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This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties and clinical use of the Brazilian version of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) in dogs with hip dysplasia (HD). Forty-three dogs with HD and 16 clinically normal dogs were enrolled. The HD dogs were treated daily with 4.4mg/kg carprofen (GT = 21) or placebo (GP = 19), for four weeks. Owners completed the CBPI at two weeks (W-2) and immediately before the start of the treatment (W0), two (W2) and four (W4) weeks during treatment, and two weeks (W6) after the end of treatment. The internal structure was accessed, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.97, indicating the high internal consistency of the instrument. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) suggested the retention of one component, which accounted for 78% of the variability. The ROC curve analysis concluded that the score 3 has an excellent performance to discriminate between normal and possible HD dogs (AUC of 0.973). There was no difference between dogs treated with carprofen versus placebo. The instrument in Portuguese showed construct and criterion validity and reliability to be used in dogs with HD.

Objetivou-se determinar as propriedades psicométricas e a utilidade clínica do Breve Inventário de Dor Canina na língua portuguesa, em cães com displasia coxofemoral (DCF). O inventário foi preenchido por tutores de 43 animais com DCF e por 16 tutores de cães saudáveis. Os animais com DCF foram tratados com carprofeno 4,4mg/kg (GT = 21) ou placebo (GP =19), administrados uma vez ao dia durante quatro semanas. As avaliações foram realizadas duas semanas e imediatamente antes do tratamento, duas e quatro semanas durante o tratamento e após duas semanas do término do tratamento. A estrutura interna calculada pelo alfa de Cronbach = 0,97 indicou alta consistência dos dados. A análise dos componentes principais identificou a retenção de apenas um componente responsável por 78% da variabilidade dos dados. A análise da curva ROC indicou que o escore 3 discrimina cães saudáveis de cães com possível DCF (ASC de 0,973). Não houve diferença entre os cães tratados com carprofeno daqueles que receberam placebo. O questionário apresentou validade de constructo e critério e confiabilidade e pode-se empregá-lo para avaliar a dor crônica em cães com osteoartrite em países de língua portuguesa.

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Correctly identifying the puncture site and needle position in obese dogs can be challenging to achieve epidural anaesthesia. The current study aimed to evaluate a real-time ultrasound-guided technique, to perform epidural anaesthesia in obese or appropriate body condition score dogs, based on visualization of local anaesthetic flow during its injection, compared to the traditional method of palpation of anatomical landmarks. Seventy-two client-owned dogs were evaluated in a prospective, comparative, randomized clinical trial, allocated into four groups of 18 dogs. For the Palpation-guided 1 (PG1) and 2 (PG2) groups, epidural anaesthesia was based on palpating anatomical landmarks. Dogs with a body condition score (BCS) 1-5/9 were included in the PG1 (non-obese), and those with a BCS 6-9/9 in PG2 (obese) groups. In the Ultrasound-guided 1 (USG1 - BCS 1-5/9) and 2 (USG2 - BCS 6-9/9) groups, epidural anaesthesia was guided by ultrasound (US). The flow of anaesthetic through the epidural canal was observed in all dogs by US. There were fewer needle-to-bone contacts in the US-guided groups when performing epidural anaesthesia; this only occurred on the vertebral laminae, never in the vertebral canal. Ultrasound guidance enabled local anaesthetic injection into the epidural space without the need for palpation of anatomical landmarks to guide needle placement. Blood reflux occurred in 11.1% (PG1), 22.2% (PG2), 5.5% (USG1), and 0% (USG2) of the dogs. Ultrasound-guided punctures led to fewer vascular punctures. Epidural anaesthesia was effective in all animals, and no complications were observed.

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Objetivou-se determinar a validade, a confiabilidade e a sensibilidade do indicador de dor crônica de Helsinki (IDCH) em português, além de estabelecer correlação entre a plataforma de pressão em cães com displasia coxofemoral (DCF). O questionário foi preenchido por tutores de 40 animais com DCF e por 16 tutores de cães saudáveis. Os animais com DCF foram tratados com carprofeno 4,4mg/kg (GT= 21) ou placebo (GP= 19), administrados uma vez ao dia, durante quatro semanas. A avaliação consistiu no preenchimento do questionário (IDCH), na escala analógica visual de dor (EAVdor) e na escala analógica visual de locomoção (EAVloc) com duas semanas (A1) e imediatamente antes do tratamento (A2), duas (S2) e quatro (S4) semanas de tratamento e após duas semanas do término do tratamento (S6). A consistência interna dos dados foi considerada excelente (alfa de Cronbach = 0,89). Houve correlação moderada entre o IDCH e a EAVdor e boa entre o IDCH e a EAVloc, porém não houve diferença entre o grupo tratado com carprofeno e placebo no IDCH. Não houve correlação entre os dados da plataforma de pressão e o IDCH. O questionário apresentou validade de constructo, critério e fidedignidade e pode-se empregá-lo em países de língua portuguesa em cães com osteoartrite.(AU)

We aimed to determine validity, reliability, and sensitivity of Helsinki's chronic pain index (HCPI) and stablish a correlation between HCPI in dogs with hip dysplasia (HD) using pressure sensitive walkway. Forty-owners of dogs with HD and 16 owners of health dogs filled a questionnaire. Dogs with HD were treated with carprofen 4.4mg/kg (GT n= 21) or with placebo (GP n= 19), both were administered once a day for 4 weeks. Evaluation was performed by the owners using the questionnaire (HCPI), the Visual Analogue Scale for pain (VASpain) and the VAS for locomotion (VASloc). The evaluation was performed 2 weeks before the treatment began (A1), immediately after treatment (A2), two (S2), four (S4) and two weeks after the end of treatment (S6) and the lameness was evaluated by pressure sensitive walkway. The internal consistency of the data was considered excellent (Cronbach´α coefficient= 0.89). There was a moderate correlation between the HCPI and VASpain. For VASloc the correlation was good. However, there was no difference between treatments, indicating low sensibility. No correlation was observed between pressure sensitive walkway and HCPI. We concluded that the questionnaire has construct and criterion validity, reliability and can be applied in dogs with osteoarthritis in Portuguese-speaking countries.(AU)

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Objetivou-se determinar a validade, a confiabilidade e a sensibilidade do indicador de dor crônica de Helsinki (IDCH) em português, além de estabelecer correlação entre a plataforma de pressão em cães com displasia coxofemoral (DCF). O questionário foi preenchido por tutores de 40 animais com DCF e por 16 tutores de cães saudáveis. Os animais com DCF foram tratados com carprofeno 4,4mg/kg (GT= 21) ou placebo (GP= 19), administrados uma vez ao dia, durante quatro semanas. A avaliação consistiu no preenchimento do questionário (IDCH), na escala analógica visual de dor (EAVdor) e na escala analógica visual de locomoção (EAVloc) com duas semanas (A1) e imediatamente antes do tratamento (A2), duas (S2) e quatro (S4) semanas de tratamento e após duas semanas do término do tratamento (S6). A consistência interna dos dados foi considerada excelente (alfa de Cronbach = 0,89). Houve correlação moderada entre o IDCH e a EAVdor e boa entre o IDCH e a EAVloc, porém não houve diferença entre o grupo tratado com carprofeno e placebo no IDCH. Não houve correlação entre os dados da plataforma de pressão e o IDCH. O questionário apresentou validade de constructo, critério e fidedignidade e pode-se empregá-lo em países de língua portuguesa em cães com osteoartrite.(AU)

We aimed to determine validity, reliability, and sensitivity of Helsinki's chronic pain index (HCPI) and stablish a correlation between HCPI in dogs with hip dysplasia (HD) using pressure sensitive walkway. Forty-owners of dogs with HD and 16 owners of health dogs filled a questionnaire. Dogs with HD were treated with carprofen 4.4mg/kg (GT n= 21) or with placebo (GP n= 19), both were administered once a day for 4 weeks. Evaluation was performed by the owners using the questionnaire (HCPI), the Visual Analogue Scale for pain (VASpain) and the VAS for locomotion (VASloc). The evaluation was performed 2 weeks before the treatment began (A1), immediately after treatment (A2), two (S2), four (S4) and two weeks after the end of treatment (S6) and the lameness was evaluated by pressure sensitive walkway. The internal consistency of the data was considered excellent (Cronbach´α coefficient= 0.89). There was a moderate correlation between the HCPI and VASpain. For VASloc the correlation was good. However, there was no difference between treatments, indicating low sensibility. No correlation was observed between pressure sensitive walkway and HCPI. We concluded that the questionnaire has construct and criterion validity, reliability and can be applied in dogs with osteoarthritis in Portuguese-speaking countries.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Standing surgery avoids the risks of general anaesthesia in horses. OBJECTIVES: To assess sedation, antinociception and gastrointestinal motility in standing horses after a detomidine loading dose and 2-h constant rate intravenous (i.v.) infusion, with or without methadone. STUDY DESIGN: Blinded, randomised, crossover with seven healthy adult cross-bred horses, three geldings and four females (404 ± 22 kg). METHODS: Five i.v. treatments were administered to all horses with 1-week washout period: saline (SAL), detomidine low (2.5 µg/kg bwt + 6.25 µg/kg bwt/h) (DL) and high doses (5 µg/kg bwt + 12.5 µg/kg bwt/h) (DH) alone or combined with methadone (0.2 mg/kg bwt + 0.05 mg/kg bwt/h), (DLM) and (DHM), respectively. Height of head above the ground (HHAG), electrical (ET), thermal (TT) and mechanical (MT) nociceptive thresholds and gastrointestinal motility were evaluated at predetermined times between 5 and 240 min. A mixed effect model and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyse normally and non-normally distributed data, respectively. RESULTS: Sedation (<50% basal HHAG) was achieved for the duration of the infusion, and for an additional 15 min in DH and DHM groups. Nociceptive thresholds were higher than baseline, to the greatest degree and the longest duration, with DHM (ET and TT for 135 min and MT for 150 min). After DH, TT was significantly higher than baseline from 30 to 120 min and MT from 15 to 135 min. After DLM, ET was increased at 90 min, TT at 30 min and MT for 120 min. Gastrointestinal motility was reduced for up to 135 min after DL, 150 min after DLM and 210 min after DH and DHM. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Nociceptive thresholds are not equivalent to surgical stimuli. CONCLUSION: Methadone with the highest detomidine dose (DHM) may provide sufficient sedation and analgesia for standing surgical procedures and warrants further investigation.

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BACKGROUND: Pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modelling offers new insights to design protocols for sedation and analgesia in standing horses. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the parameters and interactions between detomidine and methadone when given alone or combined in standing horses. STUDY DESIGN: Randomised, placebo-controlled, blinded, crossover. METHODS: Eight adult healthy horses were given six treatments intravenously: saline (SAL); detomidine (5 µg/kg bwt; DET); methadone (0.2 mg/kg bwt; MET) alone or combined with detomidine (2.5 [MLD], 5 [MMD] or 10 [MHD] µg/kg bwt). Venous blood samples were obtained at predetermined times between 0 and 360 min after drug administration. Plasma detomidine and methadone were measured using a single, liquid/liquid extraction technique by liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Sequential PK/PD modelling compared rival models, with and without PK and PD interaction between drugs, to fit the PD data including height of the head above the ground (HHAG), a visual analogue scale for sedation (VAS), electrical (ET), thermal (TT) and mechanical (MT) nociceptive thresholds and gastrointestinal motility (GIM) [1]. RESULTS: Two and three compartment models best described the PK of detomidine and methadone, respectively. Detomidine decreased its own clearance as well as the clearance of methadone. The interaction of methadone on the effect of detomidine revealed an infra-additive (partial antagonism) effect for HHAG (α = -1.33), VAS (α = -0.98) and GIM (α = -1.05), a positive potentiation for ET (pot = 0.0041) and TT (pot = 0.133) and a synergistic to additive effect for MT (α = 0.78). MAIN LIMITATIONS: This is a small experimental study. CONCLUSIONS: Different PK/PD interactions were demonstrated for each PD parameter and could be modelled in vivo. The modelling of our data will allow us to simulate and predict the effect of constant rate infusions of both drugs for future investigations.

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The objective of this review was to perform a literature compilation of all the equine publications that used dexmedetomidine as the first article on this topic was published, in 2005. We also aimed to answer the question whether the use of dexmedetomidine can currently be justified. For that, we compiled information from databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science and the proceedings of the last veterinary anaesthesiology meetings. Dexmedetomidine is an attractive drug to be used in horses, mainly due to its pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamics that favour its use as intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI). Nowadays, its clinical use is popular for sedation in prolonged standing procedures and during partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) and total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). However, legal requirements for its use should be taken into account.

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Castration is a controversial practice in swine production because in some countries is still performed without anaesthesia, and therefore causes intense suffering and stress to animals. This study investigated the effect of pre-surgical administration of local anaesthesia (LA) on the growth performance of piglets until the end of the growth phase (102 days). Piglets aged 3 to 5 days were selected in pairs of similar weights and same age. They were originated from 22 litters. The groups were randomly assigned to one of two treatments. Castration was performed with (LA; n = 45) or without (NLA; n = 45) intra-testicular administration of 0.5 mL of 2% lidocaine plus adrenaline per testicle, administered by an automatic repeating vaccinator. Castration was performed 10 min later. Average daily weight gain and economic impact were evaluated between the intervals before castration until 21 (weaning phase), before castration until 60 (end of the initial nursery phase) and before castration until 102 (growth phase) days of age. Average daily weight gain data were analyzed by comparing the average daily weight gain between the weaning phase, 60 and 102 days of age versus the initial weight (pre-castration). At the end of the growing phase, animals treated with LA showed greater weight gain than animals castrated without anaesthesia. LA also showed improved cost:benefit ratio and theore might provide greater economic benefit under the conditions used in this study. Our findings have proved that castration with LA improves long-term weight gain of piglets.

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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: To investigate two protocols to provide antinociception in horses. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the antinociceptive effects of intravenous methadone combined with detomidine or acepromazine in adult horses. STUDY DESIGN: Randomised, blinded, crossover study. METHODS: Mechanical, thermal and electrical stimuli were applied to the dorsal left and right metacarpus and coronary band of the left thoracic limb, respectively. A thermal stimulus was applied caudal to the withers. The horses were treated with saline (C), a combination of methadone (0.2 mg/kg bwt) and detomidine (10 µg/kg bwt) (MD) or methadone (0.2 mg/kg bwt) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg bwt) (MA) at 1 week intervals. Nociceptive thresholds were measured before and at 15 min intervals until 150 min after treatment. Wilcoxon rank-sum and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to compare data between groups at each time point and over time within each group, followed by the Bonferroni method to adjust the P value. RESULTS: The mechanical stimulus was the most sensitive test to differentiate the antinociceptive effects of the treatments. Mechanical thresholds were greater after MD than MA between 15 and 30 min and with both MD and MA these thresholds were greater than C from 15 to 60 min. Electrical and thermal limb thresholds were greater after MD than C at 15 and 45 min and at 15, 30, 45, 75 and 105 min, respectively. Thermal limb thresholds were greater with MA than C at 30 min. Thoracic thermal threshold in MD and MA were higher than C at 45, 75, 90 and 120 min and from 30 to 75 min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Methadone and acepromazine produced less pronounced mechanical antinociception than MD.

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