RESUMO
Despite being the most numerous penguin species in South America, exposure of the Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) to pathogens has not yet been thoroughly assessed. We collected serum from 1,058 Magellanic Penguins at 10 breeding colonies along the entire latitudinal range of this species in Argentina. The work spanned 10 breeding seasons over 15 yr (1994-2008). Sera were tested for antibodies to select infectious agents. Antibodies reacting against 16 pathogens were detected (seroprevalence): Aspergillus sp. (15.1%), Chlamydia psittaci (6.5%), Salmonella Pullorum (3.1%), Salmonella Typhimurium (81.3%), Aviadenovirus sp. (18.1%), Duck atadenovirus A (23.6%), Anatid herpesvirus 1 (0.7%), Avian orthoreovirus (3.3%), Avian coronavirus M41 (43.5%), Avian coronavirus C46 (59.8%), Avian coronavirus A99 (37.4%), Avian coronavirus JMK (40.2%), Tremovirus A (0.3%), Avian avulavirus 1 (44.0%), Avian avulavirus 2 (43.8%), and Avian avulavirus 3 (46.6%). No antibodies were detected against nine infectious agents: Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1, Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2, Infectious bursal disease virus, Avastrovirus 2, West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, and Influenza A virus. While restricted by limitations inherent to serological methods, our results provide baseline knowledge for a key species in the South Atlantic Ocean. This information is valuable for adaptive conservation management in a time of increasing environmental stressors affecting the Patagonian Sea, one of the world's richest pelagic seabird communities.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Spheniscidae/microbiologia , Viroses/veterinária , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Argentina/epidemiologia , Aspergilose/epidemiologia , Aspergilose/microbiologia , Aspergilose/veterinária , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Chlamydia/isolamento & purificação , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/virologia , Vírus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The Gran Chaco, Bolivia, has a total of seven species of armadillos with the three-banded (Tolypeutes matacus) and nine-banded (Dasypus novemcinctus) the most commonly hunted by the local Isoseño-Guarani people. Armadillos are known carriers of zoonotic pathogens, including Mycobacterium leprae, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma cruzi; thus human handling and consumption of these species may have a significant public health impact. A health assessment that included physical examinations, hematology, plasma biochemical analyses, levels of exposure to selected infectious agents, and endoparasite and ectoparasite identification was performed on nine-banded and three-banded armadillos in the Gran Chaco, Bolivia. Based on clinical findings, the general health of these armadillos was rated as good. However, many of the nine-banded armadillos (64%) had abrasions and wounds, probably related to the capture method. The blood value results from a subset of these armadillos are presented as baseline values for free-ranging populations of both these species in Bolivia. Serologic antibody tests for M. leprae were negative in three-banded (n = 8) and nine-banded (n = 2) armadillos. Three-banded armadillos were antibody positive for Eastern equine encephalitis virus (8/8; 100%) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (5/8; 62.5%). Two of 12 (16.7%) three-banded armadillos tested were antigen positive for Dirofilaria immitis. Nine-banded armadillos were antibody positive for T. gondii (3/9; 33.3%), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (5/8; 62.5%), and T. cruzi (2/9; 22.2%). Two of eight (25%) nine-banded armadillos were antigen positive for D. immitis. A number of endo- and ectoparasites were identified in/on both species of armadillos. Results from this study support the possibility that the handling and consumption of these species by the local Isoseño-Guarani people may have a public health impact.
Assuntos
Tatus , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Nível de Saúde , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Viroses/veterinária , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Tatus/sangue , Tatus/fisiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/transmissão , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Testes Hematológicos/veterinária , Masculino , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/diagnóstico , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/transmissão , Exame Físico/veterinária , Saúde Pública , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Especificidade da Espécie , Viroses/diagnóstico , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/transmissão , ZoonosesRESUMO
The St Vincent Amazon parrot (Amazona guildingii), listed as a CITES appendix I animal, is endemic only to the mainland of St Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG), Lesser Antilles. A health assessment that included physical examination, hematology, blood parasite evaluation, plasma biochemical analysis, plasma protein electrophoresis, level of exposure to selected infectious agents, and fecal parasites was performed in July 2002 on 37 (51%) of the parrots in the captive population in SVG. Clinical abnormalities noted in the 37 parrots included poor feathers, lipomas, abnormal choanal papillae, obesity, leg ulcers, respiratory abnormalities, cardiac abnormalities, seizure activity, old fractures, missing digits, skin disease associated with mites (Knemidokoptes species), oral granuloma, and a thin, friable beak. Only 7 of the birds were clinically normal on physical examination. Results of hematologic testing, plasma biochemical analysis, and plasma electrophoresis were not statistically different between female and male parrots. No blood parasites were found in any of the 32 samples examined. None of the 36 parrots evaluated had antibodies to the 12 infectious agents tested. Of the 21 fecal samples available, Capillaria species was detected in 1 bird. Findings from this study, in addition to nutritional, genetic, and husbandry evaluations, have been used to make recommendations to the Forestry Department of SVG for improvements in husbandry and veterinary care of this ex situ population.
Assuntos
Amazona , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Doenças das Aves/sangue , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , Conservação de Recursos Energéticos , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Masculino , São Vicente e GranadinasRESUMO
As part of ongoing ecological studies of Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) at Punta San Juan, Ica Department, Peru, health surveys were conducted in November 1992, 1993, and 1994. In the three surveys, 98 birds in total were handled for examination, and blood was collected for laboratory analysis from 90 of these birds. All birds seemed to be in good condition. Body weights of females were significantly lower in 1994 than in the other years. Fleas (Parapsyllus humboldti) and ticks (Ornithodoros amblus) were found on the penguins and in their nests. Females had significantly higher plasma calcium and phosphorus levels, and they had lower weights than males. No other differences were found between the sexes. Hematology, plasma chemistries, and plasma mineral levels varied between years. Positive antibody titers for Chlamydophila psittaci (62%), avian adenovirus (7%; 1994 only), paramyxovirus-2 (7%; 1993 only), and Salmonella Pullorum (7%) were found. Plasma chemistry and mineral levels differed between individuals testing positive vs. negative on serologic tests for avian adenovirus and Salmonella Pullorum. Serologic tests for antibodies to avian influenza A virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, avian reovirus, duck viral enteritis virus, equine encephalitis (eastern, western, and Venezuelan) viruses, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, Aspergillus sp., and paramyxovirus-1 and -3 were negative. All chlorinated pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl analyses were below detectable limits.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/diagnóstico , Nível de Saúde , Spheniscidae , Animais , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Peso Corporal , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/veterinária , Feminino , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Spheniscidae/sangueRESUMO
Bolivia has a total of 47 species of Psittacidae, seven of which have been identified in our study site, the semiarid Gran Chaco of the Isoso. One species, the blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva), is frequently captured by local Isoseño Guaraní Indians for exploitation on the national and international market. These birds are often temporarily housed in small villages under unhygienic conditions with poultry and other domestic species. On occasion, these parrots escape back to the wild. Additionally, many of these birds are kept as pets or are used to lure wild. parrots within slingshot range for subsequent capture. In this study, we evaluated the health status, including the level of exposure to selected infectious agents, in the wild-caught captive birds and free-ranging birds. Physical examinations were performed, and blood was collected, from 54 live birds (20 captive and 34 free-ranging). Feces were collected from 15 birds (seven captive and eight free-ranging). Necropsies were also performed on four recently dead wild-caught birds. On serologic testing, no birds were found to have antibodies to avian influenza virus, Chlamydophila psittaci, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, Marek's disease virus, paramyxovirus-1, paramyxovirus-2, paramyxovirus-3, polyomavirus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Positive antibody titers were found for psittacine herpesvirus (8/44, 18.2%), Aspergillus spp. (3/51, 5.9%), and Salmonella pullorum (33/49, 67.3%). All three of the birds that tested antibody positive for Aspergillus spp. were captive, whereas six of the eight and 15 of the 33 birds that tested positive for psittacine herpesvirus and S. pullorum, respectively, were wild.
Assuntos
Amazona/sangue , Amazona/fisiologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Nível de Saúde , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Animais de Zoológico , Doenças das Aves/sangue , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Exame Físico/veterinária , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
Samples from 17 free-ranging hunter-killed grey brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in the Gran Chaco, Bolivia, were collected during June-August 1999. All 17 deer appeared to be in good condition at the time of death. Gross necropsies were performed, serum was collected for serologic evaluation of selected infectious disease agents, and feces and ectoparasites were collected for evaluation of internal and external parasites. Serologic tests were positive for antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus and four Leptospira interrogans serovars, with questionable results for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes 1 and 2. No antibodies were detected to Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis, Babesia odocoilei, bluetongue virus (serotypes 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17), bovine viral diarrhea virus, Brucella abortus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and parainfluenza-3 virus. Sixty-four percent (7/11) of the deer had endoparasites. Amblyomma spp. ticks were found on seven deer, flies of the family Hippoboscidae on six deer, and lice on six deer.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Cervos , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Viroses/veterinária , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Infecções Bacterianas/sangue , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Leptospira interrogans/imunologia , Masculino , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/sangue , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Bovino/imunologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Viroses/sangue , Viroses/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In conjunction with reproductive and feeding ecology studies on southern giant petrels (SGP, Macronectes giganteus) blood samples were collected for baseline health evaluations. Twenty-five adult SGP from a breeding colony in Chubut, Argentina, were sampled during two consecutive breeding seasons, 1999-2000 (n = 15) and 2000-01 (n = 10). Values for hematology, plasma biochemistry, and minerals are described for 20 birds in apparent good physical condition. A serologic survey of exposure to selected infectious agents was also conducted on all 25 birds sampled. Southern giant petrels were serologically negative for evidence of exposure to infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, avian influenza virus, avian reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, paramyxovirus 1, 2, and 3 virus, Chlamydophila, and Aspergillus. Antibodies to avian adenovirus were found in 14% of SGP during the first sampling season, and 60% in the second year. Additionally, all birds were negative for antibodies to Salmonella pullorum at the first sampling date, but 90% had low titers the following breeding season. This study contributes to understanding the health status of South Atlantic seabirds and to establishment of baseline information for SGP. Long-term monitoring of pelagic predator-scavenger seabirds such as SGP should be established for the surveillance of marine ecosystem health.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/veterinária , Infecções por Adenoviridae/sangue , Infecções por Adenoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Adenoviridae/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Argentina/epidemiologia , Aviadenovirus/imunologia , Doenças das Aves/sangue , Aves , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , Doenças Transmissíveis/sangue , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Testes Hematológicos/veterinária , Salmonella/imunologia , Salmonelose Animal/sangue , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Samples from 14 free-ranging pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer) were collected in 1995 and 1998, at Campos del Tuyú Wildlife Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Hematology, serum chemistries, minerals and metals, and fecal parasites were analyzed. In addition, fecal ova and parasites were evaluated seasonally during 1998-2000. Serology for infectious diseases included blue-tongue, brucellosis, bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection, bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), foot and mouth disease (FMD), leptospirosis (eight serovars), epizootic hemorrhagic disease, and parainfluenza-3 (PI-3). Three (21%) pampas deer had antibodies to Leptospira spp. and six (43%) to PI-3 virus. Serologic results for all other infectious agents were negative. Domestic cattle (n = 27) included in this study for comparison had antibodies to Leptospira, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and PI-3 virus (74-100% of tested animals) and one animal (4%) to Brucella sp. All cattle had antibodies to FMD virus attributable to vaccination. This study provides the first data on the health status of the southernmost sub-species of pampas deer.