RESUMO

The effect of fine wheat bran (FWB) as a methyl donor source on performance, metabolism, body composition and blood traits of growing broilers was studied. Three hundred and twenty broilers from eight to 28 d of age, distributed in a randomized block design, with five treatments and eight replicates of eight animals each were used. The experimental diets were: NC, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement; Met, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by DL-methionine addition; Bet, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by anhydrous betaine addition; Fwb-, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB; and Fwb+, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB. Feed intake was reduced (p 0.05) by FWB inclusion but the feed conversion ratio was the same (p>0.05) between the positive control diets. Supplementation of DL-methionine and anhydrous betaine showed the same (p>0.05) metabolizability of nutrients. Treatments with higher DL-methionine levels (Met and Fwb+) promoted more weight of feathers (p 0.05). Animals fed with FWB showed the lowest (p 0.05) body gains. In conclusion, FWB inclusion did not promote methyl radicals supply.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The effect of fine wheat bran (FWB) as a methyl donor source on performance, metabolism, body composition and blood traits of growing broilers was studied. Three hundred and twenty broilers from eight to 28 d of age, distributed in a randomized block design, with five treatments and eight replicates of eight animals each were used. The experimental diets were: NC, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement; Met, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by DL-methionine addition; Bet, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by anhydrous betaine addition; Fwb-, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB; and Fwb+, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB. Feed intake was reduced (p 0.05) by FWB inclusion but the feed conversion ratio was the same (p>0.05) between the positive control diets. Supplementation of DL-methionine and anhydrous betaine showed the same (p>0.05) metabolizability of nutrients. Treatments with higher DL-methionine levels (Met and Fwb+) promoted more weight of feathers (p 0.05). Animals fed with FWB showed the lowest (p 0.05) body gains. In conclusion, FWB inclusion did not promote methyl radicals supply.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of raw bovine cortical bone (CB) (medullary bone cross-sectioned) and marrow or epiphyseal 'spongy' bone (SB) as chew items to reduce dental calculus in adult dogs. METHODS: Eight 3-year-old Beagle dogs were observed in two study periods. In the first study, the dogs each received a piece of bovine femur CB (122 ± 17 g) daily and in the second study, a piece of bovine femur SB (235 ± 27 g). The first study lasted 12 days and the second 20 days. Dental calculus was evaluated using image integration software. RESULTS: At the start of the studies, dental calculus covered 42.0% and 38.6% of the dental arcade areas, respectively. In study one, the chewing reduced the established dental calculus area to 27.1% (35.5% reduction) after 3 days and after 12 days the dental calculus covering was reduced to 12.3% (70.6% reduction). In study two, the dental calculus covered 16.8% (56.5% reduction) after 3 days, 7.1% (81.6% reduction) after 12 days and 4.7% (87.8% reduction) after 20 days. The CB remained largely intact after 24 h, but SB was reduced to smaller pieces and in some cases totally consumed after 24 h. No complications such as tooth fractures, pieces of bone stuck between teeth or intestinal obstructions were observed during the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Chewing raw bovine bones was an effective method of removing dental calculus in dogs. The SB bones removed dental calculus more efficiently in the short term.

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RESUMO

The objective of this study was to determine the equation parameters of carbon (i.e., C) flow curves and to estimate C flow and carbon dioxide (i.e., CO2) emissions from the production of 1- to 49-day-old broilers from different genetic strains. In total, 384 1-day-old chicks were used, distributed into 4 groups: high-performance males (Cobb-M) and females (Cobb-F), and intermediate-performance males (C44-M) and females (C44-F), with 6 replicates/treatment according to a completely randomized study design. Carbon intake and retention were calculated based on diet and body C composition, and expired C was stoichiometrically estimated as digestible C intake-C retention-C in the urine. Litter C emission was estimated as initial litter C+C in the excreta-final litter C. Carbon flow curves were determined fitting data by nonlinear regression using the Gompertz function. Expired CO2 was calculated based on expired C. The applied nonlinear model presented goodness-of-fit for all responses (R2>0.99). Carbon dioxide production was highly correlated with growth rate. At 42 d age, CO2 expiration (g/bird) was 3,384.4 for Cobb-M, 2,947.9 for Cobb-F, 2,512.5 for C44-M, and 2185.1 for C44-F. Age also significantly affected CO2 production: to achieve 2.0 kg BW, CO2 expiration (g/bird) was 1,794.3 for Cobb-M, 2,016.5 for Cobb-F, 2617.7 for C44-M, and 3,092.3 for C44-F. The obtained equations present high predictability to estimate individual CO2 emissions in strains of Cobb and C44 broilers of any weight, or age, reared between 1 and 49 d age.

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RESUMO

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of an enzyme blend (EB) on the performance, diet metabolizability, phosphorus (P) retention, and bone mineralization of broilers fed diets containing 10% defatted rice bran (DRB). In total, 432 one- to 38-d-old male Cobb broilers were evaluated according to a completely randomized experimental design in 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. Three diets were tested with two nutrient reductions (NR) in the matrix (standard diet; NR I of 75 kcal/kg ME, 0.1% Ca and 0.1% available P; and NR II of 100 kcal/kg ME, 0.1% Ca and 0.1% available P) with or without the addition of an EB (200 g/t). The coefficients of total tract apparent retention (CTTAR) of the diets and P retention were determined by collecting excreta during two periods (14 to 17 and 28 to 31 d). As expected, birds fed the standard diet had higher BW, BW gain, and G:F compared to birds on the NR diets. The EB did not show any positive effects on CTTAR or on performance; however, birds fed the EB retained 6.58% more P from d 14 to 17 (p 0.07) and 8.55% from d 28 to 31 (p 0.05). Tibiotarsus ash percentage also increased by 2.45% (p 0.06) on d 38. In diets containing 10% DRB, the enzyme blend showed biological activity improving P retention and tibiotarsus mineralization.

Assuntos

RESUMO

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of an enzyme blend (EB) on the performance, diet metabolizability, phosphorus (P) retention, and bone mineralization of broilers fed diets containing 10% defatted rice bran (DRB). In total, 432 one- to 38-d-old male Cobb broilers were evaluated according to a completely randomized experimental design in 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. Three diets were tested with two nutrient reductions (NR) in the matrix (standard diet; NR I of 75 kcal/kg ME, 0.1% Ca and 0.1% available P; and NR II of 100 kcal/kg ME, 0.1% Ca and 0.1% available P) with or without the addition of an EB (200 g/t). The coefficients of total tract apparent retention (CTTAR) of the diets and P retention were determined by collecting excreta during two periods (14 to 17 and 28 to 31 d). As expected, birds fed the standard diet had higher BW, BW gain, and G:F compared to birds on the NR diets. The EB did not show any positive effects on CTTAR or on performance; however, birds fed the EB retained 6.58% more P from d 14 to 17 (p 0.07) and 8.55% from d 28 to 31 (p 0.05). Tibiotarsus ash percentage also increased by 2.45% (p 0.06) on d 38. In diets containing 10% DRB, the enzyme blend showed biological activity improving P retention and tibiotarsus mineralization.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of full-fat rice bran (FFRB) inclusion in dry diets with and without enzyme blend (EB) supplementation for adult dogs. The diets contained 0, 20, or 40% of FFRB, replacing the equivalent amount of wheat flour (WF). Experiment 1 evaluated the consumption and preference of diets using a simple choice method with 3 comparisons (0 vs. 20, 0 vs. 40, and 20 vs. 40% FFRB). Experiment 2 investigated the effect of EB supplementation on the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nutrients and GE, fecal characteristics, urinary pH, Ca and P balance, and ME of the diets. In Exp. 1, the results indicated that FFRB included in diets up to 40% did not affect the preference or consumption of food by dogs (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, increasing levels of FFRB in the diet linearly reduced the ADC of nutrients, GE, and ME (P < 0.05). The addition of EB had no effect on any of the variables examined. Regression analysis enabled estimation of the ADC in FFRB; and ADC of DM, CP, ether extract, GE; and the apparent coefficient of ME were 60.5, 74.8, 88.4, 70.8, and 66.4%, respectively. The inclusion of 20 or 40% FFRB in the diets did not affect urinary pH but caused an imbalance in the Ca and P metabolism when included at 40% (P < 0.05), which could be one of the limitations for greater inclusion of FFRB. The ME of FFRB was estimated to be 3,443 kcal/kg DM. The FFRB appears to be palatable for adult dogs, and although ADC was reduced by 40% FFRB in the diet, this ingredient has the potential for inclusion at 20% of diets for dogs, depending on the other ingredients used to achieve adequate Ca and P balance. The inclusion greater than 20% tends to increase P in the diet and reverse the relationship between Ca and P.

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RESUMO

O estudo buscou avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e de desempenho à adição de diferentes níveis de β-glucanos na dieta de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 30 machos de linhagem comercial, com 34 dias de idade e peso de 10,9±0,63kg, alojados em gaiolas individuais, durante 14 dias. Os tratamentos variaram somente nos níveis de β-glucanos que foram de 35, 70, 140 e 280g/T. No final desse período, em metade dos animais foram injetados 2,7mg de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) em 1mL de solução (PBS)/leitão, e nos demais 1mL/leitão de PBS. Foram avaliadas temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR), perfil bioquímico sanguíneo e sinais clínicos aos 30, 90, 120 e 390 minutos seguintes à injeção. As respostas de desempenho não foram afetadas pelos níveis de β-glucanos. Foi observado o aumento de TR, tanto em função do LPS como em função da hora em que a temperatura foi medida. No entanto, os animais LPS-injetados, que receberam 280g/T de β-glucanos, tiveram a mesma TR daqueles LPS-não injetados. Os sinais clínicos foram compatíveis com um quadro de inflamação aguda e foram observados, nos animais LPS-injetados, vômito, prostração e diarreia, sendo que a inclusão de β-glucanos não conseguiu reverter esses sintomas. O uso de β-glucanos por 14 dias na dieta de leitões recém-desmamados mostrou um efeito anti-inflamatório em situação de desafio agudo. Para reverter o desafio imunológico utilizado, o nível de 280g/T de β-glucanos mostrou-se o mais recomendado.

This study was done to evaluate immunological responses and performance of weaning piglets receiving diets with different levels of β-glucans. Thirty males from a commercial line with 34 days of age and 10.9±0,6kg initial weight were housed in individual metabolic cages during 14 days. The treatments only differed in β-glucans levels: 35; 70; 140 and 280g/T. On the 14th day, half of the pigs were inoculated with 2.7mg LPS (lipopolysaccharide)/mL of solution (PBS)/pig and the other half received 1mL PBS/pig. Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory frequency (RF), biochemical profile and animal behavior (120 and 390 minutes after LPS inoculation) were evaluated. As the experiment was conducted, performance was not affected by β-glucans. An RT increase was observed due to LPS and time of temperature measurement. LPS-injected animals receiving 280g/T of β-glucans had the same RT as the LPS- non injected group. Clinical signs were near the expectation for acute inflammation. LPS-injected presented prostration, diarrhea and vomit and the β-glucans did not reverse this situation. The use of β-glucans in weaning pigs for fourteen days showed an anti-inflammatory action. To revert the immunologic challenge, the level of 280g/T of β-glucans was the most recommended.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O estudo buscou avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e de desempenho à adição de diferentes níveis de β-glucanos na dieta de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 30 machos de linhagem comercial, com 34 dias de idade e peso de 10,9±0,63kg, alojados em gaiolas individuais, durante 14 dias. Os tratamentos variaram somente nos níveis de β-glucanos que foram de 35, 70, 140 e 280g/T. No final desse período, em metade dos animais foram injetados 2,7mg de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) em 1mL de solução (PBS)/leitão, e nos demais 1mL/leitão de PBS. Foram avaliadas temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR), perfil bioquímico sanguíneo e sinais clínicos aos 30, 90, 120 e 390 minutos seguintes à injeção. As respostas de desempenho não foram afetadas pelos níveis de β-glucanos. Foi observado o aumento de TR, tanto em função do LPS como em função da hora em que a temperatura foi medida. No entanto, os animais LPS-injetados, que receberam 280g/T de β-glucanos, tiveram a mesma TR daqueles LPS-não injetados. Os sinais clínicos foram compatíveis com um quadro de inflamação aguda e foram observados, nos animais LPS-injetados, vômito, prostração e diarreia, sendo que a inclusão de β-glucanos não conseguiu reverter esses sintomas. O uso de β-glucanos por 14 dias na dieta de leitões recém-desmamados mostrou um efeito anti-inflamatório em situação de desafio agudo. Para reverter o desafio imunológico utilizado, o nível de 280g/T de β-glucanos mostrou-se o mais recomendado.

This study was done to evaluate immunological responses and performance of weaning piglets receiving diets with different levels of β-glucans. Thirty males from a commercial line with 34 days of age and 10.9±0,6kg initial weight were housed in individual metabolic cages during 14 days. The treatments only differed in β-glucans levels: 35; 70; 140 and 280g/T. On the 14th day, half of the pigs were inoculated with 2.7mg LPS (lipopolysaccharide)/mL of solution (PBS)/pig and the other half received 1mL PBS/pig. Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory frequency (RF), biochemical profile and animal behavior (120 and 390 minutes after LPS inoculation) were evaluated. As the experiment was conducted, performance was not affected by β-glucans. An RT increase was observed due to LPS and time of temperature measurement. LPS-injected animals receiving 280g/T of β-glucans had the same RT as the LPS- non injected group. Clinical signs were near the expectation for acute inflammation. LPS-injected presented prostration, diarrhea and vomit and the β-glucans did not reverse this situation. The use of β-glucans in weaning pigs for fourteen days showed an anti-inflammatory action. To revert the immunologic challenge, the level of 280g/T of β-glucans was the most recommended.

RESUMO

O estudo buscou avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e de desempenho à adição de diferentes níveis de β-glucanos na dieta de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 30 machos de linhagem comercial, com 34 dias de idade e peso de 10,9±0,63kg, alojados em gaiolas individuais, durante 14 dias. Os tratamentos variaram somente nos níveis de β-glucanos que foram de 35, 70, 140 e 280g/T. No final desse período, em metade dos animais foram injetados 2,7mg de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) em 1mL de solução (PBS)/leitão, e nos demais 1mL/leitão de PBS. Foram avaliadas temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR), perfil bioquímico sanguíneo e sinais clínicos aos 30, 90, 120 e 390 minutos seguintes à injeção. As respostas de desempenho não foram afetadas pelos níveis de β-glucanos. Foi observado o aumento de TR, tanto em função do LPS como em função da hora em que a temperatura foi medida. No entanto, os animais LPS-injetados, que receberam 280g/T de β-glucanos, tiveram a mesma TR daqueles LPS-não injetados. Os sinais clínicos foram compatíveis com um quadro de inflamação aguda e foram observados, nos animais LPS-injetados, vômito, prostração e diarreia, sendo que a inclusão de β-glucanos não conseguiu reverter esses sintomas. O uso de β-glucanos por 14 dias na dieta de leitões recém-desmamados mostrou um efeito anti-inflamatório em situação de desafio agudo. Para reverter o desafio imunológico utilizado, o nível de 280g/T de β-glucanos mostrou-se o mais recomendado.(AU)

This study was done to evaluate immunological responses and performance of weaning piglets receiving diets with different levels of β-glucans. Thirty males from a commercial line with 34 days of age and 10.9±0,6kg initial weight were housed in individual metabolic cages during 14 days. The treatments only differed in β-glucans levels: 35; 70; 140 and 280g/T. On the 14th day, half of the pigs were inoculated with 2.7mg LPS (lipopolysaccharide)/mL of solution (PBS)/pig and the other half received 1mL PBS/pig. Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory frequency (RF), biochemical profile and animal behavior (120 and 390 minutes after LPS inoculation) were evaluated. As the experiment was conducted, performance was not affected by β-glucans. An RT increase was observed due to LPS and time of temperature measurement. LPS-injected animals receiving 280g/T of β-glucans had the same RT as the LPS- non injected group. Clinical signs were near the expectation for acute inflammation. LPS-injected presented prostration, diarrhea and vomit and the β-glucans did not reverse this situation. The use of β-glucans in weaning pigs for fourteen days showed an anti-inflammatory action. To revert the immunologic challenge, the level of 280g/T of β-glucans was the most recommended.(AU)

Assuntos