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INTRODUCTION By the end of 2017, there were more than 28,000 individuals living with HIV in Cuba, over 80% receiving antiretroviral therapy, which dramatically reduces viral replication, improves immune status and decreases risk of transmission. These results could be jeopardized by emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance. In 2009, a test for HIV-1 genotypic resistance was introduced in routine clinical practice in Cuba. OBJECTIVE Investigate antiretroviral resistance and its relation to subtype distribution in HIV-1 treatment-naïve and previously treated patients in Cuba. METHODS Resistance and HIV-1 subtype distribution were determined in 342 antiretroviral treatment-naïve patients and 584 previously treated for HIV-1 whose blood specimens were sent to the Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute during 2009-2014. Transmitted drug resistance was determined using the Calibrated Population Resistance Tool v.6. Drug resistance analysis was conducted using the algorithm Rega v9.1.0. RESULTS Prevalence of transmitted drug resistance was 11.4%, and 41% of mutated viruses exhibited dual-class resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Overall, 84.9% of patients had ≥1 resistance mutation, 80% had ≥1 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutation, 71.4% had ≥1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutation and 31.7% had ≥1 protease inhibitor mutation. K65R and K101E mutations were significantly more frequent in subtype C, L210W in CRF19_cpx, and M47V/I in CRF BGs (20, 23, 24). Full class resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors and multidrug resistance were detected in 21.2%, 32.4%, 8% and 4.1% of patients, respectively. Average percentage resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, protease inhibitor, full class resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, protease inhibitor and multidrug resistance increased in patients failing two or more regimens. Nevertheless, after 2011, a declining trend was observed in the frequency of multidrug resistance and full class resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Detected levels of transmitted drug resistance highlight the need for a national surveillance study in treatment-naïve patients. Resistance prevalence is high in previously treated patients but appears to be decreasing over time. The frequency of resistance mutations in recombinant forms of HIV in Cuba needs further study. KEYWORDS Antiretroviral therapy, highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV, anti-HIV agents, drug resistance, multiple drug resistance, Cuba.
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Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Cuba , Farmacorresistência Viral , Feminino , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Se explicó la adaptación del modelo de las enfermedades transmisibles de Coreil y otros, a la dinámica de la adquisición del VIH desde la perspectiva del individuo susceptible. Se hizo una revisión, acerca de la situación internacional y de Cuba de esta enfermedad, mediante el desarrollo de la discusión filosófica de los conceptos y las bases de un enfoque diferente de riesgo. Se demostró la aplicabilidad de este modelo y se previó su utilidad para el estudio de los determinantes que intervienen en la adquisición de la infección.
The adaptation of Coreil et al´s communicable disease model to the dynamics of contracting HIV from the sensitive individual perspective was intended to be explained in this article. A literature review on the situation of this disease in Cuba and worldwide by developing the phylosophical debate on concepts and the basis for a different risk approach was made. The applicability and usefulness of this model for the study of determinants involved in HIV infection was shown.
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Humanos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Doenças Transmissíveis , RiscoRESUMO
The adaptation of Coreil et al's communicable disease model to the dynamics of contracting HIV from the sensitive individual perspective was intended to be explained in this article. A literature review on the situation of this disease in Cuba and worldwide by developing the phylosophical debate on concepts and the basis for a different risk approach was made. The applicability and usefulness of this model for the study of determinants involved in HIV infection was shown.
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Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Cuba/epidemiologia , Cultura , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Saúde Global , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Teóricos , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Abuso de Substâncias por Via IntravenosaRESUMO
A partir de 130 personas con infección por VIH-1 confirmada mediante serología se realizó una selección no probabilística de un grupo de 100 pacientes cubanos en diferentes estadios de la infección según la clasificación de los Centros para el Control de Enfermedades revisada en 1987. En cada caso se obtuvo información clínica y epidemiológica y se tomó muestra de sangre periférica para detección de antígeno p24 del VIH-1. Se correlacionó la frecuencia de detección y la concentración de la antigenemia p24 con los datos clínicos y epidemiológicos disponibles. Esta última resultó significativamente más frecuente en los pacientes con SIDA. No se observó diferencia, entre el tipo de enfermedades oportunistas diagnosticadas en el grupo de pacientes con antígeno p24 detectable y el grupo que resultó antígeno negativo; aunque en el grupo con antigenemia a concentraciones superiores a 100 pg/mL se diagnosticó con mayor frecuencia más de una enfermedad indicadora de SIDA simultáneamente. El antecedente de contacto sexual con varias personas antes infectadas con el VIH resultó significativamente más frecuente en el grupo de pacientes con antigenemia y se relacionó con menor intervalo de tiempo desde la fecha probable de contagio hasta la fecha de clasificación como enfermo de SIDA. Estos resultados se compararon con información de la literatura revisada