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Introduction: Introduction: changes in cognitive performance and memory of older adults (OA) can interfere in their reporting their diet. Objective: to evaluate the impact of memory bias in dietary estimation between OA and their primary caregivers (PC) through the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Mexican OA and weighed food records (WFR). Methods: the present analysis uses the estimated dietary information based on the response provided by 51 older adults (OA) and their primary caregivers (PC) from the validation study of the FFQ for Mexicans OA was conducted during lockdowns for COVID-19. The personnel who applied FFQ and WFR were trained with standardized instruments and procedures. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the intake per day of the foods and food groups, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the grams of intake per day of the food groups, and kappa coefficient was used to compare the level of food items and food groups between OA and PC. Results: in 11 of 14 food groups, no significant differences were observed between the amounts of intake reported by OA and PC. In the groups of dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and legumes, moderate agreement was observed (κ = 0.63 to 0.79), and in the rest of the groups was strong to perfect (κ ≥ 0.80). Correlation of the amount of intake between OA and PC was high in all food groups (r ≥ 0.87). Conclusion: the high correlation and high agreement between the amounts and frequencies of the food groups consumed as reported by the older adults and primary caregivers indicate that the information from both respondents is reliable.
Introducción: Introducción: los cambios cognitivos y la memoria que presentan los adultos mayores (AM) pueden interferir al momento de reportar los alimentos de su dieta. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto del sesgo de memoria en la estimación de la dieta entre AM y sus cuidadores principales (CP) a través del cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos (CFA) para AM mexicanos y el registro de peso de alimentos (RPA). Métodos: el presente análisis utiliza la información dietética estimada con base en la respuesta proporcionada por 51 adultos mayores (AM) y sus cuidadores principales (CP) del estudio de validación del CFA para AM mexicanos que se realizó durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. El personal que aplicó CFA y RPA fue capacitado con instrumentos y procedimientos estandarizados. Se utilizó prueba de Wilcoxon para comparar la ingesta por día de los alimentos y grupos de alimentos, el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para evaluar los gramos de ingesta por día de los grupos de alimentos y el coeficiente kappa para comparar el nivel de alimentos y grupos de alimentos entre AM y CP. Resultados: en 11 de 14 grupos de alimentos no se observaron diferencias significativas entre las cantidades de ingesta reportadas por AM y CP. En los grupos de lácteos, frutas, verduras y legumbres se observó concordancia moderada (κ = 0,63 a 0,79), y en el resto de los grupos fue de fuerte a perfecta (κ ≥ 0,80). La correlación de la cantidad de ingesta entre AM y CP fue alta en todos los grupos de alimentos (r ≥ 0,87). Conclusión: La alta correlación y la alta concordancia entre las cantidades y frecuencias de los grupos de alimentos consumidos según lo informado por los adultos mayores y los cuidadores principales indican que la información de ambos encuestados es confiable.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Cuidadores , Registros de Dieta , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Cuidadores/psicologia , Idoso , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/psicologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Dieta , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Memória , México , Inquéritos e Questionários , ViésRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children from Latin America (LA) have been related to obesogenic food environments. Besides, the negative effects of the Covid-19 pandemic should also be considered. The objective of this research was to describe and compare the perceptions of parents, teachers, and experts in LA of food environments at home and school that favor healthy habits in schoolchildren in pre Covid-19 stage and during the pandemic. METHODS: This study used a survey self-reporting regarding conditions at home and the school favoring healthy habits, for three profiles: parents, primary school teachers, and experts. A fisher exact test was used to establish the difference between the response categories between countries and profiles. Logistic regression models were used to determine the probability of response in the levels of importance adjusted for sex and nationality. RESULTS: Information from 954 questionnaires was reported: 48.4% experts, 32.0% teachers, and 19.6% parents. There were differences in the perception of food environments at school between profiles (p<0.001). In multivariate logistic regression models, experts and teachers were 20% more likely to give greater importance to elements of the food environment at school compared to parents (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that parents were less likely to perceive important elements of the school food environment compared to experts and teachers. Interventions are required to improve healthy eating environments that consider children's interpersonal mediators.
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COVID-19 , Mustelidae , Obesidade Infantil , Criança , Animais , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Pandemias , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pais , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
Objective: To describe the national by federal entity prevalence of the nutritional status of weight and length at birth. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Data from 1 907 341 alive newborns in 2017, registered in the Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac), were analyzed. The percentiles for weight and length were estimated in the INTERGROWTH-21st platform. Results: The prevalence of small gestational age (SGA) and insufficient length (IL) was 7.4 and 4.8%, respectively. Differences in the prevalence of IL, SGA and large for the gestational age (LGA) by sex were recorded (p <0.01). The entities with the highest prevalence of SGA were Estado de México and Yucatán (10.4%); Sonora (15.3%) and Baja California Sur (16.8%) of LGA. Conclusion: Sizing the nutritional status at birth allows the identification of entities that require targeted actions to reduce the risks associated with malnutrition.
Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia nacional por entidad federativa del estado de nutrición de peso y longitud al nacimiento. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se analizaron datos de 1 907 341 recién nacidos vivos en 2017, registrados en el Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac). Los percentiles para peso y longitud se estimaron en la plataforma INTERGROWTH-21st. Resultados. La prevalencia de pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) y longitud insuficiente (LI) fue de 7.4 y 4.8%, respectivamente. Se registraron diferencias por sexo en las prevalencias de LI, PEG y grandes para la edad gestacional (GEG) (p <0.01). Las entidades con mayores prevalencias de PEG (10.4%) fueron Estado de México y Yucatán. De GEG, fueron Sonora (16.8%) y Baja California Sur (15.3%). Conclusión. Dimensionar el estado de nutrición al nacer permite identificar entidades que requieren acciones focalizadas para disminuir los riesgos asociados con la malnutrición.
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Declaração de Nascimento , Estado Nutricional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia nacional por entidad federativa del estado de nutrición de peso y longitud al nacimiento. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se analizaron datos de 1 907 341 recién nacidos vivos en 2017, registrados en el Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac). Los percentiles para peso y longitud se estimaron en la plataforma INTERGROWTH-21st. Resultados: La prevalencia de pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) y longitud insuficiente (LI) fue de 7.4 y 4.8%, respectivamente. Se registraron diferencias por sexo en las prevalencias de LI, PEG y grandes para la edad gestacional (GEG) (p <0.01). Las entidades con mayores prevalencias de PEG (10.4%) fueron Estado de México y Yucatán. De GEG, fueron Sonora (16.8%) y Baja California Sur (15.3%). Conclusión: Dimensionar el estado de nutrición al nacer permite identificar entidades que requieren acciones focalizadas para disminuir los riesgos asociados con la malnutrición.
Abstract: Objective: To describe the national by federal entity prevalence of the nutritional status of weight and length at birth. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Data from 1 907 341 alive newborns in 2017, registered in the Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac), were analyzed. The percentiles for weight and length were estimated in the INTERGROWTH-21stplatform. Results: The prevalence of small gestational age (SGA) and insufficient length (IL) was 7.4 and 4.8%, respectively. Differences in the prevalence of IL, SGA and large for the gestational age (LGA) by sex were recorded (p <0.01). The entities with the highest prevalence of SGA were Estado de México and Yucatán (10.4%); Sonora (15.3%) and Baja California Sur (16.8%) of LGA. Conclusion: Sizing the nutritional status at birth allows the identification of entities that require targeted actions to reduce the risks associated with malnutrition.
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An increased risk of slow gait speed (GS) has been reported among older adults with decreased muscle strength, coupled with a concomitant increase in body fat known as dynapenic obesity (DO); however, these two conditions together have rarely been studied. The objective of this study was to determine the association between GS and DO in older Mexican ambulatory adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted; body fat percentage, and muscle strength and GS using EWGSOP criteria, were measured in 126 older ambulatory Mexican adults, with a mean age of 71 years old. The association was evaluated using controlled logistic regression models. Among ambulatory older adults with slow GS, the risk of DO was 3.4 times higher than among those without, controlling for age and sex (p<0.01). In conclusion, slow GS in ambulatory older adults can be a useful indicator for the early identification of DO.
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Força Muscular , Velocidade de Caminhada , Tecido Adiposo , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Marcha/fisiologia , Força da Mão/fisiologia , Humanos , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Obesidade/complicaçõesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In Mexico, there is a syndemic in pregnant women, where the epidemic of obesity and chronic diseases coexists with that of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been associated with a higher risk of maternal mortality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of comorbidities during pregnancy with maternal mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: SISVER COVID-19 databases and epidemiological surveillance reports on maternal mortality were used. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of comorbidities with maternal deaths from COVID-19. RESULTS: A total of 29,416 pregnant women were evaluated, out of which 39% were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); the risk of maternal mortality was 3.24 times higher (p < 0.01) for positive in comparison with negative women. COVID-19 is the leading cause of maternal death since July 2020 and explains more than 50% of total deaths in 2021. Chronic kidney disease (odds ratio [OR]: 4.11; p < 0.01) and diabetes (OR: 2.53; p < 0.01) were the two main comorbidities that were positively associated with maternal death from COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Comorbidities during pregnancy that are possibly associated with an increase in the inflammatory response and an alteration of the immune response increase the risk of maternal death from COVID-19 in Mexican pregnant women.
INTRODUCCIÓN: En México existe una sindemia en las mujeres gestantes, donde coexiste la epidemia de obesidad y enfermedades crónicas con la de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), lo que se ha asociado con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación de las comorbilidades en la mortalidad materna por COVID-19 en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron las bases de datos de COVID-19 del SISVER y los reportes de vigilancia epidemiológica de muertes maternas. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multivariante para evaluar la asociación de las comorbilidades durante la gestación con mortalidad materna por COVID-19. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 29,416 mujeres embarazadas, el 39% fueron positivas para coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave, el riesgo de mortalidad materna fue 3.24 veces mayor (p < 0.01) para las mujeres positivas en comparación con las negativas. La COVID-19 es la primera causa de muerte materna desde julio del 2020 y explica más del 50% del total de muertes en el 2021. La enfermedad renal crónica (razón de momios [RM]: 4.11; p < 0.01) y la diabetes (RM: 2.53; p < 0.01) fueron las dos principales comorbilidades asociadas positivamente a la mortalidad materna por COVID-19. CONCLUSIÓN: Las comorbilidades durante el embarazo posiblemente asociadas con un incremento de la respuesta inflamatoria y alteración de la respuesta inmunitaria incrementan el riesgo de muerte materna por COVID-19 en mujeres gestantes mexicanas.
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COVID-19 , Complicações na Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Mortalidade Materna , México/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mexico is experiencing an epidemic of childhood obesity and overweight, the factors that determine type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Even though variants in genes such as MC4R, LEP, LEPR, and FTO have been associated with the risk of obesity, in Mexico the level of miscegenation is heterogeneous, so this risk must be measured as genetic ancestry. This study aimed at evaluating the association between common SNPs in FTO and MC4R genes in Mexican children with Amerindian, mestizo and predominance European ancestry. METHODS: Anthropometric data and fasting blood samples were collected from 718 unrelated Mexican school children aged 4-13 years old. Variants in the FTO, MC4R, LEP, LEPR genes and 15 ancestry informative markers (AIMs), were genotyped using allelic discrimination assays. RESULTS: High triglycerides and low cholesterol HDL were the most frequent metabolic alterations. The prevalence of minor allele frequency of polymorphism rs8050136, rs9939609, and rs3751812 in the FTO gene; and rs17782313 of MC4R gene were found to be significantly higher among Mexican children with a predominance of European ancestry (EA) compared to native Mexican children (Amerindian predominance), X2 test, p < 0.05. The FTO (rs8050136, rs9939609) and MC4R (rs17782313) genotypes also were significantly associated with obesity (BMI > 2Z) in boys (OR=1.89, P=0.04, OR=3.3, P=0.006 OR=3.11, p=0.04, respectively). Children with AA genotype (minor) of rs8050136 and rs9939609 SNPs have higher triglycerides in relation to native ancestral genotypes. CONCLUSION: Risk variants in the FTO and MC4R genes had a higher frequency in children with EA compared with Amerindian predominance children, showing that miscegenation is associated with the frequency of obesity-related genotypes.
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Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato/genética , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , Etnicidade/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Receptor Tipo 4 de Melanocortina/genética , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/genética , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Obesidade Infantil/genética , Obesidade Infantil/metabolismo , PrevalênciaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Deficient or excess iodine intake has effects on human health. Assessment of the prevalence and risk factors in children can therefore support effective prevention or treatment. METHOD: A cross-sectional probabilistic study in 631 children aged 5 to 12 years in whom iodine levels were measured in urine and salt samples. Results are reported by type of location and indigenous condition. Association of these variables to urinary iodine levels was assessed using a binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Median urinary iodine level was 278.4µg/L (177.3-360.9, IQR), 13.2% of children assessed had iodine levels <100µg/L, and 41.8% had values ≥300µg/L. Indigenous schoolchildren had the greatest risk of urinary iodine levels <100µg/L (ß = 2.29, CI 1.1-4.6, p <.05), while children from urban and non-indigenous localities had a high risk of iodine levels >300µg/L (ß = 2.2, CI 1.3 -3.9, p <.01, and ß = 3.8, CI 2.2-6.5, p <.01 respectively). Median iodine level in salt was 35.9ppm (29.1-42.4 IQR), and there were no differences in iodine levels in salt by type of location or ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexican schoolchildren living in rural and indigenous areas, iodine levels <100µg/L have not been eradicated. There was high prevalence of urinary iodine levels ≥300µg/L in schoolchildren living in urban areas which was associated to high sodium intake from processed food.
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Iodo/urina , Estado Nutricional , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Iodo/análise , Masculino , México , Saúde da População Rural , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/análise , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (p,p´-DDE), the main metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), has been associated with changes in human thyroid hormone levels. Maternal thyroid hormones are essential for adequate fetal neurodevelopment during the first half of pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between maternal p,p´-DDE concentration and the maternal thyroid profile during the first half of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the information of 430 pregnant women from a Mexican floriculture area, with a gestational age ≤16 weeks. By questionnaire, we obtained sociodemographic, reproductive, and life-style, information. Serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and total and free T3 and T4 were determined by means of Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). p,p´-DDE was analyzed by Gas Chromatography. The association between p,p´-DDE and thyroid profile was assessed through linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Thirty eight percent of women had p,p´-DDE levels below the Limit of Detection and 12.3% below the Limit of Quantification. Within the quantifiable range, median was 53.03ng/g. TSH >2.5 mIU/L was present in 9.3% of women; 47.7% had isolated hypothyroxinemia; 3.5% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 5.8% had overt hypothyroidism. We observed a significant positive association between quantifiable p,p´-DDE and total T3 serum levels in comparison with those with concentrations below the Limit of Detection (ß=0.19; 95% CI=0.06, 0.34). There were no significant associations with other hormones of the thyroid profile or with clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that p,p´-DDE exposure, even at low concentrations, could disrupt thyroid homeostasis during pregnancy.