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This study evaluated the viability of using soy gum (residue from soy processing to obtain degummed oil) as an emulsifier in starter diets for broilers (1 to 21 days). For this, 600 1-day-old male broilers (Cobb® 500) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement (3 x 4), with three levels of gum inclusion (0, 1.25, and 2.5%) and four levels of soybean oil (0,1.3, 2.6, and 3.9%), with 5 replicates of 10 birds each. At 7, 14, and 21 days of age, we analyzed the performance parameters, pancreatic lipase activity and digestibility coefficients. Inclusion of soy gum improved (p<0.05) the performance and the digestibility coefficient of the ether extract, increased (p<0.05) the levels of AME and AMEn. The higher inclusion of gum (2.5%) as an emulsifier resulted in improved performance, showing the best values of feed conversion, with increased ether extract digestibility, increased AME content of the diets, and a lower requirement for pancreatic lipase in micelle formation.(AU)

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Piper cubeba is an Asian pepper used in popular medicine for its known antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory actions. The study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of Piper cubeba ethanolic extract (PE) as a replacement for anantibiotic growth promoter (AGP) on the performance and biochemical serum profile of 1- to 21-d-old broilers (Cobb®). Two hundred one-d-old broilers were housed in experimental battery cages and distributed in a completely randomized design. The following treatments were applied: negative control (NC) - basal diet; positive control (PC) - basal diet with addition of AGP; and the basal diet with inclusion of 0.17%, 0.34%, and 0.52% of PE (NCE1, NCE2, and NCE3, respectively). Growth performance, biochemical serum profile and internal organ weights were evaluated. Birds fed the AGP presented higher feed intake compared with the other treatments (p 0.05). The PC, NC, and NCE1 treatments presented higher weight gain compared with those fed NCE2 and NCE3 (p 0.05). The NC, NCE1, and NCE2 diets promoted better feed conversion ratio than the PC and NCE3 (p 0.05). Lower triglyceride serum levels were determined in broilers fed the NC and NCE1 diets. Amylase serum levels were lower in NCE1 and NCE2 treatments compared with the NC (p 0.05), whereas those obtained with the PC and NCE3 diets were not different (p>0.05) from the others. Organ relative weights were not influenced by the treatments. The inclusion of 0.17% of PE did not compromise the growth performance, biochemical serum profile or organ relative weights of 21-d-old broilers.

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Gastrointestinal nematodes can affect sheep productivity via severe weight loss, anemia and death. Infection control is generally performed with synthetic anthelmintic compounds; however, indiscriminate use of these drugs can stimulate the emergence of resistant nematodes. Thus, alternatives to the use of synthetic anthelmintic compounds have been proposed, such as the inclusion of medicinal plants in animal feed. The objective of this study was evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the leaves of the medicinal plant Psidium cattleianum Sabine (Araçá) through its hydroalcoholic extract, and using in vitro assays with the eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes obtained from naturally infected donor sheep. The extract exhibited good in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity, with IC50 values of 0.55 mg mL-1 for egg hatching inhibition, 0.20 mg mL-1 for larval development inhibition and an efficiency greater than 80% in the inhibition of larval migration at all concentrations evaluated (IC50 < 0.19 mg/mL). Phytochemical analysis detected higher concentrations of saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and tannins in the extract. Our results demonstrated that the Psidium cattleianum Sabine’s leaves exhibit in vitro anthelmintic activity, which suggests that in addition to its other medicinal properties, this plant can help control gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Future in vivo assays should be performed to confirm antiparasitic efficacy.

Os nematódeos gastrintestinais podem afetar a produtividade dos ovinos por meio de perda de peso severa, anemia e morte. O controle de infecção é geralmente realizado com compostos anti-helmínticos sintéticos; entretanto, o uso indiscriminado dessas drogas pode estimular o surgimento de nematódeos resistentes. Assim, alternativas ao uso de compostos anti-helmínticos sintéticos têm sido propostas, como a inclusão de plantas medicinais na alimentação animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade anti-helmíntica das folhas da planta medicinal Psidium cattleianum Sabine (Araçá) através de seu extrato hidroalcoólico, e utilizar ensaios in vitro com os ovos e larvas de nematódeos obtidos de ovelhas doadoras naturalmente infectadas. O extrato exibiu boa atividade ovicida e larvicida in vitro, com CI50 de 0,55 mg mL-1 para inibição da eclosão de ovos, 0,20 mg mL-1 para inibição do desenvolvimento larval e eficiência superior a 80% na inibição da migração larval em todas as concentrações avaliadas (CI50< 0,19 mg mL-1). A análise fitoquímica detectou maiores concentrações de saponinas, flavonoides, glicosídeos cardíacos, antraquinonas e taninos no extrato. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o extrato das folhas de Psidium cattleianum Sabine exibe atividade anti-helmíntica in vitro, o que sugere que, além de outras propriedades medicinais, esta planta pode ajudar no controle de nematódeos gastrintestinais em ovinos. Futuros ensaios in vivo devem ser realizados para confirmar a eficácia antiparasitária.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Piper cubeba is an Asian pepper used in popular medicine for its known antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory actions. The study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of Piper cubeba ethanolic extract (PE) as a replacement for anantibiotic growth promoter (AGP) on the performance and biochemical serum profile of 1- to 21-d-old broilers (Cobb®). Two hundred one-d-old broilers were housed in experimental battery cages and distributed in a completely randomized design. The following treatments were applied: negative control (NC) - basal diet; positive control (PC) - basal diet with addition of AGP; and the basal diet with inclusion of 0.17%, 0.34%, and 0.52% of PE (NCE1, NCE2, and NCE3, respectively). Growth performance, biochemical serum profile and internal organ weights were evaluated. Birds fed the AGP presented higher feed intake compared with the other treatments (p 0.05). The PC, NC, and NCE1 treatments presented higher weight gain compared with those fed NCE2 and NCE3 (p 0.05). The NC, NCE1, and NCE2 diets promoted better feed conversion ratio than the PC and NCE3 (p 0.05). Lower triglyceride serum levels were determined in broilers fed the NC and NCE1 diets. Amylase serum levels were lower in NCE1 and NCE2 treatments compared with the NC (p 0.05), whereas those obtained with the PC and NCE3 diets were not different (p>0.05) from the others. Organ relative weights were not influenced by the treatments. The inclusion of 0.17% of PE did not compromise the growth performance, biochemical serum profile or organ relative weights of 21-d-old broilers.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Gastrointestinal nematodes can affect sheep productivity via severe weight loss, anemia and death. Infection control is generally performed with synthetic anthelmintic compounds; however, indiscriminate use of these drugs can stimulate the emergence of resistant nematodes. Thus, alternatives to the use of synthetic anthelmintic compounds have been proposed, such as the inclusion of medicinal plants in animal feed. The objective of this study was evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the leaves of the medicinal plant Psidium cattleianum Sabine (Araçá) through its hydroalcoholic extract, and using in vitro assays with the eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes obtained from naturally infected donor sheep. The extract exhibited good in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity, with IC50 values of 0.55 mg mL-1 for egg hatching inhibition, 0.20 mg mL-1 for larval development inhibition and an efficiency greater than 80% in the inhibition of larval migration at all concentrations evaluated (IC50 < 0.19 mg/mL). Phytochemical analysis detected higher concentrations of saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and tannins in the extract. Our results demonstrated that the Psidium cattleianum Sabines leaves exhibit in vitro anthelmintic activity, which suggests that in addition to its other medicinal properties, this plant can help control gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Future in vivo assays should be performed to confirm antiparasitic efficacy.(AU)

Os nematódeos gastrintestinais podem afetar a produtividade dos ovinos por meio de perda de peso severa, anemia e morte. O controle de infecção é geralmente realizado com compostos anti-helmínticos sintéticos; entretanto, o uso indiscriminado dessas drogas pode estimular o surgimento de nematódeos resistentes. Assim, alternativas ao uso de compostos anti-helmínticos sintéticos têm sido propostas, como a inclusão de plantas medicinais na alimentação animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade anti-helmíntica das folhas da planta medicinal Psidium cattleianum Sabine (Araçá) através de seu extrato hidroalcoólico, e utilizar ensaios in vitro com os ovos e larvas de nematódeos obtidos de ovelhas doadoras naturalmente infectadas. O extrato exibiu boa atividade ovicida e larvicida in vitro, com CI50 de 0,55 mg mL-1 para inibição da eclosão de ovos, 0,20 mg mL-1 para inibição do desenvolvimento larval e eficiência superior a 80% na inibição da migração larval em todas as concentrações avaliadas (CI50< 0,19 mg mL-1). A análise fitoquímica detectou maiores concentrações de saponinas, flavonoides, glicosídeos cardíacos, antraquinonas e taninos no extrato. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o extrato das folhas de Psidium cattleianum Sabine exibe atividade anti-helmíntica in vitro, o que sugere que, além de outras propriedades medicinais, esta planta pode ajudar no controle de nematódeos gastrintestinais em ovinos. Futuros ensaios in vivo devem ser realizados para confirmar a eficácia antiparasitária.(AU)

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RESUMO: A atividade antimicobacteriana de diidrocubebina (1), uma lignana dibenzilbutanodioica obtida a partir de extrato etanólico de sementes da Piper cubeba, e seus derivados foram avaliados in vitro contra três diferentes cepas de Mycobacterium utilizando o método de microdiluição. Dentre as lignanas avaliadas 3 e 4 foram as mais ativas, exibindo valores de CIM de 62,5 µg/mL contra M. avium e M. tuberculosis, respectivamente. Os derivados 2-6 obtidos por síntese parcial possuem diferentes substituintes nos carbonos 9 e 9 ', que alteram polaridade, solubilidade e limitam as rotações livres entre C8-C8' em relação de material (1) de partida. As diferenças estruturais entre estes compostos podem fornecer informações importantes sobre a relação estrutura-atividade antimicobacteriana do esqueleto dibenzilbutanodioico, obtido a partir de fonte natural, como um possível alvo para o desenvolvimento de drogas mais potentes contra a tuberculose

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of dihydrocubebin lignan extracted from Piper cubeba and its semisynthetic derivatives. The antimycobacterial activity of the dihydrocubebin (1), a dibenzylbutanedioiclignan obtained from ethanolic extract of Piper cubeba seeds, and its derivatives were examined in vitro against three different strains of Mycobacterium using amicrodilution method. Among the lignans evaluated, the 3 and 4 samples were the most active ones, displaying MIC values of 62.5 µg/mL against M. avium and M. tuberculosis, respectively. The derivatives 2-6, obtained for partial synthesis, had different substituents in the carbons 9 and 9', fact thatalters the polarity, solubility and restricts the free rotations between the bonds C8-C8' in relation to the starting material (1). The structural differences among these compounds provide important information about the antimycobacterial structure-activity relationship of the dibenzylbutanodioic skeleton, obtained from natural source, such as a possible target for the development of more powerful drugs against tuberculosis

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RESUMO Psidium cattleyanum Sabine, conhecida como “araçá”, é espécie nativa do Bioma Cerrado brasileiro comumente utilizado, segundo levantamento etnobotânico, como planta medicinal para tratar várias doenças tais como: patologias hepáticas, gástricas, lesões teciduais incluindo processos dolorosos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a triagem fitoquímica com propósito exploratório, investigar a atividade analgésica e antimicrobiana do extrato hidroalcoólico da casca do caule de Psidium cattleyanum Sabine (ECPCS) para apoiar o uso dessa espécie como planta medicinal. Para isso, foram obtidos extratos e frações com solventes orgânicos de polaridade crescente (hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e isobutanol) avaliando-se o perfil fitoquímico para determinar as principais classes de metabólitos secundários presentes na espécie. Investigou-se a atividade analgésica pelo teste de contorções abdominais em camundongos induzidas pelo ácido acético (0,6%). A Concentração Inibitória Mínina (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) foram avaliadas através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo contra micro-organismos da microbiota oral. A triagem fitoquímica identificou a presença de taninos, saponinas, flavonoides e terpenos e/ou esteroides. O ECPCS exibiu atividade analgésica periférica nas doses de 200 e 400 mg/kg. O EAC (extrato acetato de casca) o EDC (extrato diclorometânico de casca) desempenharam melhor ação inibitória sobre o crescimento bacteriano de Estafilococos oralis com CIM 100 e 150 respectivamente. O ECPCS desempenhou ação inibitória sobre o crescimento bacteriano. Os resultados dos estudos experimentais comprovaram a presença de compostos secundários tais como, taninos e flavonoides, o que, provavelmente, pode ser associado à atividade analgésica e ao efeito inibitório sobre os micro-organismos testados com o ECPCS, o que justifica o uso medicinal planta.

ABSTRACT The Psidium cattleyanum Sabine, known as “araçá”, is a native species from the Brazilian Cerrado biome, commonly used, according to ethnobotanical surveis, as a medicinal plant to treat several sicknesses such as liver and , gastric diseases and tissue lesions with painful treatments. The aim of this study was to perform an exploratory screening, investigating the analgesic and antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the Psidium cattleyanum Sabine (BEPCS) stem bark, in order to support the use of this species as a medicinal plant. For that, the BEPCS and its parts were obtained from the extraction with organic solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and isobutanol), evaluating its phytochemical profile in order to determine the main types of secondary metabolites present in the species. The analgesic activity, through the twisting test in mice, was investigated and induced by acetic acid (0.6%). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were evaluated using the microdilution technique in liquid against microorganisms of the oral microbiota. The phytochemical screening identified the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids and terpenes and/or steroids. The BEPCS exhibited peripheral analgesic activity at the doses of 200 and 400 mg / kg. The AEB (acetate extract bark) and the DEB (dicloromethane extract bark) had better inhibitory effect on bacterial growth of Staphylococcus oraliswith MIC 100 and 150 respectively. The BEPCS demonstrated an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. The results of experimental studies have indicated the presence of secondary compounds as tannins and flavonoids, which probably can be associated with the analgesic activity and inhibitory effect on the microorganisms tested with BEPCS, fact that justifies the its application.

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