Assuntos
Aminobutiratos/efeitos adversos , Angioedema/induzido quimicamente , Antagonistas de Receptores de Angiotensina/efeitos adversos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Íleus/etiologia , Tetrazóis/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Angioedema/complicações , Compostos de Bifenilo , Tratamento Conservador , Combinação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Íleus/diagnóstico por imagem , Íleus/terapia , Intestino Delgado/irrigação sanguínea , Intestino Delgado/diagnóstico por imagem , Intestino Delgado/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , ValsartanaRESUMO
In the last 30â¯years, since the discovery that vanadium is a cofactor found in certain enzymes of tunicates and possibly in mammals, different vanadium-based drugs have been developed targeting to treat different pathologies. So far, the in vitro studies of the insulin mimetic, antitumor and antiparasitic activity of certain compounds of vanadium have resulted in a great boom of its inorganic and bioinorganic chemistry. Chemical speciation studies of vanadium with amino acids under controlled conditions or, even in blood plasma, are essential for the understanding of the biotransformation of e.g. vanadium antidiabetic complexes at the physiological level, providing clues of their mechanism of action. The present article carries out a bibliographical research emphaticizing the chemical speciation of the vanadium with different amino acids and reviewing also some other important aspects such as its chemistry and therapeutical applications of several vanadium complexes.
RESUMO
We describe 3 patients with short bowel syndrome who had persistently elevated serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels while being treated for vitamin B12 deficiency. Following treatment for presumed small bowel bacterial overgrowth, MMA levels normalized. Among patients with short bowel syndrome, MMA levels may have limited specificity for vitamin B12 deficiency.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Alça Cega/diagnóstico , Ácido Metilmalônico/sangue , Síndrome do Intestino Curto/complicações , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores/sangue , Síndrome da Alça Cega/sangue , Síndrome da Alça Cega/etiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome do Intestino Curto/microbiologia , Vitamina B 12/uso terapêutico , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/etiologia , Complexo Vitamínico B/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Changes in the relative size of brain regions are often dependent on experience and environmental stimulation, which includes an animal's social environment. Some studies suggest that social interactions are cognitively demanding, and have examined predictions that the evolution of sociality led to the evolution of larger brains. Previous studies have compared species with different social organizations or different groups within obligately social species. Here, we report the first intraspecific study to examine how social experience shapes brain volume using a species with facultatively eusocial or solitary behaviour, the sweat bee Megalopta genalis. Serial histological sections were used to reconstruct and measure the volume of brain areas of bees behaving as social reproductives, social workers, solitary reproductives or 1-day-old bees that are undifferentiated with respect to the social phenotype. Social reproductives showed increased development of the mushroom body (an area of the insect brain associated with sensory integration and learning) relative to social workers and solitary reproductives. The gross neuroanatomy of young bees is developmentally similar to the advanced eusocial species previously studied, despite vast differences in colony size and social organization. Our results suggest that the transition from solitary to social behaviour is associated with modified brain development, and that maintaining dominance, rather than sociality per se, leads to increased mushroom body development, even in the smallest social groups possible (i.e. groups with two bees). Such results suggest that capabilities to navigate the complexities of social life may be a factor shaping brain evolution in some social insects, as for some vertebrates.