult clinical resolution, which is commonly refractory to treatment and recurrent in cats. In this report, amphotericin B was used intralesionaliy in combination with oral itraconazole (100 mg/per catloral each 24 h) in order to treat a cat with relapse of nasal sporotrichosis. During the treatment, laboratory tests were performed to ensure the safety of the protocol used. The new biomarker for renal function SDMA IDEXX was used before and after the end of the protocol to monitor renal function. Adverse effects were edema and local discomfort. Total treatment duration was 3 months, and no renal toxic effect was observed. This protocol therefore proved to be effective and safe to treat nasal sporotrichosis.(AU)

La esporotricosis nasal es una afección de difícil manejo clínico que en muchas ocasiones resulta refractaria a los tratamientos y con importantes tasas de recidiva en gatos. En el presente caso, la anfotericina B se utilizó por vía intralesional en asociación con itraconazole (100 mg/gato/PO/24hs) en un gato con recidiva de esporotricosis nasal. Durante el tratamiento se realizaron exámenes de laboratorio a fin de garantizar la seguridad del protocolo utilizado. Se utilizó un nuevo biomarcador para función renal (SDMA IDEXXTM) antes y después del protocolo terapéutico. Los efectos adversos encontrados fueron edema y molestias en el lugar de aplicación. EI tiempo total de tratamiento fue de tres meses, sin que se hayan observado efectos tóxicos a nivel renal. Así, el protocolo usado se mostró eficiente y seguro para el tratamiento de la esporotricosis nasal.(AU)

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A esporotricose nasal é uma afecção de difícil resolução clínica, muitas vezes refratária ao tratamento e possivelmente recidivante em gatos. Neste caso, a anfotericina B foi utilizada por via intralesional em associação ao itraconazol (100 mg/gato/via oral a cada 24 horas) em felino com recidiva de esporotricose nasal. Durante o tratamento foram realizados exames laboratoriais para garantir a segurança do protocolo utilizado. O novo biomarcador para função renal SDMA IDEXXTM foi empregado antes e após o término do protocolo para monitorar a função renal. Os efeitos adversos encontrados foram edema e desconforto no local de aplicação. O tempo total de tratamento foi de três meses e não se observou efeito tóxico renal. Dessa maneira o protocolo utilizado mostrou-se eficaz e seguro no tratamento da esporotricose nasal.

Nasal sporotrichosis is a condition of difficult clinical resolution, which is commonly refractory to treatment and recurrent in cats. In this report, amphotericin B was used intralesionaliy in combination with oral itraconazole (100 mg/per catloral each 24 h) in order to treat a cat with relapse of nasal sporotrichosis. During the treatment, laboratory tests were performed to ensure the safety of the protocol used. The new biomarker for renal function SDMA IDEXX was used before and after the end of the protocol to monitor renal function. Adverse effects were edema and local discomfort. Total treatment duration was 3 months, and no renal toxic effect was observed. This protocol therefore proved to be effective and safe to treat nasal sporotrichosis.

La esporotricosis nasal es una afección de difícil manejo clínico que en muchas ocasiones resulta refractaria a los tratamientos y con importantes tasas de recidiva en gatos. En el presente caso, la anfotericina B se utilizó por vía intralesional en asociación con itraconazole (100 mg/gato/PO/24hs) en un gato con recidiva de esporotricosis nasal. Durante el tratamiento se realizaron exámenes de laboratorio a fin de garantizar la seguridad del protocolo utilizado. Se utilizó un nuevo biomarcador para función renal (SDMA IDEXXTM) antes y después del protocolo terapéutico. Los efectos adversos encontrados fueron edema y molestias en el lugar de aplicación. EI tiempo total de tratamiento fue de tres meses, sin que se hayan observado efectos tóxicos a nivel renal. Así, el protocolo usado se mostró eficiente y seguro para el tratamiento de la esporotricosis nasal.

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Background: Chylothorax in cats represents a challenge due to the possibility of involvement of multiple etiologies and the harmful consequences resulting of the presence of the chylous effusion in the thorax. The causes include neoplasms in the thoracic cavity, heart disease and thoracic injuries. It is imperative that clinical nutritional and therapeutic and / or surgical management be immediate and directed to the treatment of the cause. The objective of this work was to report a case of idiopathic chylothorax in a domestic cat solved through surgical intervention and dietary maintenance applied.Case: A 4-year-old male cat, fed with diet for the age range of adult cats, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (HV - UFRRJ), with clinical complaint of difficulty breathing, inappetence, prostration and weight loss. In the clinical examination was verified intense tachypnea, presence of heart murmur, normocorated mucosae, dehydration 7%. The animal was sedated to be submitted to radiographic examination of the thorax with pethidine and midazolam. Thoracic radiographs on the lateral, ventral-dorsal and orthostatic positions were realized and severe pleural effusion was observed in both hemitorax with drainage of 180 mL of lactescent fluid from the right hemithorax and 120 mL of left hemithorax liquid. Through analysis of cavity liquids the effusion was classified as chylous effusion. The hemogram showed a neutrophilic leukocytosis. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (28 mg/ dL and 43 mg/dL, respectively) were lower than the concentrations of the cavity liquid (67 mg/dL and 722 mg/dL, respectively). Ultrasound examination revealed no mass in the thoracic cavity and no changes in the pulmonary parenchyma. The echocardiographic examination was also performed and did not reveal any cardiac alterations.[...](AU)

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Background: Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis whose etiologic agent is the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungal infection, which is the second most frequent systemic mycotic fungal disease in felines in the United States, has rarely been found in cats in Brazil. This paper reports on a case of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in a domestic cat treated with oral itraconazole associated with amphotericin B administered subcutaneously. This treatment resulted in clinical remission of the patients symptoms, as evidenced by radiographic follow-ups.Case: A domestic cat suffering from acute dyspnea was taken to a veterinary clinic. The animal was subjected to emergency oxygen therapy, and kept at rest through sedation with midazolam. A physical examination revealed normally colored mucosa, 8% dehydration, bristly fur, body condition score 2/9, tachypnea with respiratory rate of 100 breaths per minute and expiratory dyspnea. The radiographic examination showed marked opacification of all the pulmonary fields, with a mixed pattern (interstitial and alveolar) of heterogeneous appearance and diffuse distribution, which are changes consistent with an inflammatory infectious process (pneumonia). A cytological analysis of the pleural fluid revealed round to oval-shaped intracytoplasmic structures, varying in size from 2 to 4 μm, inside foamy macrophages, consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum. Based on the diagnosis of pulmonary histoplasmosis, and in view of the patients acute respiratory distress, it was decided to treat the cat using itraconazole associated with amphotericin B. Itraconazole was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/cat every 24 h, while amphotericin B was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, combined with 100 mL of sodium chloride 0.9% and 100 mL of 5% glycated serum, with monitoring of serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA).[...](AU)

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Background: Chylothorax in cats represents a challenge due to the possibility of involvement of multiple etiologies and the harmful consequences resulting of the presence of the chylous effusion in the thorax. The causes include neoplasms in the thoracic cavity, heart disease and thoracic injuries. It is imperative that clinical nutritional and therapeutic and / or surgical management be immediate and directed to the treatment of the cause. The objective of this work was to report a case of idiopathic chylothorax in a domestic cat solved through surgical intervention and dietary maintenance applied.Case: A 4-year-old male cat, fed with diet for the age range of adult cats, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (HV - UFRRJ), with clinical complaint of difficulty breathing, inappetence, prostration and weight loss. In the clinical examination was verified intense tachypnea, presence of heart murmur, normocorated mucosae, dehydration 7%. The animal was sedated to be submitted to radiographic examination of the thorax with pethidine and midazolam. Thoracic radiographs on the lateral, ventral-dorsal and orthostatic positions were realized and severe pleural effusion was observed in both hemitorax with drainage of 180 mL of lactescent fluid from the right hemithorax and 120 mL of left hemithorax liquid. Through analysis of cavity liquids the effusion was classified as chylous effusion. The hemogram showed a neutrophilic leukocytosis. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (28 mg/ dL and 43 mg/dL, respectively) were lower than the concentrations of the cavity liquid (67 mg/dL and 722 mg/dL, respectively). Ultrasound examination revealed no mass in the thoracic cavity and no changes in the pulmonary parenchyma. The echocardiographic examination was also performed and did not reveal any cardiac alterations.[...]

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Background: Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis whose etiologic agent is the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungal infection, which is the second most frequent systemic mycotic fungal disease in felines in the United States, has rarely been found in cats in Brazil. This paper reports on a case of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in a domestic cat treated with oral itraconazole associated with amphotericin B administered subcutaneously. This treatment resulted in clinical remission of the patient’s symptoms, as evidenced by radiographic follow-ups.Case: A domestic cat suffering from acute dyspnea was taken to a veterinary clinic. The animal was subjected to emergency oxygen therapy, and kept at rest through sedation with midazolam. A physical examination revealed normally colored mucosa, 8% dehydration, bristly fur, body condition score 2/9, tachypnea with respiratory rate of 100 breaths per minute and expiratory dyspnea. The radiographic examination showed marked opacification of all the pulmonary fields, with a mixed pattern (interstitial and alveolar) of heterogeneous appearance and diffuse distribution, which are changes consistent with an inflammatory infectious process (pneumonia). A cytological analysis of the pleural fluid revealed round to oval-shaped intracytoplasmic structures, varying in size from 2 to 4 μm, inside foamy macrophages, consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum. Based on the diagnosis of pulmonary histoplasmosis, and in view of the patient’s acute respiratory distress, it was decided to treat the cat using itraconazole associated with amphotericin B. Itraconazole was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/cat every 24 h, while amphotericin B was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, combined with 100 mL of sodium chloride 0.9% and 100 mL of 5% glycated serum, with monitoring of serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA).[...]

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