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In August 2021, two juvenile male Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) stranded in the southeastern Brazilian coast and were referred to rehabilitation centers. The animals presented increased body temperature, prostration, respiratory distress and despite treatment died. A necropsy following a standardized protocol was performed, and formalin-fixed tissues were processed for microscopic examination. Samples were screened for morbillivirus, herpesvirus, and Brucella spp. by molecular analyses (PCR, RT-PCR). Bacteriological culture was performed in samples collected from the lungs, trachea, and lymph nodes of both cases. The main histopathologic findings were of infectious nature, including multifocal necrotizing and fibrinous mixed interstitial pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and bronchitis, with intralesional myriad bacteria associated with vascular fibrinoid necrosis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from tracheal and lung swabs of Case 1, and Klebsiella oxytoca was found in nostril swabs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and lung of Case 2. Gammaherpesvirus infection was detected in both cases, and the sequences retrieved were classified into the genus Percavirus. All tested samples were PCR-negative for Brucella spp. and morbillivirus. We hypothesize that the deficient immunological status in association with starvation predisposed the reactivation of herpesvirus and secondary bacterial co-infections. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first molecular detection of herpesvirus in an Antarctic pinniped. These findings reinforce that Otariid gammaherpesvirus circulating in the Southern Hemisphere are likely endemic in the Arctocephalus genus. This report contributes to the current knowledge of health aspects affecting wild pinnipeds, especially in the poorly studied Antarctic species.

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Although a national programme for control of visceral leishmaniosis (VL) is being run in Brazil, the disease continues to spread. This programme is essentially based on culling infected dogs from endemic regions. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop other control measures against VL to deter its advance. Here, a subunit vaccine, a recombinant vaccine, an insecticide-impregnated collar and the associations between these measures were evaluated for reducing the incidence of Leishmania infection in dogs. This was through a cohort study conducted in an endemic region of Brazil, considering the incidence and time of total exposure over a period of 1 year. The incidence of VL was estimated by means of serological and molecular diagnostic tests, 180 and 360 days after the application of the control measures. The estimates of the effectiveness (EF) were not significant in any cohort. The EF of the subunit vaccine, the recombinant vaccine and the collar were 26.4%, 32.8% and 57.7% and the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for EF were 63.7%, 67.9% and 82.5%, respectively. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, none of the immunogens for VL control was sufficiently effective to protect dogs against infection. On the other hand, use of collars impregnated with insecticide seems to constitute a method with better prognosis, corroborating other studies in this field.

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Many owners believe to act in their pets best interest by allowing them to go outside, with or without supervision. However, outdoor exposure greatly increases the risk of disease and accidents. In this study, we evaluated the association between infectious and parasitic diseases and the outdoor habits of pet dogs and cats. Epidemiological data were obtained from the records of dogs and cats treated at the Teaching Clinic and Hospital Unit of Veterinary Medicine in the city of Pirassununga, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Pets with any form of infection were included in the case study group, and pets with no infectious or parasitic diseases were used as controls. Animals were further divided according to their habits into indoor animals, indoor animals taken for walks, and outdoor animals. The odds ratio of having a disease was calculated from the comparisons among these groups using the MedCalc Statistical Software. We found an increased risk for the occurrence of infectious or parasitic diseases in outdoor dogs and cats when compared to indoor animals (OR of 4.735) and to those taken for walks (OR of 2.303). In light of our results, we suggest that awareness campaigns should also focus on the benefits of keeping pets indoors.

Muitos proprietários acreditam agir no melhor interesse de seus animais de estimação permitindo-os o acesso ao ambiente externo, com ou sem supervisão. Entretanto, isso aumenta consideravelmente o risco para a ocorrência de doenças e acidentes. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a associação entre doenças infecciosas e parasitárias com relação aos hábitos semi-domiciliados de cães e gatos. Dados epidemiológicos foram obtidos de arquivo de prontuários de cães e gatos atendidos na Unidade Didática Clínico Hospitalar (UDCH) do curso de Medicina Veterinária da FZEA/USP no município de Pirassununga, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Animais de estimação que apresentaram doenças infecto-parasitárias foram incluídos no grupo de casos; animais sem tais doenças, controles. Os animais foram ainda divididos de acordo em domiciliados, domiciliados frequentemente levados a passeios e semi-domiciliados. A razão de chances para a ocorrência de doenças infecciosas foi calculada a partir da comparação dos grupos supracitados, fazendo uso do software estatístico MedCalc. Encontrou-se um risco aumentado para a ocorrência de doenças infecto-parasitárias em cães e gatos semi-domiciliados quando comparados aos animais domiciliados (OR de 4.735) e quanto aos domiciliados guiados em passeios (OR de 2.303). À luz dos resultados se sugere que campanhas de conscientização foquem também nos benefícios da criação domiciliada de animais de estimação.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Many owners believe to act in their pets best interest by allowing them to go outside, with or without supervision. However, outdoor exposure greatly increases the risk of disease and accidents. In this study, we evaluated the association between infectious and parasitic diseases and the outdoor habits of pet dogs and cats. Epidemiological data were obtained from the records of dogs and cats treated at the Teaching Clinic and Hospital Unit of Veterinary Medicine in the city of Pirassununga, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Pets with any form of infection were included in the case study group, and pets with no infectious or parasitic diseases were used as controls. Animals were further divided according to their habits into indoor animals, indoor animals taken for walks, and outdoor animals. The odds ratio of having a disease was calculated from the comparisons among these groups using the MedCalc Statistical Software. We found an increased risk for the occurrence of infectious or parasitic diseases in outdoor dogs and cats when compared to indoor animals (OR of 4.735) and to those taken for walks (OR of 2.303). In light of our results, we suggest that awareness campaigns should also focus on the benefits of keeping pets indoors.(AU)

Muitos proprietários acreditam agir no melhor interesse de seus animais de estimação permitindo-os o acesso ao ambiente externo, com ou sem supervisão. Entretanto, isso aumenta consideravelmente o risco para a ocorrência de doenças e acidentes. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a associação entre doenças infecciosas e parasitárias com relação aos hábitos semi-domiciliados de cães e gatos. Dados epidemiológicos foram obtidos de arquivo de prontuários de cães e gatos atendidos na Unidade Didática Clínico Hospitalar (UDCH) do curso de Medicina Veterinária da FZEA/USP no município de Pirassununga, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Animais de estimação que apresentaram doenças infecto-parasitárias foram incluídos no grupo de casos; animais sem tais doenças, controles. Os animais foram ainda divididos de acordo em domiciliados, domiciliados frequentemente levados a passeios e semi-domiciliados. A razão de chances para a ocorrência de doenças infecciosas foi calculada a partir da comparação dos grupos supracitados, fazendo uso do software estatístico MedCalc. Encontrou-se um risco aumentado para a ocorrência de doenças infecto-parasitárias em cães e gatos semi-domiciliados quando comparados aos animais domiciliados (OR de 4.735) e quanto aos domiciliados guiados em passeios (OR de 2.303). À luz dos resultados se sugere que campanhas de conscientização foquem também nos benefícios da criação domiciliada de animais de estimação.(AU)

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Euthanasia of infected dogs is one of the measures adopted in Brazil to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in endemic areas. To detect infected dogs, animals are screened with the rapid test DPP® Visceral Canine Leishmaniasis for detection of antibodies against K26/K39 fusion antigens of amastigotes (DPP). DPP-positives are confirmed with an immunoenzymatic assay probing soluble antigens of promastigotes (ELISA), while DPP-negatives are considered free of infection. Here, 975 dogs from an endemic region were surveyed by using DPP, ELISA and real-time PCR (qPCR) for the diagnosis of VL. When DPP-negative dogs were tested by qPCR applied in blood and lymph node aspirates, 174/887 (19·6%) were positive in at least one sample. In a second sampling using 115 cases, the DPP-negative dogs were tested by qPCR in blood, lymph node and conjunctival swab samples, and 36/79 (45·6%) were positive in at least one sample. Low-to-moderate pairwise agreement was observed between all possible pair of tests. In conclusion, the official diagnosis of VL in dogs in Brazilian endemic areas failed to accuse an expressive number of infected animals and the impact of the low accuracy of serological tests in the success of euthanasia-based measure for VL control need to be assessed.

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Canine brucellosis caused by Brucella canis is a neglected zoonosis worldwide and is a leading cause of reproductive failure in dogs, often causing substantial economic losses in breeding kennels. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of B. canis infection in dogs of commercial breeding kennels located in São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 753 dogs (183 males and 570 females) from 38 commercial kennels were clinically examined, and blood samples were collected for brucellosis diagnosis through blood culture. The association between clinical manifestations suggestive of brucellosis and positive results through blood culture was determined. Of the 753 dogs tested, 166 (22.0%) had at least one clinical sign suggestive of brucellosis and 158 (20.9%) had positive blood cultures. Seventy-two dogs had positive blood culture and had at least one clinical sign suggestive of brucellosis, while 91 dogs showed at least one clinical manifestation suggestive of brucellosis although blood culture was negative. Of the 38 kennels, 16 (42.1%) had at least one positive dog. The prevalence of infection in each kennel varied from 3.8% to 62.6%. Abortion/stillbirth, failure to conceive and enlargement of lymph nodes were significantly associated with brucellosis in female. No association of clinical signs and positive results in blood culture was observed in males. None of the kennels has been carrying out programmes to control brucellosis, and the sale of infected dogs was considered a common practice yielding risks to the public health, in view of the zoonotic potential of the infection.

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The present work reports a clinical case of a mongrel dog, with serological diagnosis of brucellosis, from which epididymal sperm analysis was performed. Sperm samples were collected from different segments of the epididymis (tail, corpus, and caput). Sperm samples were evaluated for computer-assisted motility analysis (CASA), spermatic morphology, mitochondrial activity and sperm plasmatic membrane and acrosomal integrity. Changes in sperm movement patterns were found (progressive motility, percentage of rapid sperm, percentage of rapid velocity, average pathway, curvilinear velocity, velocity straight line, amplitude of lateral head displacement, straightness and linearity), increase of total morphological defects (51%) and absence of sperm mitochondrial activity (20%) were verified, especially for cauda epididymides. We highlight that such changes can contribute to clinical diagnosis of Brucellosis in dogs and to the use of epididymal sperm in reproductive biotechnologies.(AU)

Relata-se o caso de um cão mestiço, com diagnóstico sorológico para brucelose canina, a partir do qual foram realizadas análises do sêmen epididimário. As amostras espermáticas foram coletadas dos diferentes segmentos epididimários (cabeça, corpo e cauda). Foram realizadas as avaliações de motilidade computadorizada do sêmen (CASA), morfologia espermática, atividade mitocondrial, integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal. Houve alteração no padrão de movimentação espermática (motilidade progressiva, espermatozoides rápidos, velocidade média da trajetória, velocidade curvilínea, velocidade linear progressiva, amplitude de deslocamento lateral da cabeça, retilinearidade e linearidade), aumento do total de defeitos morfológicos (51%) e da ausência de atividade mitocondrial espermática (20%) dos espermatozoides, especialmente da cauda do epidídimo. Ressalta-se que tais achados podem contribuir para o diagnóstico clínico da brucelose canina e para a utilização do sêmen epididimário em biotecnologias da reprodução.(AU)

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RESUMO

The present work reports a clinical case of a mongrel dog, with serological diagnosis of brucellosis, from which epididymal sperm analysis was performed. Sperm samples were collected from different segments of the epididymis (tail, corpus, and caput). Sperm samples were evaluated for computer-assisted motility analysis (CASA), spermatic morphology, mitochondrial activity and sperm plasmatic membrane and acrosomal integrity. Changes in sperm movement patterns were found (progressive motility, percentage of rapid sperm, percentage of rapid velocity, average pathway, curvilinear velocity, velocity straight line, amplitude of lateral head displacement, straightness and linearity), increase of total morphological defects (51%) and absence of sperm mitochondrial activity (20%) were verified, especially for cauda epididymides. We highlight that such changes can contribute to clinical diagnosis of Brucellosis in dogs and to the use of epididymal sperm in reproductive biotechnologies.(AU)

Relata-se o caso de um cão mestiço, com diagnóstico sorológico para brucelose canina, a partir do qual foram realizadas análises do sêmen epididimário. As amostras espermáticas foram coletadas dos diferentes segmentos epididimários (cabeça, corpo e cauda). Foram realizadas as avaliações de motilidade computadorizada do sêmen (CASA), morfologia espermática, atividade mitocondrial, integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal. Houve alteração no padrão de movimentação espermática (motilidade progressiva, espermatozoides rápidos, velocidade média da trajetória, velocidade curvilínea, velocidade linear progressiva, amplitude de deslocamento lateral da cabeça, retilinearidade e linearidade), aumento do total de defeitos morfológicos (51%) e da ausência de atividade mitocondrial espermática (20%) dos espermatozoides, especialmente da cauda do epidídimo. Ressalta-se que tais achados podem contribuir para o diagnóstico clínico da brucelose canina e para a utilização do sêmen epididimário em biotecnologias da reprodução.(AU)

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This study evaluated the performance of an immunochromatographic test (ICT) for the diagnosis of canine brucellosis caused by Brucella canis, comparing its results with that of the rapid slide agglutination test with and without the use of 2-mercaptoethanol and the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID). The microbiological culture, PCR and clinical examination were used as reference. According to the results obtained in clinical examination, blood culture, culture of semen and vaginal swab and PCR in blood, semen and vaginal swab, a total of 102 dogs were divided into three groups: B. canis-infected dogs (Group 1), B. canis-non-infected dogs (Group 2) and dogs with suspected brucellosis (Group 3). The diagnostic sensitivity of RSAT, 2ME-RSAT, AGID and ICT in Group 1 was, respectively, 75%, 37.5%, 27.8% and 89.58%. The diagnostic specificity of RSAT, 2ME-RSAT, AGID and ICT in Group 2 was, respectively, 91%, 100%, 100%, and 100%. In dogs with suspected brucellosis, 9.67% were RSAT positive, none was positive by 2ME-RSAT, 3.22% were AGID positive and 6.45% were ICT positive. The main drawback concerning canine brucellosis diagnosis is the lack of a highly sensitive serological assay to be used as a screening test to the rapid identification of infected animals. The ICT showed a high diagnostic specificity and a diagnostic sensitivity value greater than that observed in the RSAT, 2ME-RSAT and AGID. However, 10.41% of infected dogs had negative results by ICT. These dogs were positive by microbiological culture and/or PCR, indicating active infection and consequently a higher potential of spreading Brucella. Although rapid and simple to perform, the ICT lacked sensitivity to be used as a screening test.

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