RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Platelet transfusions are performed almost entirely according to expert experience. This study assessed the effectiveness of a restrictive guideline to reduce platelet transfusions in preterm infants. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of preterm infants with a birth weight of <1500 g had been born in 2 periods. In Period 1, a transfusion was indicated for a platelet count of <50,000/ml in clinically stable neonates or <100,000/ml in bleeding or clinically unstable infants. In Period 2, the indications were restricted to <25,000/ml in clinically stable neonates, or <50,000/ml in newborns who were either on mechanical ventilation, subject to imminent invasive procedures, within 72 h following a seizure, or extremely premature and <7 days old. A count of <100,000/ml was indicated for bleeding or major surgery. RESULTS: Periods 1 and 2 comprised 121 and 134 neonates, respectively. The rates of ventricular haemorrhage and intrahospital death were similar in both periods. The percentage of transfused infants, the odds of receiving a platelet transfusion, the mean platelet count before transfusion and the percentage of transfusions with a platelet count >50,000/ml were greater in Period 1. Among thrombocytopenic neonates, the percentage of transfused neonates and the number of transfusions were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: The restrictive guideline for platelet transfusions reduced the platelet count thresholds for neonatal transfusions without increasing the rate of ventricular haemorrhage.
Assuntos
Contagem de Plaquetas/normas , Transfusão de Plaquetas/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Plaquetas , Peso Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso , Terapia Intensiva Neonatal/organização & administração , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Transfusão de Plaquetas/métodos , Respiração Artificial , Estudos Retrospectivos , Convulsões/terapia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Benefits of adopting restrictive guidelines for erythrocyte transfusions are still controversial. The objective of this study was to verify if a very strict guideline could reduce erythrocyte transfusions in preterm infants without adverse outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two prospective cohorts of neonates with gestational age < 37 weeks and birth weight < 1500 g were studied. Neonates born in Period 1 were submitted to a strict guideline for erythrocyte transfusions. In Period 2, a new stricter protocol was introduced. Infants of both periods were compared regarding number of transfusions and clinical outcome. RESULTS: The median number of transfusions decreased from 2 (1 to 14) in Period 1 to 1 (1-9), P = 0.001, in Period 2. The linear regression multivariate analysis showed that the implementation of the stricter guideline was associated with a reduction in the number of transfusions received by patients by 0.55 (95% confidence interval: -0.08; -1.02) units/patients. Number of apnea episodes, weight at 28 days of life and days of hospital stay were similar in both periods. Intra-hospital death was lower in Period 2. CONCLUSION: A very strict guideline reduced the number of erythrocyte transfusions in preterm infants, without threatening their clinical course.
Assuntos
Transfusão de Eritrócitos/estatística & dados numéricos , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Doenças do Prematuro/terapia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Apneia/epidemiologia , Hemorragia Cerebral/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/normas , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Hematócrito , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Hipóxia/epidemiologia , Hipóxia/prevenção & controle , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Doenças do Prematuro/epidemiologia , Doenças do Prematuro/prevenção & controle , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Flebotomia/efeitos adversos , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
The goal of this research was to study the safety and the efficacy of transfusing citrate-phosphate-adenine anticoagulant-preservative (CPDA-1) RBC stored for up to 28 days to reduce donor exposures in premature infants. A prospective randomized two-group study was conducted with very low-birth-weight premature infants that received at least one RBC transfusion during hospital stay. Neonates randomly assigned to Group 1 (26 infants) were transfused with CPDA-1 RBC stored for up to 28 days; those assigned to Group 2 (26 infants) received CPDA-1 RBC stored for up to 3 days. Demographic and transfusion-related data were collected. Neonates from both groups showed similar demographics and clinical characteristics. The number of transfusions per infant transfused was 4.4 +/- 4.0 in Group 1 and 4.2 +/- 3.1 in Group 2, and the number of donors per infant transfused was 1.5 +/- 0.8 (Group 1) and 4.3 +/- 3.4 (Group 2), P < 0.001. RBC transfusions containing 29.7 +/- 18.3 mmol L(-1) of potassium (RBC stored for up to 28 days) did not cause clinical or biochemical changes and reduced donor exposures by 70.2%, compared to transfusions containing 19.8 +/- 12.3 mmol L(-1) of potassium (RBC stored for up to 3 days), P < 0.001. In conclusion, RBC stored for up to 28 days safely reduced donor exposures in premature infants.
Assuntos
Adenina , Preservação de Sangue/métodos , Citratos , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/métodos , Glucose , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Fosfatos , Análise Química do Sangue , Doadores de Sangue , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/normas , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Very-low-birthweight infants are among the most heavily transfused patients. The objective of this study was to verify if the introduction of a strict guideline would reduce the need for red blood cell transfusions in the first 4 weeks of life in these neonates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a multicentre prospective study of two cohorts of very-low-birthweight infants transfused in accordance with the recommendations of a neonatologist (Phase 1) or according to previously published guidelines (Phase 2). RESULTS: In the first 28 days of life, 102 patients (68.5%) in Phase 1 and 117 (59.7%) in Phase 2 were transfused. The number of transfusions was 1.9 +/- 2.0 in Phase 1 and 1.4 +/- 1.6 in Phase 2 (P = 0.01). After adjusting for gestational age, blood loss and the presence of respiratory distress syndrome, the strict guideline reduced the number of transfusions in 17.6% (IC 95%-30.5% to -2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The strict guideline was effective in reducing erythrocyte transfusions in very-low-birthweight infants.
Assuntos
Transfusão de Eritrócitos/estatística & dados numéricos , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso/sangue , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Volume Sanguíneo , Estudos de Coortes , Idade Gestacional , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análise , Hospitalização , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Nascimento Prematuro/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infection represents a major threat among neonates under intensive care with considerable impact on morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated extra stay, attributable mortality and the risk factors associated with late-onset bloodstream infection (LO-BSI) among neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit during a 4-year period. METHODS: A retrospective matched cohort study was conducted. For each case, there was one control patient without LO-BSI matched for sex, birth weight, gestational age, duration of hospitalization prior to the date of LO-BSI in the respective cases, underlying illness and birth date. A novel test, sequential plan, was employed for attributable mortality analysis in addition to standard tests. Multiple logistic regression was employed for risk factor analysis. RESULTS: Fifty pairs of cases and controls were compared. LO-BSI prolonged hospital stay of 25.1 days in pairs where both subjects survived. Overall attributable mortality was 24% (95% CI: 9-39% p < 0.01) and specific attributable mortality due to Staphylococcus epidermidis was 26.7% (95% CI: 23-30.4%; p = 0.01). Blood and/or blood components transfusion was independently associated with neonatal LO-BSI (OR: 21.2; 95% CI: 1.1-423). CONCLUSIONS: LO-BSI infection prolongs hospital stay and is associated with increased mortality among neonates. In the present series, blood transfusion was a significant risk factor for LO-BSI.
Assuntos
Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Sepse/mortalidade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Sepse/microbiologia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/isolamento & purificação , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar se existe alteraçäo na secreçäo do fator natriurético atrial (FNA) em crianças submetidas à ventilaçäo pulmonar mecânica e se essas possíveis alterações levariam à modificações no débito urinário e na excreçäo urinária de sódio. METODOLOGIA: Estudo prospectivo, realizado em uma Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos Terciária, em nove crianças submetidas à ventilaçäo pulmonar mecânica para recuperaçäo anestésica, exceto em uma que sofreu traumatismo cranioencefálico näo-cirúrgico. O período de estudo foi de Setembro de 1995 a Março de 1996. Aguardava-se pelo menos três horas do início da ventilaçäo pulmonar mecânica e entäo colhia-se amostra de sangue para dosagem de fator natriurético atrial, gasometria arterial, glicemia, creatinina e eletrólitos. Coletava-se ainda urina durante 6 horas para a verificaçäo do débito urinário e da concentraçäo de sódio. Depois da extubaçäo, aguardava-se por um período de 15 a 30 minutos e colhia-se sangue e urina para as mesmas dosagens realizadas anteriormente. A comparaçäo estatística foi feita pelo teste näo-paramétrico de Wilcoxon Signed Rank, sendo o nível de significância de 0,05. RESULTADOS: O fator natriurético atrial mostrou uma tendência ao aumento quando a ventilaçäo pulmonar mecânica foi retirada (p= 0,0547). O débito urinário e a natriurese näo se alteraram com a ventilaçäo pulmonar mecânica. CONCLUSÕES: A tendência ao aumento do fator natriuretico atrial ocorreu provavelmente por diminuiçäo da pressäo intratorácica. A reposiçäo volêmica no trans-operatório pode ter influenciado no débito urinário e na natriurese. Em pacientes submetidos à ventilaçäo pulmonar mecânica por períodos prolongados, com altos parâmetros de pressäo inspiratória e pressäo expiratória final positiva, seria interessante a dosagem do fator natriurético atrial e se esse se encontrasse diminuído, seria uma indicaçäo para o seu uso
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Masculino , Feminino , Respiração Artificial , Fator Natriurético Atrial/sangue , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Estudos Prospectivos , Fator Natriurético Atrial , Rim/fisiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adults can recognize neonatal facial expression of pain. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Neonatal intensive care unit, nursery, and outpatient clinic of one university hospital and one private hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. PATIENTS: Four hundred five adults divided into 2 groups: health and nonhealth professionals. INTERVENTION: The faces of 3 healthy full-term newborns who needed glucose screening were photographed at rest and during light exposure, heel rubbing, and heel puncture. A series of adults answered a questionnaire on personal and professional data and then they analyzed for 1 minute each of the 3 sets of pictures to answer the following question: "In which picture of this set do you think that the baby is feeling pain?" MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Number of correct answers for the 3 sets of photographs shown to the adults. RESULTS: Seventy-four percent of the health professionals and 86% of the nonhealth professionals indicated correctly the picture with facial expressions of pain in at least 2 of the 3 sets. Regarding which picture was picked out by the interviewee, 94% of the health professionals and 92% of the nonhealth professionals indicated the picture taken during the heel puncture in set 1. The same observation was made by 53% and 54% of the health professional and by 68% and 66% of the nonhealth professional interviewees for sets 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Facial expression of pain represents an effective neonatal communication tool. However, the health professional group achieved a lower level of recognition of neonatal facial expressions of pain. Factors related to the personal and professional characteristics of the adults interviewed probably contributed to this result.
Assuntos
Expressão Facial , Recém-Nascido/fisiologia , Medição da Dor/métodos , Dor/diagnóstico , Dor/fisiopatologia , Pais/psicologia , Recursos Humanos em Hospital/psicologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Sinais (Psicologia) , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido/psicologia , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Dor/psicologia , Fotografação , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Comparison of three modes of MV: intermittent mandatory ventilation with positive end expiratory pressure (IMV + PEEP), APRV and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in children during cardiac surgery post operative with pulmonary hypertension and mild or moderate pulmonary lesion. METHODS: Ten patients were studied with respiratory monitoring (Bear Neonatal Volume Monitor-1) in MV with a continuous flow, time cycled and pressure limited ventilator. The cardiocirculatory variables analyzed were central venous pressure (CVP), oxygen extraction ratio, cardiac rate, systolic arterial pressure, and arterial-mixed venous CO2 difference. Friedman's test (nonparametric) was used to compare the variables in three modalities of ventilation and the Wilcoxon test was used for the variables obtained in two of the modalities. RESULTS: The mean airway pressure (MAP) showed a significant increasing during APRV compared to IMV + PEEP (p = 0.012). The positive inspiratory pressure (PIP), the minute volume and the ratio of oxygen arterial pressure to oxygen inspired fraction (PaO2/FiO2) didn't show statistical difference. During APRV there was a significant decrease in respiratory rate (p = 0.004) and an increase in tidal volume (p = 0.045) when compared to CPAP and IMV + PEEP. In the cardiocirculatory system only CVP showed a significant increased (p = 0.019) during APRV. CONCLUSION: Due to the methodology utilized MAP was higher with APRV resulting in an increased tidal volume without respiratory or cardiocirculatory adverse effects when the three modes were compared. Our results suggest that APRV is a simple and safe method of ventilation.
Assuntos
Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/terapia , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Ventilação com Pressão Positiva Intermitente/métodos , Masculino , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/métodos , Período Pós-Operatório , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Comparar três modos de VPM, a ventilação mandatória intermitente com pressão expiratória positiva (VMI+PEEP), a VLPVA e a utilização de pressão positiva contínua em vias aéreas (CPAP) em crianças no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca com hipertensão pulmonar e lesão pulmonar leve ou moderada. MÉTODOS: Estudados 10 pacientes com monitorização respiratória (Bear Neonatal Volume Monitor-1Ò), em VPM com aparelho de fluxo contínuo, ciclado a tempo e limitado a pressão. As variáveis cardiocirculatórias analisadas foram a pressão venosa central (PVC), extração de oxigênio (ExtO2), freqüência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial média (PAM) e a diferença artério-venosa de CO2 (D(A-V)CO2). Utilizou-se o teste não-paramétrico de Friedman para comparar as variáveis aferidas nas três modalidades de ventilação e o teste de Wilcoxon para a comparação das variáveis obtidas em duas das modalidades. RESULTADOS: A pressão média de vias aéreas (PMVA) apresentou um aumento significante durante a VLPVA em relação à VMI+PEEP (p=0,012). A pressão inspiratória positiva (PIP), o volume minuto e a relação da pressão arterial de O2 com a fração inspirada de O2 (PaO2/FiO2) não mostraram diferença estatística. Houve uma diminuição da freqüência respiratória (FR) na VLPVA (p=0,004) e um aumento do volume corrente (VC) (p=0,045) comparativamente aos outros dois modos de ventilação. A PVC foi a única variável cardiocirculatória que apresentou alteração mostrando ser maior (p=0,019) na VLPVA. CONCLUSÕES: Devido à metodologia empregada, houve um aumento significativo da PMVA na VLPVA, com conseqüente aumento do VC e manutenção das outras variáveis respiratórias e cardiocirculatórias quando comparados os três modos de VPM, indicando ser a VLPVA um método seguro e de fácil aplicação.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/terapia , Período Pós-Operatório , Estudos Prospectivos , Ventilação com Pressão Positiva Intermitente/métodos , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/métodosRESUMO
The study of neonatal gender differences in pain expression is important since neonatal pain behavior occurs prior to any learned reaction pattern. The objective of this study was to verify the presence of gender differences in pain expression in preterm and term newborn infants. Sixty-five consecutive neonates (37 female and 28 male infants) with gestational age between 28 and 42 weeks and with 25-120 h of life were studied. Healthy term neonates required a capillary puncture for PKU screening and clinically stable premature infants needed a capillary puncture for glucose dosage. The Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS) and the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) were evaluated at bedside prior to the puncture, when patients were at rest, during foot heating; during capillary puncture; and at 1, 3, and 5 min after heel lancing. Results were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA followed by the Multiple Comparison Method of Bonferroni. A significant difference among the mean NFCS scores during the six study periods was noted for the whole group of neonates (P<0.000001). Also, a significant interaction between the NFCS score profile in female and male neonates at the different study periods was observed (P=0.025). Regarding NIPS, ANOVA showed only a significant difference among the mean NIPS scores during the six study periods for the whole group of neonates (P<0.000001). No significant interactions between gestational age and time, nor between gestational age and gender were noted, for both NFCS and NIPS. In conclusion, recently born female neonates of all gestational ages expressed more facial features of pain than male infants, during the capillary puncture and 1 min afterwards. Maybe differences in pain processing and/or pain expression among genders may explain this finding.