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OBJECTIVE: analyzing the effectiveness of an educational intervention on the knowledge of nursing professionals regarding the immunization of people with the human immunodeficiency virus. METHOD: a quasi-experimental study evaluated professionals' knowledge through a knowledge test applied before and after the development of an online training course. The data was analyzed using frequency, median, mean, standard deviation, and association tests. RESULTS: the sample consisted of 77 nursing professionals whose mean age was 43.2 years (SD+/-8.2). More than half of the individuals worked in basic health units (58.4%), 22.1% worked in specialized services that provide clinical monitoring for people with the human immunodeficiency virus, and 42 (54.5%) were nursing assistants or technicians. The professionals' performance improved after the intervention, with an increase in the median number of correct answers from 23.0 to 27.0 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: offering an online training course on the immunization of people with the human immunodeficiency virus, as a continuing education activity, proved to be effective in improving nursing professionals' knowledge on this subject. HIGHLIGHTS: (1) Services do not evaluate the vaccination status of people living with HIV.(2) The knowledge of health professionals may influence vaccination rates.(3) Health professionals' knowledge of immunization may be insufficient.

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Abstract Objective: analyzing the effectiveness of an educational intervention on the knowledge of nursing professionals regarding the immunization of people with the human immunodeficiency virus. Method: a quasi-experimental study evaluated professionals' knowledge through a knowledge test applied before and after the development of an online training course. The data was analyzed using frequency, median, mean, standard deviation, and association tests. Results: the sample consisted of 77 nursing professionals whose mean age was 43.2 years (SD+/-8.2). More than half of the individuals worked in basic health units (58.4%), 22.1% worked in specialized services that provide clinical monitoring for people with the human immunodeficiency virus, and 42 (54.5%) were nursing assistants or technicians. The professionals' performance improved after the intervention, with an increase in the median number of correct answers from 23.0 to 27.0 (p<0.001). Conclusion: offering an online training course on the immunization of people with the human immunodeficiency virus, as a continuing education activity, proved to be effective in improving nursing professionals' knowledge on this subject.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a efetividade de uma intervenção educativa no conhecimento de profissionais de enfermagem em relação à imunização de pessoas com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Método: estudo quase-experimental que avaliou o conhecimento dos profissionais por meio de um teste de conhecimento aplicado antes e depois do desenvolvimento de um curso de capacitação online. Os dados foram analisados mediante frequência, mediana, média, desvio-padrão e testes de associação. Resultados: a amostra foi constituída por 77 profissionais de enfermagem, cuja média de idade foi de 43,2 anos (DP+/-8,2). Mais da metade dos indivíduos trabalhava em unidades básicas de saúde (58,4%), 22,1% trabalhavam nos serviços especializados que realizam o acompanhamento clínico de pessoas com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana, 42 (54,5%) exerciam a função de auxiliar ou técnico de enfermagem. O desempenho dos profissionais melhorou após a intervenção, com aumento na mediana de acertos de 23,0 para 27,0 (p<0,001). Conclusão: o oferecimento de um curso de capacitação online acerca da imunização de pessoas com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana, como uma atividade de educação permanente, se mostrou efetivo para melhorar o conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem nesta temática.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la efectividad de una intervención educativa sobre el conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería con respecto a la inmunización de personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Método: estudio cuasiexperimental que evaluó los conocimientos de los profesionales mediante una evaluación de conocimiento aplicada antes y después del desarrollo de un curso de capacitación online. Los datos se analizaron mediante frecuencia, mediana, media, desviación estándar y pruebas de asociación. Resultados: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 77 profesionales de enfermería cuya edad promedio fue de 43,2 años (DE+/-8,2). Más de la mitad de los individuos trabajaba en unidades básicas de salud (58,4%), el 22,1% trabajaba en servicios especializados que realizan seguimiento clínico a personas portadoras del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, 42 (54,5%) trabajaban como auxiliar o técnico en enfermería. El desempeño de los profesionales mejoró después de la intervención, la mediana del número de respuestas correctas aumentó de 23,0 a 27,0 (p<0,001). Conclusión: dictar un curso de capacitación online sobre la inmunización de personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, como actividad de educación continua, demostró ser eficaz para mejorar el conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería sobre el tema.

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Abstract Objective: The objective of this article is to review the most current literature on vaccines, focusing on their safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in preterm newborns, aiming to improve vaccine coverage in this population. Data source: Most recent scientific publications addressing the immunization of preterm newborns. Data synthesis: Despite its immunological immaturity, vaccination is well tolerated by preterm infants, and protective immune responses are observed, but some studies have shown that preterm infants undergo unjustified delays in their vaccination schedule. Conclusions: Despite being widely recommended, the routine immunization of preterm infants is often delayed, putting this vulnerable population at risk for several diseases, many of which are preventable by immunization. Every effort should be made to develop universal guidelines that define the immunization of preterm infants.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to review the most current literature on vaccines, focusing on their safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in preterm newborns, aiming to improve vaccine coverage in this population. DATA SOURCE: Most recent scientific publications addressing the immunization of preterm newborns. DATA SYNTHESIS: Despite its immunological immaturity, vaccination is well tolerated by preterm infants, and protective immune responses are observed, but some studies have shown that preterm infants undergo unjustified delays in their vaccination schedule. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being widely recommended, the routine immunization of preterm infants is often delayed, putting this vulnerable population at risk for several diseases, many of which are preventable by immunization. Every effort should be made to develop universal guidelines that define the immunization of preterm infants.

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BACKGROUND: Vaccines in development against Group B Streptococcus (GBS) should contain the most prevalent capsular genotypes screened in the target population. In low- and middle-income countries epidemiological data on GBS carriage among pregnant women, a prerequisite condition for GBS neonatal sepsis, is needed to inform vaccine strategies. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of different GBS capsular genotypes that colonizes at-risk pregnant women in a private maternity hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: GBS strains isolated in routine maternity procedures from at-risk pregnant women from 2014 to 2018 were confirmed by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) with subsequent DNA extraction for identification of capsular genotype through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Demographic and gestational data were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 820 Todd-Hewitt broths positive for GBS were selected for streptococcal growth. Recovery and confirmation of GBS by MALDI-TOF were possible in 352. Strains were processed for determination of capsular genotype by PCR. From the total of 352 GBS isolates, 125 strains (35.5%) were genotyped as Ia; 23 (6.5%) as Ib; 41 (11.6%) as II; 36 (10.2%) as III; 4 (1.1%) as IV; 120 (34.1%) as V and 1 strain (0.3%) as VIII. Two isolates (0.7%) were not genotyped by used methodology. No statistically significant correlation between gestational risk factors, demographic data and distribution of capsular genotypes were found. CONCLUSIONS: GBS capsular genotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, and V were the most prevalent isolates colonizing at risk pregnant women in the present study. The inclusion of capsular genotypes Ia and V in the composition of future vaccines would cover 69.6% of capsular genotypes in the studied population. No statistically significant differences were observed between capsular genotype and gestational and demographic data and risk factors.

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Introdução: De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, a prevalência de doenças raras (abaixo de 65 casos/100.000 habitantes) é de 6%, e variável na dependência da população em estudo. Há 6.172 doenças raras (DR) catalogadas. Esquemas vacinais específicos para DR não estão disponíveis no Brasil, e esta orientação é limitada na maioria dos países. Objetivos: Identificar e propor esquemas específicos de imunização para pacientes com DR, tendo-se em conta segurança e eficácia. Fonte de dados: Revisão não sistemática da literatura, com busca de artigos de 2000 a 2020 no PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO e Orphanet usando os termos "rare diseases" ou "inborn errors of metabolism" ou "cystic fibrosis" ou "inborn errors of immunity" e "vaccines" ou "immunization" ou "vaccination", nos idiomas inglês, francês, espanhol e português. Conclusões: A imunização de pessoas com DR é tema complexo, com poucas recomendações publicadas a este respeito, e na maioria das vezes realizada de modo empírico. É importante que a equipe médica que acompanha esses pacientes tenha um olhar abrangente e proporcione a prevenção mais completa possível.

Background: According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of rare diseases (below 65 cases/100 000 population) is 6% and may vary depending on the study population. There are 6172 rare diseases (RD) listed. RD-specific vaccine schemes are not available in Brazil, and guidance is limited in most countries. Objectives: To identify and propose specific immunization schemes for RD patients, valuing safety and efficacy. Data source: A nonsystematic literature review was conducted, with search for articles from 2000 to 2020 on PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, and Orphanet with the terms "rare diseases" or "inborn errors of metabolism" or "cystic fibrosis" or "inborn errors of immunity" and "vaccines" or "immunization" or "vaccination," in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese languages. Conclusions: Immunization of RD patients is a complex topic with few published recommendations, most often produced empirically. The medical teams following up these patients should have a more comprehensive insight and provide the most complete prevention possible.

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Abstract Vaccine candidates against COVID-19 have diverse compositions, from traditional inac-tivated virus vaccines to various new-generation vaccines. Currently, approximately 175 research teams worldwide are studying various vaccine possibilities as the necessityto vacci-nate the entire population against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is urgent. Although, the development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is not easy, the manufacturing, distribution, and administration of the vaccine can also face extraordinary challenges. In this review, we enhance some of the current knowledge regarding the clinical trial phases on different COVID-19 vaccine candidates, its potential strengths and disadvantages, and to discuss ethical aspects and their chances of success in large-scale applications.

Resumo As vacinas candidatas contra COVID-19 têm diversas composições, desde vacinas de vírus inativados a várias de nova geração. Atualmente, cerca de 175 equipes de pesquisa em todo o mundo estão estudando diversas possibilidades, visto que a necessidade de vacinar toda a população contra o vírus SARS-CoV-2 é urgente. Embora o desenvolvimento de uma vacina COVID-19 segura e eficaz não seja fácil, a fabricação, distribuição e administração também podem enfrentar desafios extraordinários. Nesta revisão, destacamos alguns dos conhecimentos atuais sobre as fases dos ensaios clínicos de diferentes vacinas candidatas COVID-19, seus potenciais pontos fortes e desvantagens, e discutimos os aspectos éticos e suas chances de sucesso em aplicações em grande escala.

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